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Revelation of Baha'u'llah, Vol 3
Adib Taherzadeh
[Illustration appearing as a frontispiece:]
THE FIRST PAGE OF THE KITAB-I-AQDAS
In the handwriting of 'Abdu'l-Baha
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CONTENTS
page
FOREWORD xvii
1. BAHA'U'LLAH'S ARRIVAL AT 'AKKA 1
The Alexandria Incident 5
The Most Great Prison 11
The Desolate City 21
Lawh-i-Salman (Tablet of Salman) 25
The Templers of Haifa 28
2. 'THE CAUSE OF GOD WILL FLOURISH
THROUGH PERSECUTION' 32
Lawh-i-Ra'is 33
On Miracles 37
Tests and Trials 47
3. THE PRISONER 52
Believers in the Holy Land 53
Some Early Pilgrims 57
Citizens of 'Akka 65
4. TRUSTEES OF BAHA'U'LLAH 73
5. LAWH-I-FU'AD 87
Shaykh Kazim-i-Samandar 88
The Conversion of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl 91
6. THE WORLD'S MOST POWERFUL RULERS 108
Tablet to Napoleon III 110
Tablet to Pope Pius IX 116
Tablet to Czar Alexander II 118
Tablet to Queen Victoria 123
On World Unity 125
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7. SURIY-I-HAYKAL 133
8. KINGS AND ECCLESIASTICS 147
Kings Addressed in the Kitab-i-Aqdas 147
On Monarchy 157
Religious Leaders Addressed in the Kitab-i-Aqdas 162
Proclamation to the Jewish Leadership 167
9. THE PRIDE OF MARTYRS 174
Dispatch of the Lawh-i-Sultan 174
The Story of Badi' 176
The Fortitude of the Martyrs 192
The Station of Badi' 198
Divine Chastisement 200
10. THE DEATH OF THE PUREST BRANCH 204
Lawh-i-Pisar-'Amm (Tablet to the Cousin)216
11. THE WRONGED ONE OF THE WORLD 221
The Prison Gates Open 221
Lawh-i-Ru'ya (Tablet of Vision) 223
Lawh-i-Qad Ihtaraqa'l-Mukhlisun
(The Fire Tablet) 226
Submission of the Manifestation of God to Trials 231
Murder of Three Azalis 234
Problems of Historical Evaluation 239
The Majesty of Baha'u'llah 248
12. FIRST CONVERTS OUTSIDE THE MUSLIM
COMMUNITY 253
The Story of Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq 253
Lawh-i-Ahbab (Tablet of the Friends) 258
Religious Minorities in Persia 260
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The Story of Hakim Masih, the First Jewish
Believer 265
Zoroastrians Enter the Faith 268
Lawh-i-Manikchi Sahib 270
Lawh-i-Haft Pursish (Tablet of Seven
Questions) 272
13. KITAB-I-AQDAS
1. THE LAW OF GOD 275
Obedience to the Laws of God 285
The Covenant of God with Man 288
Reward and Punishment 294
Baha'u'llah's View of Liberty 298
The Infallibility of the Manifestation 300
14. KITAB-I-AQDAS
2. A NEW WORLD ORDER 308
The Baha'i Administrative Order 316
15. KITAB-I-AQDAS
3. DIVINE EDUCATION 322
'Immerse Yourselves in the Ocean of My Words' 322
Education of Children 326
Teaching the Cause 331
16. KITAB-I-AQDAS
4. WORSHIP AND DAILY LIFE 343
The Mashriqu'l-Adhkar 343
The Obligatory Prayer 348
Work as Worship 351
The Nineteen Day Feast 352
Abolition of Monasticism and Confession
of Sins 352
Health and Medicine: Lawh-i-Tibb
(Tablet of Medicine) 357
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Marriage 365
Music: 'Spiritual Food of the Hearts and Souls' 367
'That No One Should Exalt Himself over
the Other' 369
17. KITAB-I-AQDAS
5. THE COVENANT OF BAHA'U'LLAH 371
Our Part in the Covenant 376
'We Are With You at All Times' 382
18. LAST DAYS WITHIN THE CITADEL 400
APPENDIX I: The Transfer of the Remains of
the Bab 422
APPENDIX II: Mirza Abu'l-Fadl of Gulpaygan 433
APPENDIX III: The Burial of the Purest Branch and
the Mother of 'Abdu'l-Baha. From an article
by Ruhiyyih Rabbani 442
BIBLIOGRAPHY 449
REFERENCES 455
INDEX 467
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ILLUSTRATIONS
THE FIRST PAGE OF THE KITAB-I-AQDAS frontispiece
In the handwriting of 'Abdu'l-Baha
'AKKA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY facing page 1
AN AERIAL VIEW OF 'AKKA between pages
The barracks are shown in the centre foreground 28 and 29
THE SEA GATE OF 'AKKA
Here Baha'u'llah entered the prison city
THE BARRACKS GATE
At the top of the stairway, on the east side of the
barracks. Baha'u'llah entered the Most Great Prison
through this gate
THE CELL OF BAHA'U'LLAH
'THE LORD IS NIGH'
Inscription over the doorway of one of the Templer
houses
THE COURTYARD OF THE BARRACKS, C. 1920
The waterpool is in the centre. It is probably in this
courtyard that the tent was pitched for the washing of
the body of the Purest Branch
THE BARRACKS FROM BEYOND THE MOAT 60 and 61
Baha'i pilgrims would try to catch a glimpse of
Baha'u'llah from this distance
MIRZA 'ABDU'R-RAHIM
Despite the presence of the soldiers guarding the
prison, he went inside the barracks and attained the
presence of Baha'u'llah
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between pages
COLONEL AHMAD-I-JARRAH
Commander of the Guard during Baha'u'llah's
imprisonment in the barracks. He later became a
believer
HAJI ABU'L-HASAN-I-AMIN
Trustee of Baha'u'llah and one of His Apostles
INTERIOR OF THE PUBLIC BATH IN 'AKKA
HAJI AKHUND (left) and HAJI AMIN (right)
In the prison of Qazvin. Their feet are in stocks and
their necks chained, with the gaoler in attendance
SHAYKH KAZIM-I-SAMANDAR 96 and 97
One of the Apostles of Baha'u'llah and a devoted
teacher of the Cause
USTAD HUSAYN-I-NA'L-BAND
The blacksmith who first encountered Mirza Abu'l-Fadl
MIRZA ABU'L-FADL
Eminent Baha'i scholar, Apostle of Baha'u'llah and
foremost expounder of His Faith
MANIKCHI SAHIB
A Zoroastrian envoy who became an admirer of
Baha'u'llah and received some Tablets from Him.
Mirza Abu'l-Fadl acted as his secretary for some time
and was his link with Baha'u'llah (see p. 269)
HAJI SHAH KHALULU'LLAH-I-FARANI 162 and 163
An eminent Baha'i who attained the presence of
Baha'u'llah in 'Akka
MIRZA 'AZIZU'LLAH-I-JADHDHAB
A Baha'i of Jewish origin who was directed by
Baha'u'llah to proclaim the Faith to Baron Rothschild
BADI', THE PRIDE OF MARTYRS 174 and 175
In front of him may be seen the branding irons in the
brazier of fire
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between pages
AQA RIDAY-I-SA'ADATI
Who attained the presence of Baha'u'llah in 'Akka
MIRZA MIHDI, THE PUREST BRANCH 204 and 205
Baha'u'llah's cherished son whose death in the barracks
of 'Akka released enormous forces for the unity of the
human race
THE PUREST BRANCH WITH 'ABDU'L-BAHA
A photograph taken in Adrianople
THE HOUSE OF 'ABBUD IN 'AKKA, C. 1920 236 and 237
The balcony surrounds the room Baha'u'llah was later
to occupy. The house of 'Udi Khammar may be seen at
the back; this was His residence at first
THE KHAN-I-'AVAMID
The caravanserai in 'Akka where many of Baha'u'llah's
followers were accommodated after leaving the
barracks
THE GOVERNORATE
A modern view looking across to the room where
Baha'u'llah was interrogated. The building is now used
as a school
THE KHAN-I-SHAVIRDI
A caravanserai in 'Akka where Baha'u'llah was kept in
custody for one night during the interrogation
HAKIM MASIH 268 and 269
The first believer converted to the Faith from the
Jewish community of Persia
KAY-KHUSRAW-I-KHUDADAD
Believed to be the first to embrace the Faith of
Baha'u'llah from the Zoroastrian community
THE HOUSE OF 'UDI KHAMMAR IN 'AKKA 274 and 275
The room where the Kitab-i-Aqdas was revealed is at
the upper left
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between pages
THE ROOM WHERE THE KITAB-I-AQDAS WAS REVEALED
The room of Baha'u'llah in the house of 'Udi
Khammar. The furnishings were added later
HAJI MUHAMMAD KHAN-I-BALUCH 388 and 389
An eminent personality who chose to work as a servant
of Baha'u'llah
MIRZA MUHAMMAD ENTITLED NA'IM
A great Baha'i poet and teacher of the Faith
THE ROOM OF BAHA'U'LLAH IN THE HOUSE OF 'ABBUD 402 and 403
Baha'u'llah's head-dress has been placed in the corner
of the divan where He usually sat
A VIEW OF THE AQUEDUCT
Restored to use at Baha'u'llah's request, the aqueduct
brought fresh water to 'Akka
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NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The extracts from the Writings of the Bab and Baha'u'llah contained in this book are from the matchless translations by Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baha'i Faith, and those carried out under the auspices of The Universal House of Justice. Published sources are acknowledged in the references and bibliography. There are many other quotations from Persian manuscripts and publications, and these I have translated, unless otherwise indicated. Most quotations had to be edited prior to translation. The footnotes to these quotations, however, are mostly mine, and this is indicated explicitly where confusion may arise. Verses taken from the Qur'an are numbered in accordance with the Arabic text, although their numbering may differ from that given in English translations. Persian and Arabic names are transliterated in accordance with the system adopted for books on the Baha'i Faith, but quotations are reproduced in their original form.
The early followers of Baha'u'llah seldom sought to be photographed. Occasionally group photographs were taken, from which it has been possible to obtain many of the individual photographs which I have included, in the belief that their historical interest outweighs the fact that some are faded and out of focus. I am deeply indebted to the Audio-Visual Department of the Baha'i World Centre for supplying most of these photographs. I should like to thank Mr Ruhi Shakibai for his excellent reproduction of some of the photographs printed in this book.
I wish to acknowledge with sincere thanks the co-operation of the Baha'i Publishing Trust, London, and the Baha'i Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Illinois, in permitting me to quote from their publications. <pxvi>
I desire to record my warm appreciation to Dr May Ballerio for her untiring efforts in helping me to speed up the preparation of the manuscript and for her skilful editing, and for the making of the index. My thanks go to Miss Eithne Earley for typing the manuscript from my original scribbled notes, many of which were illegible and often difficult to decipher, and to Mrs Corrine Alexander for additional typing assistance. I am also grateful to Mr Harold Boyce for his careful reading of the proofs.
Although I consider this work to be a very insignificant contribution to the great wealth of Baha'i knowledge, nevertheless it has taken me a very long time to produce this volume. The main reason has been lack of time on my part. I have had to work during my free hours at home, usually in the late evening, and consequently the pace has been very slow. And probably the same situation will apply to Volume 4. However, in all my work I am deeply indebted to my wife Lesley for her constant support and encouragement.
Adib Taherzadeh <pxvii>
FOREWORD
The arrival of Baha'u'llah in 'Akka, signalizing the long-awaited fulfilment of the prophecies of the advent of the Lord of Hosts in the Holy Land, opens a new chapter of glorious consummation in the Revelation of Baha'u'llah. The momentous events associated with this period surpass those of the earlier days of His ministry. The final acts of the proclamation of His Message to individual kings, rulers and ecclesiastics, the revelation of the laws of His Dispensation regarded as the warp and woof of His World Order, the reversing of the tides of misfortune and misrepresentation into those of honour and public reverence, the revelation of countless Tablets bringing to a mighty climax all that had been revealed in the past, and the release of vast spiritual energies destined to regenerate human society and create a new race of men, all these characterize this period of Baha'u'llah's ministry in 'Akka and later in Bahji.
This volume, covering the first nine years of the ministry of Baha'u'llah in 'Akka, is an attempt to catch a glimpse of this mighty Revelation. But how puny and feeble are the mind and vision of man, how poorly they equip him to venture into the arena of Divine Revelation which is far above his ken. It is obvious that we are unable to fathom this deep ocean of the Word of God in this age. We can only pass over the surface.
The aim of this volume is to describe some of the contents of the Tablets of Baha'u'llah. To achieve this, the author has followed the same pattern as in the two preceding volumes. He has outlined some of the main topics of a Tablet and elaborated on certain points which are in his opinion helpful for understanding some basic truths of the Faith. The aim has not been, however, to write a book of history. It is only to provide <pxviii> a background to the revelation of the Word of God that the author has dwelt at some length on the life of Baha'u'llah, the circumstances of His imprisonment in the barracks and later in 'Akka, and has also given brief accounts of the lives of some of the early believers involved.
The study of the Writings of Baha'u'llah is a never-ending spiritual experience; the many significances contained in His utterances and the power of His words are inexhaustible. The reader, therefore, will discover in this book only a drop out of the ocean, for only through a deeper study of the Writings of Baha'u'llah can we see the immensity of the Knowledge of God which Baha'u'llah has bestowed upon us in this day, a knowledge which will continually expand and unfold itself with the passage of time.
'AKKA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY <p1>
Baha'u'llah's Arrival at 'Akka The journey of Baha'u'llah from Adrianople to 'Akka described briefly in the closing chapter of the former volume, was laden with enormous hardship and suffering. It once again high-lighted the abasement to which Baha'u'llah and His companions were subjected, and the indignities heaped upon Him by the actions of His enemies. And when He arrived in the prison of 'Akka, these sufferings were intensified to such an extent that He designated that city as the 'Most Great Prison'. Referring to the first nine years of His exile in 'Akka, the Pen of the Most High in one of His Tablets has recorded these moving words:
Know thou that upon Our arrival at this Spot, We chose to
designate it as the 'Most Great Prison.' Though previously
subjected in another land (Tihran) to chains and fetters, We
yet refused to call it by that name. Say: Ponder thereon, O
ye endued with understanding!(1)
One of the fascinating features of the life of Baha'u'llah is the contrast between His glory and majesty born of God, and the imprisonment and abasement to which He was subjected by His enemies. We may observe with amazement that Baha'u'llah, the Supreme Manifestation of God, One who held the powers of earth and heaven in His hands, the movement of whose pen could revolutionize the lives of all men, whose words were endowed with such potency as to subdue His adversaries; such a Being submitted Himself with utter resignation to those who had arisen with all their might and authority to take His life and extinguish the light of His Cause. <p2> He did not exercise His God-given spiritual powers to stay the hands of the oppressors persecuting Him. He could have--as He Himself attests in many of His Tablets--conquered the hearts of His enemies with the utterance of one word, had He so wished. But this was not to be. For God has created man and has given him free will to choose between good and evil, to follow the Truth or tread the path of error.
If the Manifestations of God were to reveal fully the signs and tokens of their power, if they were to overwhelm and destroy their persecutors through the force of their spiritual might, such a revelation would run counter to the principle of free will which God has bestowed upon man. Because no one, whether good or bad, deserving or undeserving, when confronted with the manifold evidences of the overwhelming power of the Manifestation of God, would have any choice but to acknowledge His authority and accept the authenticity of His message. In such a case man would be reduced to a mere puppet who loses control over his actions, and those who have no spiritual merit would become equal to those who have.
This is why the Manifestations of God hide their powers from the eyes of men in general and occasionally (and to a certain extent) reveal them to a few who are endowed with spiritual qualities.[1] For instance, Christ enabled some of His disciples to witness the signs of His glory, but the great majority of the people in the Holy Land, their religious leaders and their rulers, were not affected by these. He did not use His spiritual ascendancy to prevent His own crucifixion.
[1 See vol. 2, p. 83, and p. 300 below.]
The powers of the Manifestation of God remain hidden behind the veil of His human temple. He lives like the rest of the people and is subject to all the limitations which this imposes on Him. He has to eat and sleep in order to survive. He feels pain if He is afflicted with sufferings, He becomes ill at times and eventually dies. Indeed, He comes as if camouflaged by His mortal frame. And this prevents most of His contemporaries from recognizing His station. His actions <p3> also prove to be great barriers and stumbling blocks for those who come into contact with Him. The way He lives is similar to the life of His countrymen. He speaks the same language, obeys the same laws, and practises the same customs. He does not appear to know the future, has to be informed of the news of the day, and even some of His teachings and words may cast doubt into the minds of many who are veiled from His glory. Those intellectuals and men of learning who are spiritually blind, and who weigh His utterances with their own standards, will often find fault with His sayings and reject His message outright.
All these human characteristics which the Manifestation of God displays act as a thick cloud hiding the splendours of the light of His Revelation from the eyes of men. For He does not reveal Himself in His naked glory. Only those with spiritual eyes may penetrate through and witness the radiance of the Sun of Truth behind this cloud. Man has to make an effort in order to find the truth. This is an irrevocable law of creation, and through it man's free will is preserved. This free will is bestowed upon man by God. He has given him authority to rule over this world. Man has the power of life and death in his hands. He can lead a peaceful life and build a united world, or he can kindle the fire of enmity and bring destruction and death to great multitudes. And although God has sent His Messengers from time to time to show the way to the human race, and has thrown light upon its path, yet He has left man free to choose for himself. In each Dispensation a considerable number of people have been led to follow the path of truth by their own free will, whereas the majority of the peoples have rejected the call of God and followed the dictates of their own selves.
In this age humanity has strayed far from the path of truth, and the call of Baha'u'llah to recognize Him as the viceregent of God on earth has fallen on deaf ears. But a careful study of His writings leads us to believe that His Revelation, being the culmination of past Revelations and one which has ushered in <p4> the Day of God Himself, will exert such a potent influence upon mankind as a whole that eventually all the peoples of the world will recognize His station of their own free will and embrace His cause of their own volition. And this in turn will bring about, in the distant future, the appearance of a new race of men whose noble character and spiritual virtues we, in this age, are unable to visualize.
With this basic principle in mind that the Manifestations of God hide their glory from the eyes of men, we can appreciate more clearly the manner in which they have appeared and acted among the peoples of the world. We observe that they have always submitted themselves to their enemies, and yet through the power of God they have succeeded in firmly establishing the foundation of their Cause among men. The sufferings which were inflicted on Baha'u'llah by His enemies throughout His forty-year ministry and the forbearance and resignation with which He endured these, demonstrate this principle. This becomes especially apparent in 'Akka where those in authority inflicted on Him tribulations more severe than at any other period in His ministry.
Although Baha'u'llah submitted Himself to a hostile enemy who made Him a prisoner and condemned Him to solitary confinement for the rest of His life, yet no one could rob Him of His majesty and glory. Even those who had no spiritual eyes and who were blind to His divine authority were forcibly struck by the outward manifestations of His eminent and august personality.
As with other incidents in His life when people came face to face with Him, not one of the officials accompanying Baha'u'llah on His journey to 'Akka, nor others who either in the course of duty or for other reasons came into His presence, could fail to recognize His greatness. One such was a young man by the name of Constantine, a Christian, who went aboard the ship at Alexandria in Egypt and attained His presence. This young man was one of the characters in an important incident during Baha'u'llah's journey to 'Akka. <p5>
The Alexandria Incident
Towards the end of His stay in Adrianople, Baha'u'llah sent Nabil-i-A'zam to Egypt on a mission. The Iranian Consul-General in Cairo, Mirza Hasan Khan-i-Khu'i, was an inveterate enemy of the Faith. As soon as he learnt of Nabil's visit, he approached the Egyptian authorities, brought false accusations against him and urged his arrest. Consequently Nabil was sent to a prison in Cairo and later transferred to one in Alexandria. Completely unaware of the fate of Baha'u'llah and his imminent exile to 'Akka, Nabil spent his days in Alexandria prison, which was located close to the sea where ships used to anchor.
As we have already stated in a previous volume,[1] a certain Christian physician, a Syrian by the name of Faris, who had been put in the same prison for financial reasons, became attracted to Nabil. At first the former tried to convert the latter to Christianity. But instead Nabil gave his companion the tidings of the coming of the Father and the advent of the Day of God. He disclosed to his eyes the light of the new-born Faith and imparted to him the knowledge of His revelation.
[1 Vol. 1, pp. 203-4.]
Soon, as a result of Nabil's teaching work inspired by his spirit of detachment from this world, and aided by his profound and intimate knowledge of the message of Baha'u'llah, Faris became assured of the truth of the Cause. The fire of faith began to burn fiercely in his heart, and the love of Baha'u'llah, possessed his whole being. He was filled with joy and ecstasy, the gloom of the prison life vanished and he found himself for the first time in the midst of paradise.
While Nabil was in Cairo prison, one night Baha'u'llah
appeared to him in a dream and assured him that after eighty-one
days the hardships of prison life would come to an end.
That day fell on Thursday, 27 August 1868, and it was on that
day that the significance of Nabil's dream came to light.[1]
[1 According to the shipping records the Austrian Lloyd steamer was due to leave Gallipoli on 21 August 1868 and was due in Alexandria on Wednesday 26 August early in the morning. Baha'u'llah and His companions transshipped to another steamer of the same company in Alexandria bound for Cyprus via Haifa, which sailed on Friday 28 August.]<p6>
Around the time of sunset he went on the roof of the prison and began to watch people passing by. Not long after he had settled in a corner on the roof, to his amazement Nabil sighted Aqa Muhammad Ibrahim-i-Nazir (caterer) among the passers-by, escorted by a guard. Aqa Muhammad Ibrahim used to do the work of catering for Baha'u'llah and His companions in Adrianople. Now in Alexandria he had left the ship to purchase provisions for the journey. Not knowing anything about Baha'u'llah's exile to 'Akka, the astonished Nabil called out to Muhammad Ibrahim who succeeded in persuading his guard to allow him to visit his friend in the prison. There he told him of the fate of Baha'u'llah and His companions and pointed to the ship which carried the exiles and could be seen from the prison.
This amazing incident caused great agitation in the heart of Nabil, for he found himself so close to his Beloved and yet so far. When Faris Effendi was informed, he too became highly excited but frustrated at not being able to attain the presence of His Lord.
That night neither of the two could sleep. Both decided to write a letter to Baha'u'llah and the next morning Faris Effendi made arrangements with a certain Christian youth, Constantine, who was a watch-maker in the city, to deliver their letters to Baha'u'llah on board the ship. They both stood on the roof of the prison to watch the ship, turned their hearts to Baha'u'llah and communed with His spirit with much devotion and love.
After a short while they were heart-broken to see the ship steaming away before Constantine could gain admittance. But amazingly, after a few minutes the ship stopped and Constantine, who was in a rowing boat, reached it and went <p7> aboard. He handed the envelope to one of the attendants who took it to Baha'u'llah. The news of Nabil's whereabouts, and especially the letter of Faris, which was read aloud by Baha'u'llah to those who had assembled in His presence, created great excitement on board the ship. Baha'u'llah revealed a Tablet in honour of Nabil in which He bestowed His bounties and blessings upon Faris, and assured him that soon he would be released from the prison. He then called the messenger to His presence, and handed him the Tablet with loving kindness and affection. 'Abdu'l-Baha and the Purest Branch also sent some gifts to Nabil.
This short visit made an abiding impression upon Constantine. Having come face to face for a brief period with the Supreme Manifestation of God, and seen a glimpse of His glory, he left the ship overwhelmed and awestruck. When he came to deliver the parcel to Faris Effendi, he was in such a state of excitement that he was heard shouting aloud, 'By God, I have seen the face of the Heavenly Father.' In a state of ecstasy and rapture Faris embraced Constantine and kissed his eyes which had gazed upon the countenance of his Lord.
The Tablet of Baha'u'llah was in the handwriting of His amanuensis Mirza Aqa Jan in the form of 'Revelation Writing'.[1] It imparted a new spirit of love and dedication to Faris; it fanned into flame the fire of faith which had been ignited in his heart by Nabil in that gloomy prison. As promised by Baha'u'llah, Faris was released from prison three days later. After his release he arose in the propagation of the Faith among his people. Nabil was also freed soon after, but being ordered to leave Egypt he proceeded to the Holy Land in pursuit of his Lord.
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 24-5, 35-7.]
In more than one Tablet Baha'u'llah has Himself described the episode of Faris in Alexandria as a token of the power of God. In a Tablet(2) revealed soon after His arrival in 'Akka and addressed to Rad'ar-Ruh,[1] a devoted follower from Manshad <p8> who died as a martyr, Baha'u'llah relates the story of His banishment from Adrianople, and the outpouring of the revelation of the Word of God in the course of that journey; he declares that the breezes of the revelation of the Words revealed in that period wafted over the entire planet. Referring to Himself as the 'Most Great Ocean', He describes in majestic language His boarding the ship and sailing upon the sea, while every drop of its waters was exhilarated and from it could be heard that which no one is capable of hearing.
[1 See vols. 1 and 2. The date of his martyrdom is not clearly known but was probably around the time that Baha'u'llah arrived in 'Akka and sent him the above Tablet.]
Perhaps the highlight of this Tablet concerns the story of Faris. Baha'u'llah relates that while the ship was anchored in Alexandria, He received from the hand of a Christian messenger a mighty letter from which He could inhale the fragrances of holiness. It was written by one who had detached himself from worldly ties and embraced His Cause. Baha'u'llah states that He wished Rad'ar-Ruh had been present to hear the soul-stirring Voice of his Lord as He read aloud to His companions on board the ship the letter of supplication and declaration of faith. This letter, written in Arabic, is indicative of a passionate faith in the Cause of Baha'u'llah, a deep understanding of His Revelation and a true recognition of His station. Baha'u'llah became so happy on receiving this moving letter that He wanted to share it with the believers. On His instructions, therefore, part of Faris's letter was copied and sent to some individuals in Persia, that they might read and ponder upon the creative power of the Word of God which is capable of transforming the human heart and leading it to the world of the spirit.
This is a summary of part of Faris's letter:
O Thou the Glory of the Most Glorious and the Exalted of
the Most Exalted! I write this letter and present it to the One
who has been subjected to the same sufferings as Jesus
Christ... It is incumbent upon us to offer praise and <p9>
thanksgiving to God, the All-glorious, the All-bountiful.
And now I beseech Thee to grant me and my kindred a
portion of the ocean of Thy bounty, O Thou who art the
Ever-living, the Self-subsisting and the Wellspring of Purity
and Sanctity.

I entreat Thee by the mystery of Thy most joyful Being,
by Thy Prophet who conversed with Thee (Moses), by Thy
Son (Jeses), by Thy Friend (Muhammad) and by Thy
Herald (The Bab) who for the love of Thee offered up His
life in Thy path, not to deprive me and my family, these
poor ones, from beholding the glory of Thy countenance.

O Thou who hast endured for our sake sufferings and
tribulations. Strengthen our faith, choose us for Thy service
and accept us as martyrs in Thy path so that our blood may
be shed for the love of Thee. We are weak and ignorant,
confer upon us Thy glory so that we may not be among the
losers. Grant us the distinction of love and faith, and cleanse
our hearts from whatsoever runs counter to Thy good
pleasure. Aid us to forget our own selves so that we may
seek no rest in Thy service except by Thy leave and pleasure.

O Thou who knowest the secrets of the hearts! Art Thou
sailing in an ark made of wood? O how I long to be a part of
that vessel, for it is blessed to be a carrier of the Lord. O, the
surging sea! is thy restlessness because of the fear of the
glorious Lord? O Alexandria! art thou grief-stricken
because He who is the Ever-living, the All-wise, is leaving
thy shores? O, the desolate city of 'Akka! Thou art clapping
thy hands in fervent joy and art in a state of rapture and
ecstasy, for the Lord in His great glory will bless thy land
with His footsteps...
In the aforementioned Tablet to Rad'ar-Ruh Baha'u'llah makes an important statement which confirms one of the fundamental verities of the Cause of God. Referring to Faris's recognition of His station, Baha'u'llah states that God transformed his heart and created him anew, and that such a creation is greater in the sight of God than the creation of earth and heaven. We may appreciate this statement when we reflect that the soul of man is the most precious reality in this creation, <p10> bestowed upon him by God. There is a spiritual and mysterious force of attraction between the soul and the Creator.[1] It is this love relationship that Baha'u'llah refers to in the Hidden Words when He says:
[1 In this context we are not referring to 'Creator' as the Essence of God, but God manifested to man.]
O Son of Man! I loved thy creation, hence I created thee.
Wherefore, do thou love Me, that I may name
thy name and fill thy soul with the spirit of life.(3)
But the soul becomes attached to this world and it is this attachment which becomes a barrier between the soul and its Creator. If the barriers are removed, however, the soul will draw nearer to God, will recognize Him, will acquire the spirit of faith[1] and become a new creation. The soul thus fulfils the purpose for which it was created, and this is the most meritorious event in the sight of God and more important than all that is, in this physical creation. It is in this connection that we can appreciate the exhortations of Baha'u'llah with regard to teaching His Faith[2] which result in bringing a soul to its God. It is not surprising that Baha'u'llah has enjoined upon every believer the duty of teaching His Cause and has regarded it as 'the most meritorious of all deeds'.
[1 see vol. 1, pp. 73-4]
[2 see vol. 2, pp. 91-4; and below, p. 331.]
Faris was probably the first Christian to embrace the Faith of Baha'u'llah. Through the radiance of Nabil's indomitable faith, and helped by his own knowledge of the Arabic language and of the Bible, Faris became a faithful believer with a deep understanding of the station of Baha'u'llah. That Faris and Nabil should have met in the prison of Alexandria is no accident. God works in mysterious ways. When He is manifested to man, He attracts souls that are detached from this world to Himself. During the ministries of the Bab and Baha'u'llah, great numbers were led to the Fountain-head of God's Revelation in mysterious ways--through dreams and <p11> visions, through intuition or even through miraculous circumstances. This is because the Manifestation of God was living among men and those who were pure in heart were drawn to Him.
By the righteousness of the one true God! If one speck of a
jewel be lost and buried beneath a mountain of stones, and
lie hidden beyond the seven seas, the Hand of Omnipotence
would assuredly reveal it in this Day, pure and cleansed
from dross.(4)
Faris devoted his time to teaching the Cause among his own people. The Lawh-i-Aqdas[1] (The Most Holy Tablet) otherwise known in the West as the 'Tablet to the Christians', is reputed to have been revealed in his honour, but this cannot be substantiated. Up till now, it has not been possible to ascertain for whom this Tablet was revealed.
[1 Published in Tablets of Baha'u'llah, pp. 9-17. Not to be confused with the Kitab-i-Aqdas, the Most Holy Book.]
After this extraordinary contact which was made at Alexandria between Baha'u'llah and the two Baha'i prisoners, the steamer headed towards its destination,[1] and after three days it arrived at Haifa in the early morning of Monday 31 August.
[1 According to the shipping records, the Austrian Lloyd steamer was due to leave Alexandria at 11 a.m. on Friday, arriving at Port Said on Saturday at 5 p.m., at Jaffa on Sunday at 6 p.m., at Haifa on Monday at 8 a.m., and at noon two days later at Cyprus.]
The Most Great Prison
Baha'u'llah and His companions--seventy in all--disembarked from the ship and were taken ashore in sailing boats. All their belongings were also ferried across with them. There, the prisoners were all counted and handed over to government officials.[1] A few hours later they were all taken <p12> aboard a sailing vessel which took them to 'Akka in the afternoon of the same day. As there were no landing facilities at 'Akka, the men had to wade ashore from the boat and it was ordered that the women were to be carried on the backs of men. But at 'Abdu'l-Baha's insistence the women were carried ashore one by one sitting in a chair which He Himself procured.
[1 It was here that four of Baha'u'llah's followers were not allowed to land and were taken to Cyprus instead, and here that one of them, 'Abdu'l-Ghaffar, threw himself into the sea. See vol. 2, p. 411.]
When Baha'u'llah arrived in 'Akka, that city was a penal colony. Its population in the 1880S was estimated to be about nine thousand. The Turkish Government had consigned to it from its vast empire a great number of criminals, murderers, political detainees and every type of troublemaker. The inhabitants, whom Baha'u'llah had stigmatized as 'The Generation of Vipers', had sunk to a very low level. Among these people wild rumours and false accusations were circulating concerning Baha'u'llah and His followers as they were about to arrive. The company of exiles, those God-intoxicated heroes who had accompanied their Lord to this most desolate of cities, were considered to be evil men, criminals of the worst type who deserved to be treated most cruelly. It is no wonder, therefore, that great numbers from among the inhabitants of 'Akka had assembled at the landing site to jeer at them and at their Leader whom they referred to as 'the God of the Persians'.
Yet among the crowd there were some endowed with a measure of spiritual perception. These, as they gazed upon the countenance of Baha'u'llah, were struck by His majesty and witnessed a glory they had never seen before. Among them was a certain Khalil Ahmad 'Abdu, a venerable old man who used to say to the inhabitants of 'Akka that he could see in the face of Baha'u'llah signs of greatness and of majesty and truthfulness. He often said that the people of 'Akka should rejoice and be thankful to God for having ennobled their <p13> homeland by the footsteps of this great Personage. He prophesied that through Him the inhabitants would be blessed and prosper, and this of course literally came to pass.
Another man in the crowd watching the arrival of the exiles was known as 'Abdu'llah Tuzih. He saw the radiance, the power, and the glory of Baha'u'llah's countenance and was drawn to Him. He later became a believer and his daughter (who was born on the same day that Baha'u'llah arrived in 'Akka) was some years later joined in wedlock with Husayn-i-Ashchi, a cook in Baha'u'llah's household and one of His devoted servants.[1]
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 169, 404.]
How incomparable is the difference between the vision of those assembled at the sea gate of 'Akka to jeer at and demonstrate their hostility towards the company of exiles and their Leader, and the vision of Baha'u'llah Who a few years before, in the Tablet of Sayyah[1] foreshadowing His arrival in the city of 'Akka, disclosed to those who were endowed with spiritual insight a vastly different spectacle:
[1 see vol. 2, p. 213.]
Upon Our arrival We were welcomed with banners of light,
whereupon the Voice of the Spirit cried out saying: 'Soon
will all that dwell on earth be enlisted under these banners.'(5)
The attitude of these onlookers, blind to the world of the spirit and the all-encompassing vision of Baha'u'llah, is characteristic of man's attitude to the Revelation of God in every age. Over one hundred years have passed since Baha'u'llah uttered these words. The majority of mankind, its rulers and wise men, have so far failed to recognize their truth. They either remain unaware of the coming of the Lord or turn a deaf ear to His voice. But those who have embraced His Cause can believe in the vision of their Lord that 'soon will all that dwell on earth be enlisted under these banners'.
The history of the rise of every religion demonstrates a similar situation. When Christ was on the cross He saw the <p14> vision of His Cause spreading to the far ends of the world, while humanity, represented by His contemporaries in the Holy Land, was insensitive to such a vision. It saw in Christ only a man captive and helpless, dying on the cross. But it did not know the power of the Holy Spirit, a power which brought millions under the shadow of the Christian Faith.
When Muhammad and His disciples were on one occasion completely surrounded and greatly outnumbered by hosts of His enemies, and when there was no hope of survival among His followers, the Prophet is reported to have stood on a rock and forcefully struck it with His staff saying, 'I have conquered the Roman Empire,' and repeating the same act, 'I have conquered the Persian Empire'... Even some of His followers at that time did not have the vision to comprehend these words but soon they witnessed their fulfilment.
Thus the enemies of Baha'u'llah, unable to discern the power of the Almighty which was animating His Cause and the person of His own Manifestation, imagined that by confining Him to the prison they could succeed in putting out His light and destroying His Cause. It was for this reason that the authorities had been ordered to impose the harshest restrictions upon Him and His followers.
In the masterly language so characteristic of his divinely guided writings, Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baha'i Faith, has briefly touched upon the significance of Baha'u'llah's arrival in 'Akka. He writes:
The arrival of Baha'u'llah in 'Akka marks the opening of the
last phase of His forty-year-long ministry, the final stage,
and indeed the climax, of the banishment in which the
whole of that ministry was spent. A banishment that had, at
first, brought Him to the immediate vicinity of the
strongholds of Shi'ah orthodoxy and into contact with its
outstanding exponents, and which, at a later period, had
carried Him to the capital of the Ottoman empire, and led
Him to address His epoch-making pronouncements to the
Sultan, to his ministers and to the ecclesiastical leaders of <p15>
Sunni Islam, had now been instrumental in landing Him
upon the shores of the Holy Land--the Land promised by
God to Abraham, sanctified by the Revelation of Moses,
honoured by the lives and labours of the Hebrew patriarchs,
judges, kings and prophets, revered as the cradle of
Christianity, and as the place where Zoroaster, according to
'Abdu'l-Baha's testimony, had 'held converse with some of
the Prophets of Israel,' and associated by Islam with the
Apostle's night-journey, through the seven heavens, to the
throne of the Almighty. Within the confines of this holy and
enviable country, 'the nest of all the Prophets of God,' 'the
Vale of God's unsearchable Decree, the snow-white Spot,
the Land of unfading splendour' was the Exile of Baghdad,
of Constantinople and Adrianople condemned to spend no
less than a third of the allotted span of His life and over half
of the total period of His Mission. 'It is difficult,' declares
'Abdu'l-Baha, 'to understand how Baha'u'llah could have
been obliged to leave Persia, and to pitch His tent in this
Holy Land, but for the persecution of His enemies, His
banishment and exile.'

Indeed such a consummation, He assures us, had been
actually prophesied 'through the tongue of the Prophets
two or three thousand years before.' God, 'faithful to His
promise,' had, 'to some of the Prophets' 'revealed and given
the good news that the "Lord of Hosts should be manifested
in the Holy Land."' Isaiah had, in this connection,
announced in his Book: 'Get thee up into the high
mountain, O Zion that bringest good tidings; lift up thy
voice with strength, O Jerusalem, that bringest good
tidings. Lift it up, be not afraid; say unto the cities of Judah:
"Behold your God! Behold the Lord God will come with
strong band, and His arm shall rule for Him. "' David, in his
Psalms, had predicted: 'Lift up your heads, O ye gates; even
lift them up, ye everlasting doors; and the King of Glory
shall come in. Who is this King of Glory? The Lord of
Hosts, He is the King of Glory.' 'Out of Zion, the
perfection of beauty, God hath shined. Our God shall
come, and shall not keep silence.' Amos had, likewise,
foretold His coming: 'The Lord will roar from Zion, and <p16>
utter His voice from Jerusalem; and the habitations of the
shepherds shall mourn, and the top of Carmel shall wither.'

'Akka, itself, flanked by the 'glory of Lebanon,' and Lying
in full view of the 'splendour of Carmel,' at the foot of the
hills which enclose the home of Jesus Christ Himself, had
been described by David as 'the Strong City,' designated by
Hosea as 'a door of hope,' and alluded to by Ezekiel as 'the
gate that looketh towards the East,' whereunto 'the glory of
the God of Israel came from the way of the East,' His voice
'like a noise of many waters.' To it the Arabian Prophet had
referred as 'a city in Syria to which God hath shown His
special mercy,' situated 'betwixt two mountains... in the
middle of a meadow,' 'by the shore of the sea... suspended
beneath the Throne,' 'white, whose whiteness is pleasing
unto God.' 'Blessed the man,' He, moreover, as confirmed
by Baha'u'llah, had declared, 'that hath visited 'Akka, and
blessed he that hath visited the visitor of 'Akka.'
Furthermore, 'He that raiseth therein the call to prayer, his
voice will be lifted up unto Paradise. ' And again: 'The poor
of 'Akka are the kings of Paradise and the princes thereof. A
month in 'Akka is better than a thousand years elsewhere.'
Moreover, in a remarkable tradition, which is contained in
Shaykh Ibnu'l-'Arabi's work, entitled 'Futuhat-i-Makkiy-yih,'
and which is recognized as an authentic utterance of
Muhammad, and is quoted by Mirza Abu'l-Fadl in his
'Fara'id,' this significant prediction has been made: 'All of
them (the companions of the Qa'im) shall be slain except
One Who shall reach the plain of 'Akka, the Banquet-Hall
of God.'(6)
Baha'u'llah and His party entered the prison city through the sea gate and were conducted along the narrow and twisting roads of 'Akka to the barracks. The hardships of the long and arduous journey from Adrianople to 'Akka in the burning heat of the midsummer season, with inadequate and primitive facilities on board the ships crowded by so many, had exhausted everyone. And now added to all this were the appalling conditions of their confinement in the barracks, <p17> especially during the first night of their arrival there. Baha'u'llah was placed in a filthy room completely bare and devoid of any furniture. Later He was moved into a room on the upper floor of the barracks; this room, the interior of which is now kept in good condition and visited by Baha'i pilgrims, was in the days of Baha'u'llah unfit for habitation. He Himself has recounted in a Tablet(7) that its floor was covered with earth, and what plaster remained on the ceiling was falling.
Baha'u'llah's followers were huddled into another room, the floor of which was covered with mud. Ten soldiers were posted at the gate to guard the prisoners. The foul air and the stench in the prison, coupled with the sultry heat of the summer, were so offensive that Baha'iyyih Khanum, the daughter of Baha'u'llah entitled the 'Greatest Holy Leaf', was overcome and fainted on arrival.
There was no water for drinking except that in a small pool which had already been used for washing. The water in this pool was so filthy that the mere thought of drinking it would make one sick. That first night, water was withheld from the prisoners. Everyone was thirsty in those hot surroundings and some of the women and children were overcome by thirst. Mothers with suckling babes were unable to feed them, and for hours the children were crying for food and water. 'Abdu'l-Baha made several appeals to the guards to show mercy to the children and even sent a message to the Governor of 'Akka, but all was without avail. At last in the morning some water was given to the prisoners and three loaves of bread to each as a daily ration: the bread was unfit to eat but after some time they were allowed to take it to the market and exchange it for two loaves of a better quality.
Soon after the arrival of the prisoners the Governor visited the barracks for inspection. 'Abdu'l-Baha, accompanied by a few believers, went to see him. But the Governor was discourteous and spoke to them in a provocative manner. He threatened to cut the supply of bread if one of the prisoners <p18> went missing and then ordered them back to their room. Husayn-i-Ashchi, one of 'Abdu'l-Baha's attendants, could not bear to remain silent after such insulting treatment. He retorted with rage and hurled back at the Governor some offensive remarks.
'Abdu'l-Baha immediately chastised Husayn by slapping him hard in the face in front of the Governor and ordering him to return to his room. This action by 'Abdu'l-Baha not only defused a dangerous situation but also opened the eyes of the Governor to the existence of a real leader among the prisoners, a leader who would act with authority and justice.
Husayn-i-Ashchi, who has recorded this incident in his memoirs, and who prided himself on being chastised by the Master on that occasion, recalls that because of this action the Governor's attitude towards 'Abdu'l-Baha changed. He realized that, contrary to the wild rumours circulating in 'Akka at the time, 'Abdu'l-Baha and His family were from a noble background, and not criminals as he had been led to believe. The Governor therefore began to act in a more humane way towards the prisoners. He eventually agreed to substitute the allotted ration of bread with a sum of money and allowed a small party of the prisoners, escorted by guards, to visit the markets of 'Akka daily to buy their provisions.
Three days after the arrival of Baha'u'llah and His companions, the edict of the Sultan condemning Him to life imprisonment was read out in the Mosque. The prisoners were introduced as criminals who had corrupted the morals of the people. It was stated that they were to be confined in prison and were not allowed to associate with anyone.
In the course of a talk[8] to the friends in Haifa, 'Abdu'l-Baha has described His being summoned by the Governor of 'Akka to hear the contents of the edict. When it was read out to Him that they were to remain in prison for ever,[1] 'Abdu'l-Baha responded by saying that the contents of the edict were <p19> meaningless and without foundation. Upon hearing this remark, the Governor became angry and retorted that the edict was from the Sultan, and he wanted to know how it could be described as meaningless. 'Abdu'l-Baha reiterated His comment and explained that it made no sense to describe their imprisonment as lasting for ever, for man lives in this world only for a short period, and that sooner or later the captives would leave this prison either dead or alive. The Governor and his officers were impressed by the vision of 'Abdu'l-Baha and felt easier in His presence.
[1 In Arabic the term used for life imprisonment is often 'prisoner for ever'.]
It is interesting to note that some time later, when the Master emerged as the most eminent and the most loved person in 'Akka and the neighbouring lands, when practically all the people of 'Akka, both high and low, turned to Him for help, and when the Governors and high officials sought His advice and sat at His feet to receive enlightenment, the edict of the Sultan together with other documents relating to the imprisonment of Baha'u'llah and His companions were removed from the government files and presented to 'Abdu'l-Baha by a government official.
In the meantime, life in the prison of 'Akka in the early days was extremely difficult and tortuous. For three months, the authorities did not allow Baha'u'llah to attend the public bath which in those days was the only place where people could take a bath. The guards had been given strict orders not to allow any person to visit Him. Even when a barber came to attend to Baha'u'llah's hair, he was accompanied by a guard and was not allowed to talk to Him. 'Abdu'l-Baha had to live in a room on the ground floor which had been formerly used as a morgue. Its moist air affected His health for the rest of His life. As for the prisoners, the filthy conditions under which they were living, the lack of proper food and hygiene, and the severity of restrictions, took their toll. Shortly after their arrival in the barracks, all but two fell sick. Nine of the ten guards were also struck down by illness. Malaria and dysentery added to their ordeal. The only two unaffected at <p20> that stage were 'Abdu'l-Baha and Aqa Riday-i-Qannad,[1] although both of them were taken ill at a later time. The Master, helped by this believer, attended to the needs of the sick and nursed them day and night. The authorities did not call for a doctor to administer medicine. With the few provisions at His disposal all that 'Abdu'l-Baha could do was to cook for them a simple broth and some rice each day. But the hygienic conditions were appalling. The heat was severe during the day and there was no adequate water for washing.
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 288-9; vol. 2, pp. 403-4.]
In these circumstances three people died. The first victim was a certain Abu'l-Qasim-i-Sultan Abadi. Then two brothers, Ustad Muhammad-Baqir and Ustad Muhammad-Isma'il, both tailors by profession, died one evening within a few hours of each other. They were locked in each other's arms as they lay on the floor. Baha'u'llah particularly expressed His grief at this tragic death, and stated that never before had two brothers passed away from this dark world and entered the realms of glory in such unity. He, as stated in a Tablet,(9) praised them, showered His bounties upon them, and blessed their parents.
The burial of these three posed a difficult problem for the company of exiles. For the Government refused to allow anyone from among the prisoners to bury them, nor did they provide funds for their burial. The guards demanded payment of necessary expenses for burial before removing the bodies. And as there were very few possessions which could be sold, in order to raise the money Baha'u'llah ordered the sale of the only luxury He had, a small prayer carpet used by Him. This was done, and the proceeds were handed to the guards who then pocketed the money and buried the dead in the clothes they wore, without coffins and without the customary Muslim rites of washing and wrapping the bodies in shrouds.
As they were not allowed to be buried inside the Muslim Cemetery they were laid to rest outside it. Some years later <p21> 'Abdu'l-Baha arranged for one of the believers to build their graves, which are joined together.
After the death of these three men, Baha'u'llah revealed a short healing prayer especially for the believers in the barracks and asked them to chant it repeatedly and with absolute sincerity. This the friends did and soon everyone recovered.
The Desolate City
Long before His departure from Adrianople, Baha'u'llah had prophesied the impending calamities which were to befall Him in His forthcoming exile to 'Akka. In some of His Tablets revealed in Adrianople He had alluded to that city, in others He had mentioned 'Akka by name as being the next place of His exile. For instance in the Lawh-i-Sultan,[1] the Tablet to Nasiri'd-Din Shah of Persia, He had clearly prophesied that the next place of His exile would be 'Akka. Concerning that city He writes in that Tablet: 'According to what they say, it is the most desolate of the cities of the world, the most unsightly of them in appearance, the most detestable in climate, and the foulest in water.'(10)
[1 See vol. 2, ch. 16.]
In another Tablet (11) revealed soon before His departure from Adrianople He predicts a new wave of calamities that would soon encompass Him in the fortress of 'Akka. He describes the conditions of the city in similar terms as those in the Lawh-i-Sultan, but declares that soon its climate would improve, because its Builder would enter it and adorn it with the ornament of His Greatest Name.
The foul air of 'Akka was often summed up by the proverb that a bird flying over the city would drop dead. But the climate changed soon after Baha'u'llah's arrival. To this the inhabitants of 'Akka testified, and many attributed it to the presence of Baha'u'llah. To cite one example: Mirza Abu'l-Fadl,[1] the famous Baha'i scholar, has, in his well-known <p22> work Fara'id, quoted the testimony of one of the leading men of culture in 'Akka. These are his words:
[1 See below, p. 91.]
In the year AH 1313 (1895-6) when the writer was staying in
Syria, Ya'qub-ibn-Betros of Lebanon, who is a learned
doctor of divinity and linguistics in those parts and well
known amongst the Christian community of 'Akka,
composed the following statements in praise of the Holy
Shrine of Baha'u'llah in 'Akka and offered this composition
to His Holiness 'Abdu'l-Baha, and presented me with a
copy of the composition as a gift.

'Set betwixt the twin mounts of Lebanon and Carmel is the
Bahji,
Therein is the resting place of Baha, the Lord of Bounty and
Mercy,
The Chosen Master, the Lamp of Guidance, Baha--the
Splendour and the Light of the Sun of Truth,
He Who is the Luminary of all names,
Therein the true joy, the Desire of all hearts, hearts that seek
His lights,
The Solace of the eyes, the Fulfilment and Realization of all
hope,
By His beneficent presence, the water that springs from the
wells of those parts was purified (i.e. of 'Akka) and the air
and clime of 'Akka and its environs were changed.'

In these words above there is a definite and clear reference
to the transformation that occurred in the city of 'Akka as a
result of the presence of Baha'u'llah. As this land was well
known for its foul water, for its bad weather, for the
bitterness and saltiness of its fountains and wells, so much
so that it was the prison city for those who had gravely
offended the Ottoman Government and it was the penal
colony of those condemned to death, its peoples were all
usually ill and had a sallow appearance because of its bad
weather and climate. But when this territory became the
place of exile of Baha'u'llah, its bitter waters were changed,
its inclement weather transformed.(12)
When Baha'u'llah arrived in 'Akka there was no source of <p23> fresh water within the city gates fit to drink. There was a well, situated about ten minutes walk from the city, from which most of the people carried water to their homes. But its taste was very unpleasant. Baha'u'llah and His companions used this water, which was carried by the believers to the prison. There was one believer in particular, Aqa 'Azim-i-Tafrishi, who served Baha'u'llah and His companions as a water-supplier. It was a difficult task, as he had to make numerous trips to the well and carry skinfuls of water on his back to the friends in 'Akka. Later he managed to get water with a better taste from springs at Kabri, which were situated in the same direction as Bahji and about half an hour's walking distance from 'Akka.
Aqa 'Azim was a devoted believer who had first attained the presence of Baha'u'llah in Baghdad and become the recipient of His bounties and favours. After some time he returned to Persia where he engaged himself in serving the friends. There he worked as a servant in the household of Mirza Nasru'llah-i-Tafrishi and when the latter went to Adrianople in company with his son and with his brother Mirza Rida-Quli, 'Azim also went with the party. Mirza Nasru'llah, who was a brother of Badri-Jan, one of the wives of Mirza Yahya Azal,[1] died in Adrianople. However, 'Azim remained in Adrianople in the service of Mirza Rida-Quli and his nephew.
[1 See vols. 1 and 2; and below, p. 235.]
The main reason for their journey to Adrianople was that their sister had deserted her husband and had taken refuge in the household of Jinab-i-Kalim,[1] Baha'u'llah's faithful brother. In these circumstances the two brothers were summoned to Adrianople to take their sister back to Persia. But soon after the death of Mirza Nasru'llah, Baha'u'llah and His companions were exiled to 'Akka; Badri-Jan, her brother Rida-Quli, and nephew along with Aqa 'Azim were included in the party which accompanied Baha'u'llah. As we shall see later, Rida-Quli and his sister joined hands in 'Akka with <p24> Siyyid Muhammad-i-Isfahani,[2] the Anti-Christ of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah, and were cast out of the community by Baha'u'llah; later Rida-Quli was murdered along with two other followers of Mirza Yahya.[3]
[1 See vols. 1 and 2.]
[2 See vols. 1 and 2.]
[3 See below, pp. 235ff.]
As to Aqa 'Azim, as soon as he discovered the signs of unfaithfulness towards Baha'u'llah in his master, he dissociated himself from him and continued to serve Baha'u'llah and His companions with great devotion and selflessness. Through his sincerity, faith, and services he acquired the good pleasure of his Lord who continued to shower upon him His blessings till the end of his life.
The water in 'Akka, of which 'Azim was a carrier for Baha'u'llah and His followers, improved considerably not merely in its quality but became more easily available through the restoration of a disused aqueduct, bringing fresh water to the city. This also happened through the influence of the word of Baha'u'llah.
When Baha'u'llah was in the house of 'Abbud, He prophesied to him that God would raise up a person to restore the aqueduct, which had fallen into disuse, and expressed a desire that 'Abbud might become the one to carry out this project. 'Abbud was a Christian merchant of great influence in 'Akka and was highly respected by the people. It is said of him that when he walked through the city people stood up and showed their respect to him. But 'Abbud did not follow Baha'u'llah's advice. Soon after this, Ahmad Big Tawfiq, the Governor of 'Akka who had become aware of Baha'u'llah's greatness and had evinced an ardent admiration for 'Abdu'l-Baha, and who often sat at His feet for instruction and illumination, was allowed an audience with Baha'u'llah. It was in the course of that audience when the Governor offered to do some service for Him, that Baha'u'llah suggested the restoration of the aqueduct for the benefit of the people of <p25> 'Akka. To this suggestion, the Governor readily responded and arose to carry it out.
However, the restoration of the aqueduct was not completed until Faydi Pasha became Governor of 'Akka. He was a great personality in government circles in Istanbul and a man of action. It was he who completed this project, although his tenure of office was very short indeed. Husayn-i-Ashchi has left us with an account, summarized below, concerning the aqueduct.
When Faydi Pasha arrived in 'Akka, he noticed that water
from the springs at Kabri was now within easy reach of
'Akka but the work of completing the building of the
aqueduct was at a standstill. He remonstrated with those
responsible and ordered an immediate resumption of work.
Municipal workers were drafted to complete this project
... with his tremendous drive and personal supervision, a
task which would normally have taken at least six months to
accomplish was completed within six days. Fresh water
arrived in 'Akka and the people of the city rejoiced. One
hundred and one cannon shots were fired to celebrate the
occasion.(13)
Lawh-i-Salman (Tablet of Salman)
This is a significant Tablet revealed in honour of Shaykh Salman whose life story has been mentioned in the two previous volumes. He is the one who travelled every year between Persia and the places of Baha'u'llah's exile, carrying His Tablets for the friends to Persia and bringing their letters and messages back to Him. Salman has several Tablets in his honour, two of which are known as Lawh-i-Salman I and II. The first Tablet is described in volume 2, chapter 13. This is the second. This Tablet was revealed in 'Akka during the early part of Baha'u'llah's imprisonment in the barracks, for in it He refers to the believers exiled[1] to Mosul from Baghdad. This <p26> happened in the summer of 1868. Baha'u'llah refers to this event also in His Tablet to Nasiri'd-Din Shah of Persia which was written shortly before His departure from Adrianople.
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 334-6.]
In this Tablet Baha'u'llah counsels Salman to be resigned to the decrees of God and with acquiescence accept tests and trials in His path. He describes His own sufferings, states that although every door is closed to His face and the enemies are at all times at work trying to extinguish His light, yet it shines as brilliant as the sun, shedding light upon all who are in heaven and on earth. He urges Salman to follow His example and never complain when afflicted by abasement or misery in this life, rather he should focus his attention upon God, and seek no one but Him. In one of His Tablets, Baha'u'llah cites His own celebrated utterance: 'He doeth what He pleaseth and ordaineth what He willeth.' He states that anyone who fully believes these words will remain steadfast in His Cause and will find himself possessed of such confidence and certitude that nothing in the world will make him falter or fill him with fear and dismay.
Baha'u'llah reminds Salman that those who look for glory in this world and are proud of their position in it have grievously erred, for soon the messenger of death will bring an end to all earthly attachments.
In a Tablet to Nabil-i-A'zam, Baha'u'llah reveals these words concerning the transitory nature of this world: By the righteousness of God! The world and its vanities, and its glory, and whatever delights it can offer, are all, in the Sight of God, as worthless as, nay, even more contemptible than, dust and ashes. Would that the hearts of men could comprehend it! Wash yourselves thoroughly, O people of Baha, from the defilement of the world, and of all that pertaineth unto it. God Himself beareth Me witness. The things of the earth ill beseem you. Cast them away unto such as may desire them, and fasten your eyes upon this most holy and effulgent Vision.
That which beseemeth you is the love of God, and the <p27>
love of Him Who is the Manifestation of His Essence, and
the observance of whatsoever He chooseth to prescribe
unto you, did ye but know it.(14)
When the news of Baha'u'llah's banishment from Adrianople reached the people of Persia, the enemies together with the followers of Azal took heart and prophesied the downfall of the Cause and its Author. They fabricated false stories and widely spread them around to demoralize the believers. Among these was the rumour that Baha'u'llah and His companions had been drowned on their way to 'Akka. Many believers were alarmed and some even made enquiries about the circumstances of Baha'u'llah's banishment through the British Telegraph office in Julfa, the centre of the Christian community in the neighbourhood of Isfahan.
It was at this time that some of the teachers of the Cause, those whom Baha'u'llah had referred to(15})as the 'learned ones in Baha', and extolled as 'the billows of the most Mighty Ocean', 'the stars of the firmament of Glory' and the 'standards of triumph waving betwixt earth and heaven', arose with determination to refute these false rumours.
Foremost among them were the erudite Mirza Ahmad-i-Azghandi and Mulla Muhammad-i-Furughi. We have already referred to the former in a previous volume[1] and described the extent of his knowledge. We have also mentioned briefly the circumstances which had led the latter,[2] a survivor of the Fort of Tabarsi, to recognize the station of Baha'u'llah. In more than one Tablet Baha'u'llah has extolled the station of these two men from the Province of Khurasan, and has stated that God had chosen them especially to announce the glad-tidings of His Revelation to the peoples of the world.(16) These two men, who were teaching the Faith and explaining the fulfilment of the prophecies of old concerning the coming of the Promised One of Islam and later of Baha'u'llah, were of <p28> especially great help to the believers in this incident. Through their vast knowledge of the prophecies and their depth of understanding, they proclaimed to the friends the falsity of such rumours as the drowning of Baha'u'llah in the sea. They made it clear that if such a thing had happened, then all that had been revealed by God in past Dispensations--including the Revelation of the Bab--would have been invalid.
[1 Vol. 1, p. 194]
[2 See vol. 2, pp. 114-15]
Indeed, Baha'u'llah's exile to 'Akka and the establishment of His Throne in the Holy Land is one of the great proofs of the authenticity of the Revelations of the past, which have in numerous passages and in glowing terms foretold the coming of the Lord to that land.
The Templers of Haifa
Significantly, many Bible scholars of the nineteenth century concluded that the second coming of Christ was at hand and that, according to many, it would happen around the year 1844.[1] Therefore, it is not surprising that a group of Germans known as the Templers left their homes in their enthusiasm to meet the Lord when He should come, and sailed to the Holy Land. They had concluded from the prophecies that the Messiah would appear there, that the people of all races would recognize Him and that He would establish His spiritual throne in that land. They began to arrive at the foot of Mount Carmel in the year of Baha'u'llah's Declaration in far-off Baghdad (1863), and built a colony (1868) which was located about a mile to the west of the then village of Haifa. On their doorways still remains the inscription 'Der Herr ist Nahe' (The Lord is near).
[1 The year of the Declaration of the Bab, the Forerunner of Baha'u'llah.]
How significant it is that when in Haifa years later, Baha'u'llah even pitched His tent next door to them: God passed them by and they did not recognize Him. A Tablet was even revealed by Baha'u'llah in response to a letter from Georg David Hardegg, the head of the Templers in Haifa. This <p29> Tablet, known as the Lawh-i-Hirtik (Tablet of Hirtik), is in Arabic and appears to have been revealed in the house of 'Udi Khammar (see below, p. 221).
[Illustrations appearing between pages 28 and 29:]

THE BARRACKS GATE
At the top of the stairway, on the east side of the
barracks. Baha'u'llah entered the Most Great Prison
through this gate

THE COURTYARD OF THE BARRACKS, C. 1920
The waterpool is in the centre. It is probably in this
courtyard that the tent was pitched for the washing of
the body of the Purest Branch
Bearing in mind that the Templers had come to the Holy Land for the sole purpose of witnessing the return of Christ, this Tablet assumes a special significance. Its perusal leads one to think that Hardegg, its recipient, must have been familiar with the language of mystery which is to be found in this Tablet. Baha'u'llah states that He had found in Hardegg's letter signs which pointed to his sincerity, and prays that God may assist him to understand the truths hidden in this Tablet, and enable him to hear the melodies of the Divine Nightingale. He urges him to meditate on the word of God, its power as well as its sweetness, reminds him that it was the power of the word of God which attracted the heart of the first believer in Christ, states that it is through their idle fancy and vain imaginings that the majority of the peoples have been kept back from recognizing their Lord, asserts that land and sea in this day are proclaiming the truth of God, and that when the appointed time had come, Mount Carmel became exhilarated by the breezes wafting from the direction of its Lord.
Baha'u'llah calls the attention of Hardegg to the days of Christ when the divines, the learned and the philosophers of the time denied Him, while a fisherman devoid of knowledge and learning recognized Him. He assures Hardegg that if he were to meditate sincerely on the history of the past while keeping God in his sight, he would behold the light of God manifest before his eyes. Baha'u'llah confirms Hardegg's views about the darkness which has fallen upon the earth and explains that darkness is vain imaginings which have enveloped the peoples and prevented them from turning to the Kingdom of God which is manifested in this Day.
Although Baha'u'llah in this Tablet speaks generally about the Revelation of God in this age, of the warbling of the Nightingale, of the flowing of the water of life, of the appearance of the light of God and of His Kingdom, He does <p30> not explicitly state His own station nor does He refer to His own person in clear terms. Indeed, He declares that if He were to reveal the sign of the One who is veiled in mystery-- meaning Himself--the hearts of the people would be filled with fear and consternation. Perhaps the reason for this is that Baha'u'llah, who had already forbidden His followers to teach His Faith to the people living under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, found it unwise to proclaim His station in an explicit manner to the members of the Christian colony living in Haifa.
Furthermore, part of this Tablet is revealed in the language of mystery. For instance, Baha'u'llah in a maze of several Arabic letters, and alluding to certain key words from His other Tablets or those of the Bab and even of Islam, constructs His own name. One needs to be well versed in the Holy Writings of these Faiths in order to grasp the significance of these symbolic utterances used by Baha'u'llah. Moreover, by employing the technique of using the numerical values of Arabic letters,[1] He produces the word 'Comforter' which is a reference to His own station in the terminology of the New Testament. It is hard to believe that the recipient of this Tablet would have been able to fathom some of the symbolic and mysterious terms deliberately used by Baha'u'llah. Probably it is for this reason that in the beginning of this Tablet, He prays that God may assist Hardegg to understand the significance of what is hidden in His words. He assures him that if he should meditate on what He has advised him and follow His counsels, he will find the truth in this day.
[1 Each letter of the Arabic alphabet has a numerical value; therefore it is
possible to express a word by a number and vice versa.]
Needless to say, neither Hardegg nor any other member of the Christian colony was able to recognize the truth of the Message of Baha'u'llah. This in spite of the fact that from the early days some members of the colony, including Hardegg himself, had been in contact with the believers and with 'Abdu'l-Baha, and that later, towards the end of His ministry, Baha'u'llah Himself visited Haifa and at one time stayed in one <p31> of the houses belonging to the Templers. That they failed to recognize Him may seem strange to an observer who is unfamiliar with the history of religions--a history which repeats itself every time a new Manifestation of God is revealed to mankind. Almost two thousand years before the German Templers came to the Holy Land, the inhabitants of that same land expected with much earnestness the coming of their Messiah, and yet when He manifested Himself in the person of Christ and appeared in their midst, they rejected Him. These words of Baha'u'llah are truly applicable to their case:
Consider the past. How many, both high and low, have, at
all times, yearningly awaited the advent of the
Manifestations of God in the sanctified persons of His
chosen Ones. How often have they expected His coming,
how frequently have they prayed that the breeze of Divine
mercy might blow, and the promised Beauty step forth
from behind the veil of concealment, and be made manifest
to all the world. And whensoever the portals of grace did
open, and the clouds of divine bounty did rain upon
mankind, and the light of the Unseen did shine above the
horizon of celestial might, they all denied Him, and turned
away from His face--the face of God Himself...(17) <p32>

'The Cause of God will Flourish through Persecution'
The rejection by man of the Manifestation of God is the most grievous event in human society and one which brings great sorrow and suffering to Him. It was through man's perversity and blindness that Baha'u'llah suffered unbearable hardship and tribulation in 'Akka. But all the forces of opposition which were leagued against Him proved ineffective in destroying Him or His Cause. In many Tablets(1) revealed soon after His arrival in the prison of 'Akka, Baha'u'llah stated that the Cause of God would flourish through persecutions. He often counselled the believers not to be disturbed or feel sad when they heard the sufferings of their Lord in the Most Great Prison. He urged them not to dwell on the hardships and sufferings of His imprisonment, but rather to rejoice, because the Blessed Beauty, although severely oppressed, was in the utmost joy and contentment. In another Tablet He states:
Know thou, moreover, that We have been cast into an
afflictive Prison, and are encompassed with the hosts of
tyranny, as a result of what the hands of the infidels have
wrought. Such is the gladness, however, which the Youth
hath tasted that no earthly joy can compare unto it. By God!
The harm He suffereth at the hands of the oppressor can
never grieve His heart, nor can He be saddened by the
ascendancy of such as have repudiated His truth.

Say: Tribulation is a horizon unto My Revelation. The
day star of grace shineth above it, and sheddeth a light which
neither the clouds of men's idle fancy nor the vain
imaginations of the aggressor can obscure.(2) <p33>
Another theme repeatedly announced in the Tablets revealed in the early days of 'Akka is the invincibility of the Cause of God and the impotence of its enemies to destroy it. In one of these Tablets(3) Baha'u'llah assures the believers that tribulations inflicted upon Him in the path of God will never render Him powerless, nor will the winds of trials succeed in extinguishing the lamp of His Cause, a lamp whose radiance, He states, has illumined the whole world. He affirms that no measure of persecution and suffering which the enemy may heap upon Him is capable of depriving Him of His sovereignty and power, and He declares in majestic language the ascendancy of His Cause, an ascendancy such that if all the peoples of the world were to rise up against Him and attack Him with drawn swords from every direction they would be impotent to destroy His Cause. In the midst of the most harrowing afflictions He would proclaim that He was the Glory of God revealed for all who are in the heavens and all who are on earth.
In another Tablet(4) revealed in the same period, Baha'u'llah describes how His enemies had placed barriers between Him and His companions in the prison of 'Akka, barriers as feeble as their own vain imaginings. For they thought that they could hide the glory of the Sun behind the clouds of their self and passion, unaware that all created things derided their ignorance and blindness.
And finally, there are Baha'u'llah's assuring words in most of these Tablets prophesying that ere long, through the power of God, the doors of the prison would be flung open, and He would come out of it with majesty and glory.
As we shall see later, these prophecies--the invincibility of His Cause, the ascendancy of His Revelation and the release of His own person and His companions from the prison of 'Akka--were all fulfilled.
Lawh-i-Ra'is
In the early stages of His imprisonment in the barracks and <p34> soon after the death of three of His followers, Baha'u'llah revealed the momentous Tablet of Ra'is in Persian, addressed to 'Ali Pasha, the Grand Vizir of Turkey, who was His great adversary and the one who had brought about His exile to 'Akka.[1]
[1 See vol. 2.]
Already, a few months earlier, on His way to Gallipoli, Baha'u'llah had addressed to 'Ali Pasha a Tablet in Arabic known as the Suriy-i-Ra'is.[1] In it He had forcefully condemned the actions of the Grand Vizir as the main instigator of His exile to the prison city. Of the significance of this Tablet Baha'u'llah declares:
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 411-17. The two Tablets, commonly designated as the Suriy-i-Ra'is (in Arabic) and the Lawh-i-Ra'is (in Persian) are addressed to the same person. In His writings Shoghi Effendi generally referred to these Tablets in this order, although occasionally he used the designation Surih for Lawh and vice versa.]
From the moment the Suriy-i-Ra'is was revealed until the
present day, neither hath the world been tranquillized, nor
have the hearts of its peoples been at rest.(5)
Now, in the Lawh-i-Ra'is, the second Tablet to 'Ali Pasha, written from within the walls of the Most Great Prison, Baha'u'llah rebukes him further for his acts of cruelty and inhuman treatment.
The tone of this Tablet is at once moving and tender. In it Baha'u'llah refers to 'Ali Pasha as one who considers himself to be the most exalted among men and Baha'u'llah, the supreme Manifestation of God, as the lowest of all servants. He identifies 'Ali Pasha with those who had opposed the Manifestations of the past and had wrongly regarded them to be the cause of discord and dissension in older dispensations. He admonishes him for his ignorance and immaturity, and reveals for him his true status as a person ruled by the most abject of all created things--namely self and passion. <p35>
This thought-provoking statement of Baha'u'llah denouncing self and passion as the worst of all human characteristics merits some explanation: we find similar statements in other Tablets also.
There are two contrasting forces working within man, the animal nature and the spiritual one. Self and passion may be described as the expression of the animal nature in the life of man, that nature which tends to drag him down into the abyss of material existence. On the other hand, the soul, which emanates from the spiritual worlds of God, becomes, if illumined with the light of faith, the motive power for the elevation of man into the realms of the spirit. One brings about his perishing on this earth, the other confers eternal life in the realms of God.
These two opposing forces within man are similar to the force of gravity pulling down a bird and the force of its wings lifting it upwards. As long as man turns away from the Manifestation of God--in this day Baha'u'llah--his soul is in darkness and devoid of the necessary power to lift itself up from the fetters of this mortal world. The animal nature becomes victor and the soul a bond-slave of self and passion.
In one of His Tablets(6) 'Abdu'l-Baha states that the word 'courageous' can apply to a person who conquers his own self and passion. For it is easier to conquer whole countries than to defeat one's own self. The purpose of the coming of the Manifestations of God is to endow the soul of man with spiritual qualities and enable him to defeat his greatest enemy--his own self.
Another enemy as dangerous as one's own self and passion is association with the ungodly which will dampen or destroy one's faith. This is Baha'u'llah's ominous warning:
O Son of Dust! Beware! Walk not with the ungodly and
seek not fellowship with him, for such companionship
turneth the radiance of the heart into infernal fire.(7)
The word 'ungodly' should not be misunderstood. An <p36> ungodly person may profess belief in God, while many who regard themselves as agnostics or atheists may not be ungodly in reality. An ungodly person is one who through his friendship, knowingly or unknowingly, prevents a believer from following the dictates of his faith and becomes a barrier between him and his God.
Returning to the Lawh-i-Ra'is, Baha'u'llah in that Tablet rebukes 'Ali Pasha for his cruelties in committing a number of innocent people including women and young children to the harsh life of a grim prison, expatiates on His own sufferings and those of His companions in that fortress, recounts the inhuman treatment meted out to everyone on the first night of their arrival in the barracks when the guards had refused to give them food or water, thereby causing unbearable hardship especially to mothers and their suckling babes, relates the tragic story of those two of His disciples who as a result of the prison's loathsome conditions were found dead locked in each other's arms, extols the spirit of love and devotion which two of His followers had manifested when they were prevented by the authorities from accompanying Baha'u'llah,[1] describes other cruelties and deprivations to which the prisoners were subjected without any justification, and asserts that no measure of persecution will ever affect the believers, for they long to offer up their lives in the path of their Lord.
[1 Haji Ja'far-i-Tabrizi, who cut his own throat (see vol. 2, pp. 406-7) and 'Abdu'l-Ghaffar, who threw himself into the sea in desperation (see vol. 2, p. 411).]
Baha'u'llah informs 'Ali Pasha that if he were to become vivified by the breezes of holiness which were being wafted from the glorious court of His presence, he would become so transformed as to renounce the world and long to dwell in one of the ruined quarters of the Most Great Prison. He narrates for him a story of His childhood, portraying in a dramatic way the instability and futility of this earthly life, counsels him not to rely on his pomp and glory as they will soon be coming to an <p37> end, reveals to him the greatness of His Revelation, points out the Pasha's impotence to quench the fire of the Cause of God, denounces him for the iniquities he has perpetrated, states that because of his cruelties, the Spirit of God has lamented, the pillars of His Throne have trembled and the hearts of His loved ones been shaken. He emphatically warns him that God's chastisement will assail him from every direction and confusion overtake his peoples and government, and affirms that the wrath of God has so surrounded him that he will never be able to repent for his wrongdoings or make amends.
On this last point, Mirza Aqa Jan, Baha'u'llah's amanuensis, asked Him what would happen if, after all, 'Ali Pasha changed his attitude and truly repented. Baha'u'llah's emphatic response was that whatever had been stated in the Lawh-i-Ra'is would inevitably be fulfilled, and if all the peoples of the world were to join together in order to change one word of that Tablet, they would be impotent to do so.
On Miracles
Baha'u'llah in the Lawh-i-Ra'is also states that at Gallipoli He sent a verbal message to the Sultan of Turkey through the Turkish officer in charge, who had promised to convey the message. He asked the Sultan to meet Him face to face for a few minutes in order that He might demonstrate to him the authenticity of His Mission. Baha'u'llah affirmed His readiness to produce anything that the Sultan considered to be a criterion for the truth of His Revelation. Should he fulfil this criterion through the power of God, then the Sultan should free all the innocent prisoners.
Baha'u'llah explains that the only reason for this proposition was that a number of women and children were among the prisoners and had become the victims of tyranny and were afflicted with great hardship and suffering. He reiterates the basic principle that it is not befitting God to justify Himself to any man. For all the peoples of the world <p38> have been created to worship and obey Him. However, Baha'u'llah had consented in this case to allow the Sultan to seek from Him the truth of His Cause, so that the innocent might not suffer. But neither did the Sultan respond to this challenge nor did the above-mentioned officer send a report to Baha'u'llah.
This was not the only time Baha'u'llah offered to establish the validity of His Cause for those who held the reins of power in their hands. A similar challenging proposition was made to Nasiri'd-Din Shah of Persia in the Lawh-i-Sultan,[1] a proposition which was ignored by him and the divines.
[1 See vol. 2, p. 349.]
On another occasion, in Baghdad, the divines of Shi'ah Islam requested Baha'u'llah to perform a miracle for them. He accepted their demand provided they pledged their allegiance to His Cause should the miracle that they ask for be performed by Him. The divines became fearful and did not pursue the matter any more. We have already described the circumstances of this challenging episode in a former volume.[1]
[1 See vol. 1, p. 145.]
On occasions such as this Baha'u'llah always stated that it was for God to test His servants and not the other way round. Indeed man will find himself in a sorry plight should he contemplate testing the Manifestation of God.
The question of miracles is one of the most misunderstood subjects concerning the prophets and messengers of God. The followers of most religions attribute miracles to their prophets. The belief in miracles comes from the study of the Holy Books of old religions and through traditions handed down from generation to generation. Religious leaders have endeavoured to emphasize miracles as one of the most important proofs of the authenticity of their faiths. Consequently the followers of a religion regard their own Prophet as one who had a halo of light around his head and carried out supernatural acts to convince people of His station.
The study of the life and teachings of the Prophets and their <p39> Holy Books shows that the opposite is true. The Manifestations of God have not established miracles as a testimony to their truth. They are the bearers of the Message of God and their mission is to educate the souls of men. Their word is creative and may be regarded as the greatest instrument for the vivification and regeneration of humanity. The Baha'i view concerning miracles is that the Manifestations of God derive their power and authority from Almighty God. They are the embodiments of His attributes and the manifestations of His glory in this world. They are therefore able to do what they will, even to change the laws of nature and perform miracles. For it is obvious that God, having established the laws of nature, is Himself able to change them if He so wishes. To entertain doubt that He can do this is tantamount to attributing impotence to Him. The followers of Baha'u'llah therefore do not deny the possibility of the performance of miracles by the Prophets and Messengers of God. However, such miracles, even when they have been performed, are valid as proof only for the few who have witnessed them. They cannot be regarded as a conclusive testimony to the authenticity of the message of the Prophet. For no one can prove that a certain miracle attributed to a Prophet has actually been performed. On the other hand, some of the miracles mentioned in the Holy Books such as the raising of the dead, the curing of lepers, or the ascending to heaven have spiritual significance. Baha'u'llah has revealed these meanings in many of His Writings and especially in the Kitab-i-Iqan.
There is a great difference between fact and belief. There are things in this life whose existence is proved and no one has ever denied them. For example, the existence of the sea on this planet is a proven fact and no person, including those who have never seen the sea, has ever denied its existence. But having a belief in something with which a number of people may disagree is a different matter. Such a belief may not be used as factual evidence for the simple reason that its authenticity is <p40> challenged, even though the belief in itself may be true. Miracles are examples of this. For instance, the followers of Christ believe that He performed many miracles. But since many people have denied the claim, one cannot consider these miracles as a factual reality, although they may well have been performed.
In the earlier days of the Baha'i Faith when religion was still a vital force in society and exerted a far deeper influence upon the hearts of men than it does nowadays, people asked for religious proofs when they took part in discussion with Baha'is. One of the major questions was that of miracles. Many people believed blindly in them and the task of the Baha'i teacher was to explain the reality and true significance of miracles in religion. But when beliefs are held fanatically a mere explanation is not always successful. This is why some of the old teachers of the Faith, when conversing with a dogmatic person whose religious beliefs bordered on vain imaginings, conducted their discussions in such a way as to enable him to first see the hollowness of his ideas, and then to present him with the Message of Baha'u'llah. This often helped those who were sincere and pure-hearted to see the light of truth.
To cite an example, here is the gist of a dialogue between Haji Muhammad Tahir-i-Malmiri,[1] one of the early believers, and a Christian missionary in Yazd. The former has recorded his recollections of this dialogue in his memoirs. The following is a translation of a part of this interesting discussion:
[1 The father of the author; for more information see vol. 1, Appendix II.]
Some years ago a Christian clergyman... was touring
Persia doing missionary work. While staying in Yazd he
used to give public lectures and interview such people as he
regarded as prospective converts. He knew the Persian
language well and had a fairly good knowledge of Persian
life, habits and trends of thought. One morning I, together
with a couple of friends, went to see him at the missionary
house. He received us very kindly. We exchanged greetings
and after indulging in a few minutes of ordinary talk the <p41>
subject of religion was broached. So far as I can remember
the following is the gist of the conversation that passed
between us:
I: What do you know about the Baha'i Faith?
He: I am afraid I do not know anything about it.
I: What do you know about the Christian Faith?
He: Well, I know almost everything about Christianity.
I: Could you please explain to me some of the things you
know about the Christian religion?
He: Oh yes, by all means and with pleasure. But is there
anything particular you want me to describe?
I: I would like you to prove for me the authenticity of
Christ's message; in other words, how can I be sure that
the Christian religion is true and divine?
He: But you already believe that Christ was the Son of God
and that Christianity is divine in origin, don't you?
I: Yes, in fact I do; but this belief came to me through the
word of Muhammad, and since you regard him as an
impostor, then in that case his word loses its authority
altogether and none of his utterances can be trusted to
contain truth.
He turned round and reached for a copy of the New Testament which lay on his desk. He then started reading passages concerning miracles performed by Christ--raising the dead, curing the leper, healing the sick, etc. Then after a pause conversation was resumed as follows:
I: I regret to say that your readings did not help to
enlighten me on the subject. I shall appreciate it if you
will kindly demonstrate for me the truth of Christ's
revelation by means of rational proofs.

He: I am sorry we don't have anything other than what is
given in the Book.

I: Muslims attribute lots of miracles to their prophet,
Muhammad.
He: There is not a grain of truth in all that they say.

I: The Jews categorically deny all these miracles you
ascribe to the person of Christ, as you deny those
miracles which Muslims attribute to Muhammad.

He: You know Jews are our antagonists, and as such you <p42>
should not expect them to utter words in praise of our
Lord.

I: Muslims also argue the same way. They say since
Christians reject Islam as a false religion, therefore the
view they hold regarding our Prophet is highly biased
and distorted.

He: You ought to be sure that the charges they bring against
us are ail baseless.

I: Now let us see, if an earnest seeker sincerely wishes to
comprehend the reality of Christ's mission, do you
think these miracles will lead to the truth?

He: Oh yes, I think these miracles are the greatest proof of
His mission.

I: But can anyone regard miracles as conclusive proof
without witnessing them?

He: Yes, you ought to be sure that it all came to pass.

I: Can we accept the miracles attributed to Muhammad as
true without any visual evidence?

He: Certainly not.

I: How is it then that in the case of miracles which you
attribute to Christ there is no need for evidence,
whereas in the case of Muhammad's it should be
substantiated by visual evidence?

He: Because we regard Muhammad as one of the false
prophets and the so-called supernatural acts of his are
mere fabrications.

I: The Zoroastrians attribute some miracles to Zoroaster.
Can we accept their assertions without any evidence?

He: No. For the simple reason that we do not recognize
Zoroaster as a divine messenger.

I: Baha'is attribute certain supernatural acts to the Bab,
the Forerunner of the Baha'i Faith, who appeared in
Shiraz, Persia. Can we believe what they say?

He: I think Baha'is can be trusted, but even so they must
furnish evidence in support of their claim.

I: Now let us see, how is it that all the creeds other than
Christianity Will have to substantiate their assertions by
evidence while you maintain that the words written in
the Bible ought to be accepted arbitrarily as conclusive
proof? <p43>

He: As I said, we don't have any proofs greater than
miracles, however, if you can produce anything from
Baha'u'llah superior to those acts of Christ I shall be
much delighted.

I: So long as you fail to appreciate the reality of Christ in
its true perspective and persist in regarding miracles as
the decisive test for a prophet--miracles which you
have never seen nor could prove to have occurred in
their outward sense--I am sorry to say that you won't
be able to know Baha'u'llah.

He: Then what is the conclusive evidence other than
miracles?

I: We Baha'is believe that the proof of Prophethood must
be something so convincing, so overwhelming, that no
one in the whole world could deny or be able to
question its validity.

He: Can you tell me what that proof is?

I: I did not mean to say what that proof is. I simply
wanted to point out the essential quality of such a proof.
You already know that the Jews, Buddhists and
Zoroastrians deny those miracles you attribute to
Christ, the same as you reject those which Muslims,
Buddhists and Zoroastrians ascribe to their respective
prophets. Therefore miracles ought to be dismissed
altogether as a conclusive proof, because they fall short
of the essential quality such proofs must possess.

He: That sounds right and I agree with you, but is there any
proof you could call conclusive?

I: Now, I will tell you something, please see if it stands the
test.

He: Very well.

I: I think no one in the whole world would deny the fact
that over 1900 years ago there lived a man named Jesus
who rose up and declared Himself as one who
embodied the Spirit of God.

He: Yes.

I: Well, do you think there is anyone who could deny this
fact? Even those who disbelieve in Him admit that He
did claim to have been invested with such a mission,
though they might say His declaration was a false one. <p44>
Is there anyone who could say there is no Christian in
the world, that those many millions who bear allegiance
to Christianity do not owe their faith primarily to the
Word of Christ or that Christ influenced his adherents
through acquired knowledge or through material
wealth or power?

He: Certainly not.

I: Can you or I or any other human being on this planet,
guided by his own impulse, stand up to-day, say the
same thing that Christ said and succeed in establishing a
new religion without any material means?

He: That is splendid. How about Muhammad?(8)[1]
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 21-2, for the rest of the dialogue.]
The greatest miracle of the Manifestation of God is that He changes the hearts of people and creates a new civilization merely through the influence of His word. Every word that He utters is creative[1] and endowed with such potency that all the powers of the world will not be able to resist the world-vivifying forces that are released through it. Like the animating energies of the spring season which are let loose in abundance and penetrate to the core of all living things, the creative Word of the Manifestation of God revolutionizes human society and by its resistless force breaks down man-made barriers of opposition, creating a new race of men and a new civilization.
[1 See more explanation about the Word of God in vols. 1 and 2.]
There can be no miracle greater than this, a miracle that every unbiased observer can witness and the glory of which can never be dimmed by the passage of time. But those who have no spiritual insight and follow their own vain imaginings have opposed the Manifestations of God and one form of this opposition is to demand the performance of miracles.
When Baha'u'llah was in 'Akka, four Muslim divines from the village of Manshad in the province of Yazd sent a letter to Baha'u'llah introducing themselves as followers of Azal in order to test Him. They posed two riddles and promised to <p45> accept His Cause if He revealed the correct answers. This is a translation of a part of their letter:
The first question is to inform us of the death of a certain
man or woman of Manshad, by predicting the exact hour,
and the date of death, the cause of death together with the
name of the person, the name of his mother, his address, the
description of his relatives and family and altogether every
detail of his personal status.

The second question is to inform us of the birth of a
certain child, by predicting its sex, the name of the mother,
and of the father, and the exact time and date of birth in this
year...(9)
Man, with his petty mind and narrow vision and in an egotistical mood, stands before his Lord, challenges Him to comply with his trivial and idle fancies and warns the Manifestation of God that unless He produces what is demanded of Him, He will be rejected. How dreadful this seems to anyone endowed with a measure of spiritual insight! The questions put to Baha'u'llah on this occasion are as comical as they are pitiful. In answer to this a lengthy Tablet(10) was revealed by Baha'u'llah, partly in the words of His amanuensis and partly His own words,[1] admonishing the writers for their perversity and blindness in testing God. In it He announces the advent of the Day of God, and states that the outpouring of His Revelation has encompassed the world. How grievous then is the plight of those who are seeking proof when the signs of His power and majesty are evident on all sides. This is not the day for asking questions but for hearkening to the call of God and embracing His Cause. He reminds them, by quoting various passages from the Qur'an, <p46> that the unbelievers of a previous dispensation had demanded the performance of miracles from the Prophet of Islam. They asked Him to send down angels from heaven, to make water gush forth out of the earth, to cause the sky to lie shattered in pieces, to produce a house made of gold, to ascend to the heavens and bring back a book and many similar demands. The study of the Qur'an makes it clear that Muhammad's response to these preposterous requests was that the main proof of His Mission was the revelation of the Word of God.
[1 Some Tablets of Baha'u'llah are composed in such a way that a part of the Tablet is in the words of His amanuensis, but in fact was dictated by Baha'u'llah to appear as if composed by the amanuensis. Every word of the Tablet therefore is from Baha'u'llah Himself. For more information see vol. 1, pp. 40-42.]
Baha'u'llah warns the four clergymen of Manshad that by testing God their plight was as grievous as those who denied Him in former dispensations. An interesting aspect of this episode is that since these men introduced themselves as followers of Azal, Baha'u'llah addressed them in this Tablet as if they were Azalis. He quoted profusely from the Writings of the Bab in support of His argument. This He did notwithstanding the fact that He knew well who the four were. Apart from His divine knowledge which encompassed all created things, it was well known to Him and even. to His disciples that there were no such followers of Azal in Manshad. Some of the believers living at that time[1] in 'Akka were actually from the village of Manshad and knew the identity of these men very well!
[1 This was in 1885.]
This is where the Manifestation of God tests man by appearing to be ignorant of the truth. This is where he hides His glory and knowledge from the eyes of men so that the bad may not gain admittance into His Court of holiness and become equal with the good. And this is where man's free will to follow whichever path he may choose is not interfered with, and he is not turned into a puppet manipulated from on high.[1] By addressing them as if they were the followers of Azal, Baha'u'llah put these four men to the test. Actually one of the four was known to have claimed privately to a few Baha'is that he was inclined towards the Faith in his heart. This Tablet, <p47> however, was a test for him. He failed in it and lost his faith altogether.
[1 See also pp. 2-4 above.]
Tests and Trials
Test is an integral part of creation. Even in this physical world there are tests. We note that as long as an object is stationary there are no tests, but as soon as there is movement there will be resistance, which is nature's form of test. The faster one moves, the greater the resistance. For instance, a modern aircraft flying faster than sound meets such resistance by its sheer speed that its body becomes red hot.
This is true in a spiritual sense also. God tests His servants. It is stated in the Qur'an:
We will surely prove you by afflicting you in some measure
with fear, and hunger, and decrease of wealth, and loss of
lives and scarcity of fruits...[1](11)
[1 The Arabic word for 'fruits' is thamarat, which also means descendants, or one's children. One could translate this phrase as 'loss of lives and descendants'.]
In many of His Tablets Baha'u'llah speaks of tests, especially in this Day when God, by revealing Himself, has tested even the realities of the Prophets and chosen ones. These are the words of Baha'u'llah:
By the righteousness of God! These are the days in which
God hath proved the hearts of the entire company of His
Messengers and Prophets, and beyond them those that
stand guard over His sacred and inviolable Sanctuary, the
inmates of the celestial Pavilion and dwellers of the
Tabernacle of Glory.(12)
When the individual embraces the Cause of God he will be tested in many ways, often without realizing it. Each time he is successful in passing a test, he will acquire greater spiritual insight and will grow stronger in faith. He will come closer to <p48> God, will be elevated to a higher level of service and his tests will be more difficult next time. But if through ego, which is the most harmful form of attachment to this world, he fails in this, his faith will be weakened and he could lose it altogether. There were many believers among the outstanding teachers of the Cause who served it with great distinction and ability and defended it against its adversaries; yet when the winds of tests blew, their insincerity and selfish ambitions became apparent and robbed them of the mantle of faith so that they perished spiritually.
But the nature of the tests which confront the believer may vary from age to age. In the days of the Bab, Baha'u'llah, and 'Abdu'l-Baha, tests were mainly in the form of persecution and martyrdom. The believers were often faced with situations in which they had either to recant their faith in public or give their lives. But the hand of divine power had so sustained and strengthened them that the great majority stood steadfast till the end and heroically quaffed the cup of martyrdom.
Today in the Formative Age the tests of the Baha'is come mainly from two sources. The first lies outside the Baha'i community; it is the challenge to live in a Baha'i way in a world which is corrupt, spiritually bankrupt, and characterized by all the evil influences of a decadent civilization. Within such a world heading swiftly towards destruction, Baha'is must learn to be happy and confident, to hold to Baha'u'llah's vision of future society, and to adorn themselves with the characteristics of a Baha'i life. To live in accordance with the teachings of Baha'u'llah in a world so weighed down with evil is a severe test in this day, a test which every believer must undergo.
The other source of tests is from within the Baha'i community. Those who lived and laboured in the Heroic Age did not often suffer these tests as must do the present and future generations, for they had come into direct contact with the Supreme Manifestation of God and the Centre of His Covenant. Intoxicated by the wine of Their utterances, these souls forgot themselves and through their love and attraction <p49> became the spiritual giants of this Dispensation. There were less grounds for ill feeling or misunderstanding among the believers, since there were then no community activities as we know them now.
But in this Formative Age, the Baha'is work together within communities. Their Administrative Order, now maturing in its embryonic form, throws up many tests, embracing as it does people from every stratum of human society, rich and poor, young and old, learned and uneducated, veteran and newly enrolled, who must work in unity for the progress of the Faith. To work within such a community, the very nucleus and pattern of future world society, is not always free of tests.
Today, then, the greatest tests come to the individual from his inability to work with the right spirit either within the institutions of the Administrative Order, or in relation to them. The basic problem may stem from an inadequate understanding of the nature of the institutions of the Faith. From old religious traditions come the idea that religious institutions are man-made additions to the teachings of the Prophet. Such an idea may act subconsciously as a bias in the mind of the individual when he studies the teachings of Baha'u'llah. Consequently he may not appreciate fully that, unlike other religions, the Author of the Faith Himself has brought into being, as part of the religion of God, its administrative institutions, and that the administrative principles of the Faith are on a par with its spiritual principles.
Another contributory factor to this misconception originates from the outside world where man-made institutions have become the focal points of contention and strife within society. Such thoughts, whether originating from old religions or from present-day political and social institutions, are so stamped upon the minds of men that they become as subconscious obstacles to the proper understanding of the Baha'i Administrative Order. There is need for real deepening in the verities of the Faith before the effect of these ill-judged notions can be completely eradicated. <p50>
The institutions of the Administrative Order are inseparable organs of the Faith of Baha'u'llah. The main features of this divine order were delineated by Baha'u'llah Himself[1] and by 'Abdu'l-Baha. It was Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Faith, who erected its foundations and explained its functions. In his masterly description of the birth of the Administrative Order, Shoghi Effendi has summarized its genesis in these words:
[1 See ch. 14.]
The moment had now arrived for that undying, that world-vitalizing
Spirit that was born in Shiraz, that had been
rekindled in Tihran, that had been fanned into flame in
Baghdad and Adrianople, that had been carried to the West,
and was now illuminating the fringes of five continents, to
incarnate itself in institutions designed to canalize its
outspreading energies and stimulate its growth.(13)
This great and penetrating vision of Shoghi Effendi, the unerring Interpreter of the Word of God, has disclosed in simple terms the relationship between the Revelation of Baha'u'llah and the Administrative Order of His Faith. It clearly emphasizes that the institutions of the Cause are not man-made additions, but rather divine channels through which the energies released by the Revelation of Baha'u'llah can flow to mankind.
The crowning edifice of the Administrative Order is the Universal House of Justice, its supreme institution. It is essential for a Baha'i to accept the authority of this august body and to believe that, in the words of 'Abdu'l-Baha, it is 'the source of all good and freed from all error...'(14) This is one of the verities of the Faith which a believer accepts wholeheartedly when he embraces the Cause of Baha'u'llah. No faithful Baha'i will question the authority or infallibility of this supreme body which is under the guidance of the Bab and Baha'u'llah.
But tests are often brought about when serving on local or <p51> national institutions. To cite one example: during the consultation period members are often tested, probably without realizing it. The standards of conduct which must govern the motives and actions of the members of assemblies during consultation are noble and very high indeed. The following words of 'Abdu'l-Baha set out some of these lofty standards:
The prime requisites for them that take counsel together are
purity of motive, radiance of spirit, detachment from all else
save God, attraction to His Divine Fragrances, humility and
lowliness amongst His loved ones, patience and long-suffering
in difficulties and servitude to His exalted
Threshold... The first condition is absolute love and
harmony amongst the members of the assembly. They must
be wholly free from estrangement and must manifest in
themselves the Unity of God, for they are the waves of one
sea, the drops of one river, the stars of one heaven, the rays
of one sun, the trees of one orchard, the flowers of one
garden...
The standards established by 'Abdu'l-Baha in the aforementioned Tablet are essential requisites for Baha'i consultation and are not subject to compromise or change.[1] Failure to apply them may turn the meeting of a Spiritual Assembly into a battle arena for its members, whose faith and steadfastness in the Covenant may be severely tested during consultation. The spiritual battles within the heart begin when the ego comes on to the scene. A believer will bring suffering and test upon himself to the extent that he ignores 'Abdu'l-Baha's exhortations and allows his selfish interests or un-Baha'i practices to influence his participation in assembly consultation.
[1 See also below, pp. 317-18.]
The practice of the spiritual principles of consultation must be genuine and true. The feelings of love, unity, patience, humility, servitude, devotion, courtesy and other virtues called for by 'Abdu'l-Baha must come from the heart. If not, one has failed to meet the tests, and the spiritual battle has not been won. <p52>

The Prisoner
The edict of the Sultan condemning Baha'u'llah to solitary life imprisonment and forbidding Him to meet anyone, including His companions, was at the beginning carried out strictly. But very soon the prison authorities became aware of the striking majesty of Baha'u'llah, the loftiness of His standards and the exalted character of His person. They were also deeply impressed by the loving disposition of the Master, His divine qualities and virtues; they increasingly turned to Him for advice and guidance. As a result they became lenient and relaxed some of the restrictions.
As time went on the companions of Baha'u'llah were allotted rooms in different parts of the barracks. Some of them took on essential duties such as cooking, cleaning, water delivery or shopping and some were able to spend their free time in other useful work. At one stage 'Abdu'l-Baha engaged a certain Egyptian by the name of Haji 'Aliy-i-Misri[1] to come to the barracks and teach the prisoners the art of making rush mats. As the restrictions were somewhat relaxed the companions were able to communicate with Baha'u'llah and even attain His presence.
[1 As a result of coming into contact with 'Abdu'l-Baha this man was deeply attracted to the Cause, and his son, who was a rebellious youth, was transformed into a new person and became an ardent believer.]
An important point to bear in mind is that at no time did Baha'u'llah break the rules imposed upon Him, either in the prison or in later years. It was the authorities, sometimes encouraged by 'Abdu'l-Baha, who relaxed the restrictions. The story of His leaving the House of 'Abbud and taking up <p53> residence outside the gates of the city, as we shall see later,[1] is a clear example of His total submission to the will of His enemies or those who were charged by them to guard His person.
[1 See below, pp. 414-17.]
Although the barracks was a depressing place to live in, soon the companions of Baha'u'llah, mainly through 'Abdu'l-Baha's leadership and guidance, organized their daily lives in such a way as to create the best possible conditions for the whole community. Their greatest source of joy was nearness to their Lord, and sometimes Baha'u'llah visited them in their quarters where they entertained Him with what meagre food or refreshments they could provide.
Believers in the Holy Land
There is a Tablet(1) revealed by Baha'u'llah in the barracks on the ninth day of the Festival of Ridvan.[1] It was probably revealed during Ridvan 1869, the first of the two Ridvan Festivals that He celebrated in the prison, for in it He mentions the names of several believers who had tried to enter 'Akka and been stopped by the authorities.
[1 21 April to 2 May, in commemoration of the twelve days that Baha'u'llah spent in the Garden of Ridvan in Baghdad in 1863 when He declared His mission to a few companions.]
In this Tablet Baha'u'llah describes how on that day He was invited by one of the believers in the prison to honour his room with His presence and attend the celebration of that great Festival. His companions on that day were truly intoxicated with the wine of His presence. The believer who had invited Baha'u'llah entertained Him with the best food he could provide. Baha'u'llah refers to this and states that other believers had invited Him to their rooms during the Ridvan period also. Each according to his capacity had provided some food and some had nothing to entertain Him with except a cup of tea. <p54>
In this Tablet Baha'u'llah showers His bounties upon His companions, and prays that they may remain steadfast in His Cause and united among themselves. When the Tablet was revealed there were two Persian believers living in 'Akka itself, there were some who were trying to come in, and some who were staying at Haifa; Baha'u'llah refers to them all in this Tablet. The two in 'Akka were Muhammad Ja'far-i-Tabrizi, entitled Mansur, and Mirza Hadi entitled 'Abdu'l-Ahad. The latter was the first to arrive in 'Akka. He had been sent there by 'Abdu'l-Baha some time before Baha'u'llah's exile to that city, thus establishing a valuable contact. No one suspected him of being a Baha'i. Helped by the Persian political agent in that city he had managed to open a shop but did not try to contact Baha'u'llah and His companions in the barracks when they arrived. However, the few Baha'i prisoners who went to the market every day to purchase provisions met him and knew that he was a Baha'i. Through him, and by other means, the news of Baha'u'llah's whereabouts soon reached the believers in Persia and a few of His followers travelled to 'Akka. 'Abdu'l-Ahad very discreetly helped some of the visitors who had managed to enter the city to approach the barracks. Sometimes he even had to hide the visitors in the back of his shop. The disciples of Baha'u'llah, most of whom had walked all the way from Persia, were only able to stand in front of the barracks and watch Baha'u'llah wave His blessed hand. This was sufficient to inspire them with faith and courage and uplift them to such heights that they were ready and longing to lay down their lives in His path.
Among those living at Haifa was Mirza Ibrahim-i-Kashani,[1] a copper-smith by profession, whom Baha'u'llah refers to as Khalil in the forementioned Tablet of Ridvan. He was a devoted believer, on fire with the love of Baha'u'llah, and had been among the Baha'i prisoners sent from Baghdad to Mosul.[2] Accompanied by some relatives he had managed to <p55> leave Mosul and settle in Haifa. In those days, entering 'Akka was very difficult for the believers, but he managed to enter frequently by taking some of his copper implements for sale. He thus became an important channel of communication between the believers and Baha'u'llah.
[1 See 'Abdu'l-Baha, Memorials, pp. 81-2.]
[2 See vol. 2, pp. 334-6.]
Another believer mentioned in the Ridvan Tablet, and one in whose heart the fire of love for Baha'u'llah burnt very brightly, was an old man, Ustad Isma'il. He was a master builder of wide experience who had worked for the government officials in Persia. When he became known as a Babi, he had to leave his work. He then went to Baghdad where he was given the honour of carrying out construction work on the house of Baha'u'llah.[1] And when the believers in that city were exiled to Mosul, he managed to travel to 'Akka. In spite of old age he walked all the way until he came and stood in front of the Most Great Prison eagerly waiting to behold the face of his Beloved from across the moat.
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 211-12.]
But alas, because of his old age and the feebleness of his eyesight he failed to see the hand of Baha'u'llah waving from one of the windows of the barracks. This was a pitiful scene He broke into tears which brought tears also to the eyes of the Holy Family and a few others who were watching the sad plight of that devoted believer. Baha'u'llah is reported to have said on that occasion that soon through the power of God restrictions would be relaxed and circumstances would make it possible for the believers to attain His presence.
Of course, not until Baha'u'llah left the barracks in 1887 was it possible for the Baha'i pilgrims to come into His presence freely. However, during the time that He was in the prison, it was officially impossible for any outsider to come in and attain His presence, but as restrictions were gradually relaxed, the officials often turned a blind eye and in some cases they actually helped some of His disciples to enter.
Ustad Isma'il eventually succeeded in entering the prison where he stayed for a short while and attained the presence of <p56> His Lord. His usual place of residence in the Holy Land was a cave on Mount Carmel. He earned his living as a peddler, carrying around a small tray on which he set out some needles, thimbles and other trifling articles for sale. He lived in poverty, but in the utmost happiness, his heart filled with the joy of nearness to His Lord.
As he wandered about with his shabby little tray, his heart was in communion with Baha'u'llah. Sometimes he would walk around the barracks in order to feel close to his Beloved. On one occasion Baha'u'llah was watching him from the prison window. He called His cook Husayn-i-Ashchi, who was a nephew of Ustad Isma'il, and asked him if he had ever seen the tray that his uncle carried around. When he replied that he had not, Baha'u'llah in an amusing tone told him that if he were to put on a pair of glasses he might see him in the distance carrying a few rusted needles placed on one side of the tray and a few rusted thimbles on the other! Baha'u'llah often praised him for his detachment from this world and his thankfulness to his Lord.
One of those whom Baha'u'llah mentions in the Tablet of Ridvan is Nabil-i-A'zam, who travelled to 'Akka but was expelled from the city. After being released from prison in Alexandria, Nabil hastened to the abode of his Beloved. Although he was disguised[1] as a man from Bukhara, he was nevertheless recognized by two of Baha'u'llah's enemies who reported him to the Government authorities and consequently he was expelled. These two men were Siyyid Muhammad-i-Isfahani, the Anti-Christ of Baha'u'llah's Revelation,[2] and Aqa Jan known as Kaj Kulah.[3] Although they regarded themselves as followers of Mirza Yahya, they had been condemned to imprisonment in 'Akka, and accompanied <p57> Baha'u'llah and His companions to the barracks. But very soon after their arrival they allied themselves with the authorities who transferred them to a room overlooking the land gate of the city. There they acted as spies and identified the followers of Baha'u'llah when they tried to enter.
[1 For fear of being identified as followers of Baha'u'llah, most Baha'is who attempted to enter 'Akka in the early period of Baha'u'llah's banishment to that city adopted some form of disguise.]
[2 See vols. 1 and 2.]
[3 See vol. 2, pp. 326, 397, 402.]
According to a letter written by Nabil from 'Akka to the Baha'is of Darakhsh in the province of Khurasan, he made the first attempt to enter the city around the end of October 1868. He succeeded in entering and stayed for three days but could not attain the presence of Baha'u'llah before being expelled.
He retreated to the caves of Mount Carmel and roamed the countryside for about four months. But he could not endure separation from His Lord. The ardour of his love was increasing day by day until he found it impossible to remain away from the city of his Beloved.
In about the middle of February 1869 he made his second attempt to enter the city. This time he succeeded in remaining for a longer period. He met Mirza Aqa Jan and a few other believers who had come out of the barracks to purchase provisions. But in his letter Nabil mentions that at last he achieved his heart's desire of seeing Baha'u'llah on the 18th of Muharram 1286 (1 May 1869).
Some Early Pilgrims
The first pilgrims to succeed in entering the presence of Baha'u'llah were Haji Shah-Muhammad-i-Manshadi, entitled Aminu'l-Bayan (Trusted of the Bayan) by Baha'u'llah, and Haji Abu'l-Hasan-i-Ardikani, entitled Amin-i-Ilahi (Trusted of God) by Baha'u'llah. Such were the services of these illustrious Trustees of Baha'u'llah that their story demands to be told in detail and will be found in Chapter 4.
Another eminent Baha'i who came to 'Akka but was recognized and expelled from the city was Mulla Muhammad-'Ali, surnamed Nabil-i-Qa'ini by Baha'u'llah.[1] He had known <p58> Baha'u'llah in Tihran some years before the Bab declared His mission. At that time he had recognized the superhuman qualities of Baha'u'llah and become an ardent admirer of His person. When Nabil-i-Akbar returned from 'Iraq to his native town of Qa'in, he began to teach the Cause of the Bab openly to the public. As soon as Mulla Muhammad-'Ali heard the news of the Bab and Baha'u'llah, he became an ardent believer, saying that he had attained the presence of Baha'u'llah in Tihran and had been deeply attracted to Him then.
[1 Not to be confused with Aqa Muhammad-i-Qa'ini, entitled Nabil-i-Akbar, whose life story may be found in vol. 1, pp 91-5. Both men were from Qa'in in the province of Khurasan.]
The next time he saw the face of His Lord was in the prison of 'Akka. At first he was driven out of the city. But he made other attempts and eventually plans were made for him to enter the barracks. This he did successfully and was ushered into the presence of Baha'u'llah. The glory and majesty emanating from His person so overwhelmed Nabil-i-Qa'ini that as soon as his eyes beheld Him he fainted and fell upon the ground.
This great man, who had lived many years of his life in luxury and honour and had been held in high esteem by the people of his native town, was now living in such poverty that like Ustad Isma'il he too had to sell needles and thimbles as a peddler to the people of Nazareth. He earned his living in this way for about two years, selling to the women of Nazareth needles at the rate of three for an egg! During this time he succeeded in converting a number of her Christian citizens to the Faith.
Nabil-i-Qa'ini was a shining example of faith and detachment; he will be always remembered as one who had recognized Baha'u'llah's powers prior to the Declaration of the Bab. He passed away in 'Akka.
A devoted follower of Baha'u'llah who found his way into the prison in an extraordinary fashion in the early days of Baha'u'llah's incarceration in the barracks was a certain <p59> 'Abdu'r-Rahim, a native of Bushru'iyyih, the birthplace of Mulla Husayn, the first to believe in the Bab. His original name was Ja'far, but when he attained the presence of Baha'u'llah he was given the name Rahim (Compassionate). Before his conversion to the Faith, 'Abdu'r-Rahim had been a fanatical Muslim. Having noticed the growth of the Faith, he once sought guidance from a local clergyman as to his attitude towards the Baha'is. 'To fight them', the clergyman said, 'is as meritorious as taking part in the Jihad (holy war), to kill them is praiseworthy in the sight of God, and to be killed is a privilege which bestows upon the individual Muslim the reward of martyrdom and entrance into the highest paradise.'
These words provoked in 'Abdu'r-Rahim a strong urge to kill some Baha'is. Armed with a weapon, he one day confronted an old believer by the name of Haji Baba, and told him in no uncertain terms that he had come to take his life because he had strayed from the path of truth and had embraced the Faith of the Baha'is.
Faced with the threat of death, Haji Baba displayed unruffled calm and spoke with tenderness such words that the heart of 'Abdu'r-Rahim was touched. Soon his mood changed. Instead of being an enemy intent upon killing, he now wanted to investigate the truth.
Haji Baba conducted 'Abdu'r-Rahim to the home of the sister of Mulla Husayn where the friends often held their meetings for teaching the Cause. That meeting with 'Abdu'r-Rahim lasted one day and one night, during which time he was most assiduously involved in discussion. At the end of that marathon meeting he recognized the truth of the Cause and became filled with such a new spirit of faith and enthusiasm that he could not rest in his native town any longer. Knowing that the Supreme Manifestation of God was on this earth he could not resist the urge to go and see Him face to face. So he set off on the long journey to attain His presence.
For six months 'Abdu'r-Rahim travelled on foot until he reached the abode of his Beloved--the prison city of 'Akka. He <p60> arrived in the early days of Baha'u'llah's incarceration in the barracks when no visitor suspected of being a Baha'i was permitted even to approach the vicinity of the prison. His arrival coincided with the period when Nabil-i-A'zam was attempting in vain to get a glimpse of his Lord. Nabil poured out his heart to 'Abdu'r-Rahim and lamented over his own inability to achieve his purpose. But 'Abdu'r-Rahim, undismayed, proceeded to attempt to circumambulate the prison.
Before undertaking such a holy mission, he decided that he must wash his clothes which were unclean, as they had been worn throughout the journey. He washed them in the sea and waited until they were dry. When he put them on, however, he looked very odd and shabby as the clothes had shrunk and were torn.
With the utmost devotion and a heart overflowing with the love of Baha'u'llah, 'Abdu'r-Rahim approached the prison and began to circumambulate it. Then to his surprise he noticed that a hand from a window of the prison was beckoning him to come inside. He knew it was the hand of Baha'u'llah summoning him to His presence. He rushed to the gate of the prison which was guarded by soldiers. But the soldiers seemed to him to be motionless and without life; they appeared not to see him. They did not even move an eyelid as he went through the gate.
Soon 'Abdu'r-Rahim found himself in the presence of His Lord, overwhelmed by emotion and carried away into the world of the Spirit, communing with the One who was the object of his adoration and love. Baha'u'llah told him that through the hands of power and might He had temporarily blinded the eyes of the guards so that he might attain His presence as a bounty on His part.
It is not clear how many days 'Abdu'r-Rahim remained in the prison. However, Baha'u'llah revealed a Tablet for him while he was there. In that Tablet He confirms that He had closed the eyes of the guards so that 'Abdu'r-Rahim could enter His presence and witness the glory of His countenance.He calls him by the new name Rahim (Compassionate), showers His blessings upon him, and urges him to recount the experience of his pilgrimage to the friends on his return home.
[Illustrations appearing between pages 60 and 61:]

THE BARRACKS FROM BEYOND THE MOAT
Baha'i pilgrims would try to catch a glimpse of
Baha'u'llah from this distance

MIRZA 'ABDU'R-RAHIM
Despite the presence of the soldiers guarding the
prison, he went inside the barracks and attained the
presence of Baha'u'llah

COLONEL AHMAD-I-JARRAH
Commander of the Guard during Baha'u'llah's
imprisonment in the barracks. He later became a
believer

HAJI ABU'L-HASAN-I-AMIN
Trustee of Baha'u'llah and one of His Apostles <p61>
Before leaving, Baha'u'llah entrusted 'Abdu'r-Rahim with Tablets to be delivered to some believers in Persia. While in Baghdad on his way to Persia, the guards saw him one day in the bazaar and became suspicious. They followed him, intending to arrest him. As soon as 'Abdu'r-Rahim realized this, he took the parcel containing the Tablets of Baha'u'llah out of his pocket and as he was walking along threw it into the shop nearest to him. He did this so quickly that the guards did not see it. He took this action because he knew that if the guards had discovered the Tablets of Baha'u'llah, not only would they have destroyed or confiscated them, but his own life would have been endangered also.
As he threw the parcel into the unknown shop, he put his whole trust in Baha'u'llah, turned to Him in prayer and begged Him to protect these Tablets through His all-embracing power. This is reminiscent of the story of the mother of Moses who placed her babe, as it lay in a box, on the river, trusting that God would take care of it and deliver it into the right hands.
The guards arrested 'Abdu'r-Rahim and took him into custody. After some investigations into his identity, the authorities were satisfied that he was a man of God and a harmless person. They released him and gave him a small sum of money in compensation. As he looked at the money placed in the palm of his hand, 'Abdu'r-Rahim could not help complaining to Baha'u'llah in his heart saying: 'You took away from me the most precious of all the things in the world--the Tablets--and gave me instead a few coins!' He then returned to the bazaar with much trepidation to see what had happened to the parcel.
At first he strolled up and down the bazaar several times and occasionally stood near the shop and looked inside, but nothing happened. Eventually, toward the end of the day, he <p62> went near the shop again. This time there were no customers there and he saw the shopkeeper beckoning him in. He went inside. To his great surprise the shopkeeper came forward, warmly embraced him, welcomed him with the Baha'i greeting 'Allah'u'Abha!' and handed him the parcel. He happened to be one of the few Baha'is living in Baghdad. The two men marvelled at the power of God and regarded this incident as a miracle. For there were hundreds of shops in the bazaar, but on that fateful day and at the moment when the guards were approaching him, 'Abdu'r-Rahim, a complete stranger, happened to be passing in front of the only shop which was owned by a Baha'i.
The joy and gladness of 'Abdu'r-Rahim in finding the Tablets knew no bounds. He stayed a few days in the house of the Baha'i friend, the shopkeeper. Through him he met a few believers in Baghdad, and then departed for Persia. He visited several towns and delivered the Tablets of Baha'u'llah to their owners. To each of the believers he recounted the stories of his pilgrimage and spoke of Baha'u'llah, of His power and majesty and of the unfailing confirmations which He had bestowed upon him throughout the journey. When 'Abdu'r-Rahim arrived in his native town he was like a ball of fire ignited by the hand of Baha'u'llah. The radiance of his face and the force of his utterance were evident to all. He began to teach the Faith fearlessly after his return from 'Akka, but this action provoked the wrath of the clergy and the fanatic populace who rose up against him and forced him out of his native town of Bushru'iyyih. He took residence in another town, Faran.[1]
[1 A new name given by Baha'u'llah to the town of Tun in Khurasan.]

Some years later Baha'u'llah conferred a great honour upon Mulla Sadiq-i-Khurasani, entitled Ismullah'u'l-Asdaq (The name of God, the Most Truthful),[1] one of the most outstanding followers of the Bab and Baha'u'llah, by inviting him to travel <p63> to 'Akka and attain His presence. But since he was very old, Baha'u'llah directed that on his journey to 'Akka Ismullah'u'l-Asdaq be accompanied by a trustworthy man. The Baha'is of Mashhad could not agree among themselves who that person ought to be. Therefore they drew lots and 'Abdu'r-Rahim's name came up. In this way he was given the privilege of attaining the presence of Baha'u'llah for the second time. And when he arrived in 'Akka Baha'u'llah confirmed that by 'a trustworthy man' he had actually meant 'Abdu'r-Rahim.
[1 See 'Abdu'l-Baha, Memorials, pp. 5-8; also Taherzadeh, vol. 1, pp. 92-3; and below, pp. 252ff.]
In this life we observe that each individual can progress to the extent of his capacity. The bounties of God reach all created things as the rays of the sun reach every object. But an unpolished rock cannot reflect that light as a mirror could. Similarly man must acquire a greater spiritual capacity by cleansing his heart in order to receive a greater portion of the bounties of God. In a Tablet to Hadiy-i-Qazvini',[1] Baha'u'llah reveals this basic principle in God's creation:
[1 One of the Letters of the Living; see vol. 2, pp. 144-5.]
From the exalted source, and out of the essence of His
favour and bounty He hath entrusted every created thing
with a sign of His knowledge, so that none of His creatures
may be deprived of its share in expressing, each according to
its capacity and rank, this knowledge. This sign is the mirror
of His beauty in the world of creation. The greater the effort
exerted for the refinement of this sublime and noble mirror,
the more faithfully will it be made to reflect the glory of the
names and attributes of God, and reveal the wonders of His
signs and knowledge. Every created thing will be enabled
(so great is this reflecting power) to reveal the potentialities
of its pre-ordained station, will recognize its capacity and
limitations, and will testify to the truth that 'He verily is
God, there is none other God besides Him'...
There can be no doubt whatever that, in consequence of
the efforts which every man may consciously exert and as a <p64>
result of the exertion of his own spiritual faculties, this
mirror can be so cleansed from the dross of earthly
defilements and purged from satanic fancies as to be able to
draw nigh unto the meads of eternal holiness and attain the
courts of everlasting fellowship.(2)
There are many Tablets of Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha in which They state that man's attainments in life depend on his spiritual capacity and perceptiveness. 'Abdu'l-Baha in one of His talks in 'Akka is reported to have said:
Pilgrimage should be carried out in a state of utter
humbleness and devotion. Otherwise it is not true
pilgrimage, it is a form of sight-seeing...

Many people used to come and attain the presence of
Baha'u'llah. They saw His virtuous character, His blessed
smile, His magnetic attraction and His infinite bounties, yet
they remained unaffected by Him. Some others were
instantly transformed by attaining His presence.

Jamal-i-Burujirdi[1] attained the presence of Baha'u'llah in
Adrianople. With him were two men from Burujird. One of
them was called Mirza 'Abdu'r-Rahim.[2] He was so influenced
by the magnetic person of Baha'u'llah that he was
completely transformed. The Blessed Beauty stated that this
man within ten minutes took one step from this mortal
world and placed it in the realms of eternity.
[1 See vol. 2.]
[2 Not the believer by the same name whose story is recounted above, pp. 58-63.]

It is therefore necessary to acquire spiritual receptiveness.
A deaf ear will not enjoy the melody of a beautiful song, and
a diseased nostril will be insensible to the perfume of the
rose. The sun shines, the breeze is wafted, and the rain falls,
but where the land is a salt marsh nothing grows but weeds.

When Baha'u'llah was in Baghdad, some of the chiefs of
the tribe of Jaf who had become His admirers in the days of
Sulaymaniyyih had come to Baghdad by order of the
Governor. While there, they would come to the house of
Baha'u'llah, get permission and then attain His presence in <p65>
the utmost humility and courtesy. Among them was a Kurd
who was truly attracted to the Blessed Beauty. He said to
me that he wished to see Shaykh Muhammad (i.e.
Baha'u'llah) once more, and to gaze upon His luminous
Countenance. I realized that he was enchanted by
Baha'u'llah. Not wanting to keep him waiting, I sent him
straight into His blessed room. Baha'u'llah received him
with loving-kindness and permitted him to sit alongside the
chiefs of the tribe. Should, however, all the bounties of God
descend upon a person who has no perceptiveness and
capacity, there will be no result whatsoever. In the days of
Baghdad there was a man by the name Muhammad-Rida
who used to attain the presence of Baha'u'llah every day in
the morning and in the evening... When the days of
Baghdad came to an end he said proudly: 'I associated with
these people for ten years and they could not influence me!'(3)
Citizens of 'Akka
An example of those who had spiritual perceptiveness to recognize the station of Baha'u'llah without being taught or approached by the Baha'is was Shaykh Mahmud-i-'Arrabi, a native of 'Akka. Shaykh Mahmud was one of the religious leaders of 'Akka when Baha'u'llah was exiled to that city. He was born into a family of devout Muslims. When he was about ten years of age, an old Shaykh, a religious man revered by Mahmud's father, had a vision of the coming of the Person of the 'Promised One' to 'Akka. He intimated this to Mahmud in the presence of his father and told him that his father and himself were old men and would not live to see that day. But he assured Mahmud that he would then be a grown-up person and bade him watch out for the coming of the Lord. He even indicated to Mahmud that He would speak in the Persian tongue and reside in an upper room at the top of a long flight of stairs.
Some years passed and the young boy grew up into a strong man, learned and pious, well respected by the community and <p66> known as Shaykh Mahmud. But he seldom thought of the vision, and when Baha'u'llah came to 'Akka it never occurred to him that He might be the One foretold by the old Shaykh. On the contrary, he deeply resented the action of the Government in sending Baha'u'llah, whom the authorities had described as an evil man and the 'God of the Persians', to the city of 'Akka. For some time he was in a state of agitation, wanting to do something to rid the city of such a person. It must be remembered that soon after the imprisonment of Baha'u'llah in the barracks, the prison authorities relaxed some of the restrictions which had at first been imposed and strictly adhered to. For instance, they agreed to allow a small party of Baha'i prisoners to visit the city daily for shopping. At times 'Abdu'l-Baha went out with them and this is how the people of 'Akka came into contact with His magnetic personality and began to unbend towards the company of exiles.
Shaykh Mahmud was very perturbed one day to see 'Abdu'l-Baha in the Mosque. He is reported to have grabbed 'Abdu'l-Baha by the hand and exclaimed, 'Are you the son of God?' The Master with His characteristic charm pointed out that it was he who was saying it, and not 'Abdu'l-Baha. He then reminded him of the injunction of Islam as stated in one of the Traditions: 'Be charitable toward the guest even though he be an infidel.'
The impact of these words and the loving personality of the Master affected Shaykh Mahmud and he changed his attitude of aggressiveness towards Him. But being a religious leader, he could not remain indifferent to the presence of the group of exiles whom he considered ungodly. He therefore decided to put an end to all this by himself. One day he hid a weapon under his cloak and went straight to the barracks with the intention of assassinating Baha'u'llah. He informed the guards at the prison gate that he wished to see Baha'u'llah. Since he was an influential personality in 'Akka, the guards complied with his request and went to inform Baha'u'llah of the identity of the visitor. 'Tell him', Baha'u'llah is reported to have said, <p67> 'to cast away the weapon and then he may come in.'[1] On hearing this Shaykh Mahmud was astounded, for he was sure that no one had seen the weapon under his cloak. In a state of utter confusion he returned home, but his agitated mind could not be at rest. He continued in this state for some time until he decided to go to the barracks again, but without any weapons this time. Being a strong man he knew he could take Baha'u'llah's life by the mere strength of his hands.
[1 These are not the exact words of Baha'u'llah, but convey the message he is reported to have given.]
So he went again to the prison gate and made the same request to visit Baha'u'llah. On being informed of Shaykh Mahmud's desire to meet Him, Baha'u'llah is reported to have said: 'Tell him to purify his heart first and then he may come in.'- Perplexed and confused at these utterances, Shaykh Mahmud could not bring himself to visit Baha'u'llah that day. Later he had a dream in which his father and the old Shaykh appeared to him and reminded him of their vision regarding the coming of the Lord. After this dream Shaykh Mahmud went to the barracks again and attained the presence of 'Abdu'l-Baha. The words of the Master penetrated his heart and he was ushered into the presence of Baha'u'llah. The majesty and glory of His countenance overwhelmed the Shaykh and he witnessed the fulfilment of the prophecy of the coming of the Lord to 'Akka. He prostrated himself at His feet and became an ardent believer.
After recognizing the station of Baha'u'llah, he arose to serve Him and His Cause. He played a significant part in assisting the believers to enter the city and then harbouring them until they were able to attain the presence of Baha'u'llah. On some occasions he even ordered ropes to be lowered so that the Baha'i visitors might be pulled up the walls which surrounded the city. Another method he sometimes employed was to leave the city and return at night accompanied by one of the believers who would be posing as a servant carrying a <p68> lantern in front of his master.[1] After the believer had attained the presence of Baha'u'llah, Shaykh Mahmud would enable him to leave the city in the same manner that he had entered it. Shaykh Mahmud was loved by the Master and served the Cause with great devotion till the end of his life. He made a compilation of the Islamic traditions related to 'Akka and its glorious future.
[1 In the old days there was no public lighting and therefore it was necessary to carry a lantern at night. Important people always had servants who performed this service for them.]
Well known among those whom Shaykh Mahmud assisted to enter 'Akka was Mirza Hasan-i-Mazindarani, who was brought into the city by the sea gate. He stayed at first in the Shaykh's house and later managed to enter the barracks where he stayed for about six months before returning to Persia. Mirza Hasan was a cousin of Baha'u'llah and a devoted believer. His father, Mulla Zaynu'l-'Abidin, was Baha'u'llah's paternal uncle. He was among Baha'u'llah's kinsmen who had been converted to the Babi Faith by Baha'u'llah Himself in the early days of the ministry of the Bab. He had recognized the station of Baha'u'llah and was very devoted to Him. It was this uncle who accompanied Baha'u'llah to Amul[1] and when He was to be bastinadoed, threw himself on the feet of Baha'u'llah as a shield. As a result he was beaten so much that he fainted.
[1 See Nabil-i-A'zam, The Dawn-Breakers.]
Mirza Hasan, who was much loved by Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha, made several trips to 'Akka and each time he carried back many Tablets for the believers living in the northern cities of Persia. We have already described in a previous volume the story of seventy Tablets that he was carrying on the last of these journeys and the circumstances which led to their disappearance.[1]
[1 See vol. 1, p. 50.]
Another person, a resident of 'Akka who independently recognized the station of Baha'u'llah was Ahmad-i-Jarrah, an officer in the Turkish Army. He witnessed the majesty of <p69> Baha'u'llah in the barracks, but it was some years later that his heart was touched, when Baha'u'llah (Who was then residing in the house of 'Abbud) was taken to the Governor's house and kept in custody for about three days. As we shall see later,[1] this humiliating treatment resulted from the murder of three Azalis in 'Akka. Ahmad-i-Jarrah was one of the officers present in the case and it was then that the majesty and glory of Baha'u'llah made a deep impression upon his soul. The mighty and powerful words He uttered on that occasion enabled Jarrah to realize that the Prisoner in his custody was not an ordinary man but One endowed with divine authority. After reading some of the Writings and becoming fully conscious of the station of Baha'u'llah, he entered the rank of the believers.
[1 See p. 234.]
Amin Effendi, a brother of Jarrah and the head of the municipality of 'Akka, also recognized the truth of the Faith and became a believer. An interesting incident happened which confirmed their faith. One day, Amin and Ahmad sought permission to attain the presence of Baha'u'llah. Permission was granted and they came. They wanted particularly to complain and seek advice about a certain superior officer by the name of Aqasi who was a bitter enemy of theirs. Before they were able to utter a word, Baha'u'llah turned to them and said, 'Praise be to God who has rescued you from the evil doings of Aqasi!'[1] The two brothers were surprised to hear this. Only two days later, the officer was dismissed by the order of the Sultan. A third brother of Ahmad was Khalid. He was a physician, attained the presence of Baha'u'llah, and was attracted to Him and to His Cause. He showed much love to the believers and attended them when they were sick.
[1 These are not the exact words of Baha'u'llah, but convey the message he
is reported to have given.]
There were other inhabitants of 'Akka who either embraced the Faith or became admirers of Baha'u'llah and His supporters. Husayn-i-Ashchi has recounted the story of some <p70> of these men in his memoirs. The following is a summary of his reminiscences:
After his recognition of the station of Baha'u'llah, Shaykh
Mahmud went to see a certain Salih Effendi with whom he
was very friendly. He reminded him that when they were
young, they had both been present at a meeting when the
old Shaykh, the religious leader of the father of Shaykh
Mahmud, had prophesied the coming of the Lord to 'Akka,
and had stated that they should both seek Him. Shaykh
Mahmud conveyed to his friend the glad tidings that the
prophecy of the Shaykh had been fulfilled and that he had
been led to the Lord in 'Akka and had attained His presence.
He thus invited his friend to follow his example.

But Salih Effendi, although he acknowledged the validity
of the station of Baha'u'llah, did not embrace the Faith
because he maintained that he lived a life which was not
worthy of the exalted station of Baha'u'llah, and his deeds
were not in conformity with His teachings. But he always
expressed his love for the believers and he did not harm the
Faith in any way. Some years later he became ill with
tuberculosis, which was incurable in those days, and
'Abdu'l-Baha provided regular medical help for him till the
end of his life.

Another person of note was Shaykh 'Aliy-i-Mlri, the
Mufti of 'Akka. He was a somewhat fanatical man. But later
he changed as a result of his association with 'Abdu'l-Baha.
For he discovered that his own knowledge and learning was
as a drop when compared with the ocean of 'Abdu'l-Baha's
innate knowledge. He therefore showed signs of humility
and gradually became friendly.

One day he conveyed to 'Abdu'l-Baha his desire to meet
Baha'u'llah as he had some questions and wished to be
enlightened. But in those days Baha'u'llah did not grant
interviews to people, mainly because He did not wish to act
against the orders of the Government. However, because of
'Abdu'l-Baha's pleading, Baha'u'llah gave permission and
the Mufti of 'Akka attained His presence in the barracks. He
was shown to his seat while 'Abdu'l-Baha stood by the <p71>
door. The kitchen in which I was working happened to be
opposite the room of Baha'u'llah. I could see and hear Him.
The Mufti asked some questions and then the Tongue of
Grandeur began to speak. At one stage when the utterances
of Baha'u'llah were still continuing, the Mufti was moved to
say something. 'Abdu'l-Baha gave him an emphatic and
commanding signal with his hand that he should not
interrupt the words of Baha'u'llah. He complied but his
pride was hurt.

When the interview was over he left, 'Abdu'l-Baha
accompanying him to the prison gate, but he was annoyed
because of the incident, for he was well respected by the
inhabitants of the town and as he walked in the bazaars
people showed their respect to him and kissed his hands. At
that stage he was not aware of the truth of the Cause and the
greatness of its Author, therefore he was displeased with the
way 'Abdu'l-Baha had bidden him be silent. But it did not
take very long before he realized that in the presence of
'Abdu'l-Baha he was as utter nothingness. He used to visit
the Master and partake of His knowledge and wisdom. He
therefore changed his attitude. In the streets and bazaars,
whenever he accompanied 'Abdu'l-Baha he always walked a
few steps behind Him and was never found to be walking in
front.[1] When Baha'u'llah was moved out of the barracks he
used to come regularly to the outer apartment of the
house--a room set aside for visitors--and sit at the feet of
the Master. He diligently carried out every service that He
referred to him.
[1 In the East it is considered disrespectful to walk in front of an eminent person when accompanying him.]

As time went on the devotion of the Mufti of 'Akka
towards Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha increased. He
became so attracted that once he intimated to 'Abdu'l-Baha
that every time he stood up to pray, the majestic figure of
Baha'u'llah appeared before him. 'Abdu'l-Baha always
showered his favours upon the Mufti, as indeed on other
prominent people in the land. It is true to say that a time
came when the Government of 'Akka used to revolve
around the person of 'Abdu'l-Baha. Every one of the <p72>
officials was longing to receive His blessings and favours.
And because of His qualities and prestige the condition of
the believers changed from abasement into honour.

Another person from 'Akka who became a believer was
'Uthman Effendi. When the exiles were residing in the
barracks, he had a grocery shop in town. He used to supply
Baha'u'llah's daily provisions and was paid on a monthly
basis. He was attracted to the Cause by the good deeds and
honest dealings of the believers. He embraced the Faith and
attained the presence of Baha'u'llah who promised him that
he would become a wealthy and influential man. Soon
'Uthman Effendi acquired considerable wealth. He owned
half the village of Kasra which is one of the Druze villages.
He also became a man of considerable influence well
respected in government circles in 'Akka.(4) <p73>
Trustees of Baha'u'llah
Among all those who attained the presence of Baha'u'llah while He was in the barracks, the first two were Haji Shah-Muhammad-i-Manshadi, entitled Aminu'l-Bayan (Trusted of the Bayan), and Haji Abu'l-Hasan-i-Ardikani, entitled Amin-i-Ilahi (Trusted of God). The former was the first trustee[1] of Baha'u'llah, and the latter was appointed to the same position after the death of Haji Shah-Muhammad in 1298 AH (AD 1881). Both men were from the province of Yazd.
[1 One who acted on behalf of Baha'u'llah on matters related to Huquq'u'llah (the Right of God), which is prescribed in the Kitab-i-Aqdas. It is one of the ordinances of Baha'u'llah not yet implemented in the West and involves those whose possessions reach a certain value. For more information see Synopsis, p. 60.]
In the early days of the Faith Haji Shah-Muhammad embraced the Cause and became an ardent believer. He first attained the presence of Baha'u'llah in Baghdad. As a result of this he became a new creation on fire with the love of Baha'u'llah, a love that sustained him throughout his life and enabled him to render notable services to His Cause.
He owned some farm land in his native village of Manshad, but it did not earn him enough to live on, so he engaged in cattle dealing. He used to buy cattle in the province of Fars and sell them in Yazd. But after embracing the Faith he gave up this work. He gave a portion of his estate to each of his four daughters, sold the rest, and faithful to the specific injunction of the Bab[1] to his followers to offer priceless gifts in their possession to 'Him Whom God shall make manifest', he <p74> presented the proceeds of the sale to Baha'u'llah whom he had recognized as 'Him Whom God shall make manifest'.[2]
[1 Baha'u'llah abrogated this injunction and absolved the believers from the obligation.]
[2 For more information about 'Him Whom God shall make manifest' see vol. 1, ch. 18.]
This action, prompted by the purity of his heart and the intensity of his devotion for the Faith, evoked the good pleasure of Baha'u'llah, who, while accepting the gift, handed it back to him, conferred upon him the title 'Amin' (Trusted One), and appointed him as His Trustee. In this way, it was made possible for the believers to fulfil their spiritual obligation of Huquq'u'llah through him.
Haji Shah-Muhammad used to travel frequently from Persia to attain the presence of Baha'u'llah and receive His instructions. He would then set out to carry them out on his return.
As the years went by he discovered in Haji Abu'l-Hasan-i-Ardikani (Amin-i-Ilahi) a zealous and devoted co-worker. So, as he became older, he took Haji Abu'l-Hasan with him on his journeys as an assistant.
It was soon after Baha'u'llah's arrival in the Most Great Prison, around the same time that Nabil-i-A'zam was denied admittance to 'Akka by the authorities, that Haji Shah-Muhammad, accompanied by Haji Abu'l-Hasan, entered the city. The two had bought a few camels on the way and disguised themselves as Arabs seeking to sell their merchandise which was carried on the camels. This was a common scene in those days. They were not suspected of being followers of Baha'u'llah and were admitted.
They succeeded in sending a message to Baha'u'llah informing Him of their arrival and expressing their eagerness to attain His presence. Baha'u'llah allowed them to see Him in the public bath,[1] but they were advised to show no sign of <p75> recognition. On the appointed day the two men entered the public bath. But no sooner did Haji Abu'l-Hasan behold the majestic person of Baha'u'llah than he was seized by such emotion that his body shook, and he stumbled and fell to the ground. The floor being made of stones, he injured his head very badly and had to be carried out with blood pouring on his face and body.
[1 As there were no baths in houses in those days, practically everyone had to go to a public bath. These were similar to what is known in the west as Turkish baths--warm with a steamy atmosphere. People would be partly-clad in a cotton towel, as nudity was considered immoral. People often spent hours washing and relaxing in public baths. Certain days of the week were allocated to men and certain days to women. The gathering of people in one place created a social atmosphere, and it was possible to meet one's friends and acquaintances there.]
The two Amins remained in 'Akka for some time. Haji Shah-Muhammad was there when Aqa Buzurg, entitled Badi',[1] came to 'Akka and as we shall see later, the two met on Mount Carmel as directed by Baha'u'llah.
[1 See pp. 182-3 below.]
Haji Shah-Muhammad rendered notable services to the Faith as the Trustee of Baha'u'llah. One of the major missions with which Baha'u'llah entrusted him was the transfer of the casket containing the remains of the Bab when its whereabouts in Persia, for several years unknown to the mass of the believers, became public knowledge. The dangers in such a situation were apparent, for the enemies of the Faith, once informed of the casket's location, could have attacked and destroyed it. This transfer of the remains of the Bab from place to place in Persia, covering a period of no less than fifty lunar years, and finally laying them to rest on Mount Carmel is an eventful and moving story.[1]
[1 See Appendix I.]
In the year AH 1298 (AD 1881) Haji Shah-Muhammad was caught up in a massacre by the Kurds of the people of Miyanduab and fatally wounded. His assistant Haji Abu'l-Hasan, who was accompanying him as usual, was shot in the leg but managed to escape. It was after this event that Baha'u'llah appointed Haji Abu'l-Hasan as His Trustee, and conferred on him the title 'Amin' (Trusted One), in place of Haji Shah-Muhammad, Aminu'l-Bayan. <p76> Of Haji Shah-Muhammad we have the following eulogy from the pen of 'Abdu'l-Baha:
Amin, that is, Shah-Muhammad, was honoured with the
title of the Trusted One, and bounties were showered upon
him. Full of eagerness and love, taking with him Tablets
from Baha'u'llah, he hastened back to Persia, where, at all
times worthy of trust, he laboured for the Cause. His
services were outstanding, and he was a consolation to the
believers' hearts. There was none to compare with him for
energy, enthusiasm and zeal, and no man's services could
equal his. He was a haven amidst the people, known
everywhere for devotion to the Holy Threshold, widely
acclaimed by the friends.(1)
We have already stated that Haji Shah-Muhammad and Haji Abu'l-Hasan were the first believers to succeed in entering the city of 'Akka and attain the presence of Baha'u'llah in the public bath in the early days of His confinement in the Most Great Prison. Haji Abu'l-Hasan--or Haji Amin, as he generally became known--is one of the Apostles of Baha'u'llah whose life of self-sacrifice and utter dedication to the Cause has left a shining example for posterity to follow. In his youth he was a staunch Muslim. His parents arranged his marriage to the daughter of a merchant in his native town of Ardikan, Yazd. The merchant, who had six sons and one daughter, insisted that Haji Amin, instead of living in the house of his father as was the custom, should live in the bride's home so that she would not live away from her parents. Haji Amin's parents agreed to this request and he took up residence in the home of his father-in-law.
As a result of living in that house, Haji Amin soon discovered that his brothers-in-law were all Babis. His wife, like himself, was a devoted Muslim and was unaware of her brothers' faith. After lengthy discussions at gatherings of the Babis, Haji Amin became aware of the truth of the Cause of the Bab and embraced His Faith. He then taught his wife who also became a believer. <p77>
Some time later he recognized the station of Baha'u'llah and this brought about a mighty transformation in his life, a life totally and completely dedicated to Baha'u'llah. So thorough was this transformation of spirit that it is very hard, if not impossible, to attempt to fathom the depth of his dedication to his Lord, or describe in words an adequate appreciation of his outstanding and selfless services to the Cause he loved so much.
No doubt his first attaining the presence of Baha'u'llah in the public bath and in such dramatic circumstances as described earlier must have left an abiding impression on his soul and released the necessary forces for the making of one of the greatest spiritual giants of this Faith. His devotion to Baha'u'llah knew no bounds and because of this he was truly detached from this world. The flame of love for Baha'u'llah that burnt so brightly in his heart illumined the souls of the believers and burnt away the veils of blindness from the faces of the enemies.
He travelled extensively throughout Persia, went to the homes of almost every Baha'i and poured out so much love and encouragement upon them that they all cherished his companionship. In their homes he was warmly accepted as a true father or brother, one who genuinely cared for the wellbeing and spiritual development of each. Knowing that he was an intimate and loving friend of everyone, parents (who in those days were in the habit of arranging marriages) often turned to him to suggest suitable partners for their sons and daughters.
Detachment from worldly things and utter self-sacrifice in the service of Baha'u'llah were among Haji Amin's greatest qualities. Ever since he arose to serve the Cause as the assistant and confidant of Haji Shah-Mu4ammad, and later as the Trustee himself, Haji Amin gave everything he had to the Cause. He kept not a penny for himself; he also made every possible effort to convey to the believers, by word and by deed, that man's most meritorious achievement in life is to <p78> offer up everything he has--his time, his labours, his substance and even his life--in the path of God. The Holy Writings fully confirm that there can be no loftier concept of life than this.
God has created two opposing forces within man, the animal and the spiritual. The animal nature inclines him to the material world; self and passion and attachment to earthly things are the characteristics of the animal nature. To subdue these powerful forces, the individual has to develop and strengthen his spiritual qualities so that they can dominate his animal inclinations. Within the human being there is a constant battle between these two forces. If it is left to nature, it is inevitable that the material side will dominate.
This is because the animal characteristics are part of his nature and without any effort on his part will drive him towards the material world. When this happens, man may behave in a manner even worse than an animal.
But the development of spiritual qualities is not controlled by nature. Although the soul aspires to spiritual things, the acquiring of spiritual qualities depends upon effort. It is in this domain that man has been given free will. This is very similar to a bird which in flight must use its wings to counteract the force of gravity. If it fails to do this, it will be pulled down instantly by this force.
The subduing of the animal nature through the ascendancy of the spiritual powers latent within man is the essence of detachment spoken of by Baha'u'llah in many of His Tablets. We have already discussed this theme in previous volumes and explained that by detachment is not meant poverty or the living of the life of a mendicant or an ascetic. To become careless of one's personal interests or the affairs of the world is contrary to the teachings of Baha'u'llah. Indeed, one may possess the things of this world and its riches and yet remain detached.[1]
[1 For further information on this point see vols. 1 and 2, 'Detachment'.]
To the extent that man can dominate his lower nature will he <p79> become detached from this world. Not only has he to exert himself to acquire spiritual qualities, but also in subduing his self with all its manifold aspects, he must be prepared to go through pain and suffering and tests. This is only natural, for there is always a reaction when a force is suppressed. Man's material inclinations, when curbed by the dictates of his spiritual being, will undergo some form of deprivation and sacrifice. For instance, one may sacrifice his comfort and material means in order to help the poor and the needy. In so doing, one is rewarded spiritually, but has to give up something of material value instead.
This sacrifice, if carried out in the path of God and for His sake, is most meritorious. It enables the soul to become detached from the material world, and thus brings it closer to God. This is one of the fruits of sacrifice.
It was the realization of this important principle which led Haji Amin to offer up everything he had to the Cause of God. Through the influence of the Word of God revealed by Baha'u'llah and the example set by Haji Amin, the believers willingly poured out their substance for the promotion of the Cause. Being the Trustee of Baha'u'llah, he was the recipient of the friends' contributions. Although he exhorted the friends generally to sacrifice, he never solicited their giving to the funds, for such soliciting is forbidden in the Faith.
To give to the Baha'i Fund is an act of devotion to God. It is voluntary and motivated by the desire on the part of the individual to sacrifice something of this material world and spend it in the path of God.
Man is born naked and when dead he is also naked. He brings nothing with him to this world, and when he departs he cannot take anything physical with him to the next. But whatever he has given to the Cause of God while on this earth, his time, his labours, his resources, as well as his services to his fellow human beings, these he can take with him to the spiritual realms. This is one way of transforming something which belongs to the world of matter into the spiritual worlds of God. <p80>
The motive for contribution by the believers to the Huquq'u'llah or the Baha'i Funds, whether in the days of Baha'u'llah or in any other time, has been and always will be their love for Baha'u'llah and His Cause. It is the love of the individual for Him that endows the offering, no matter how small, with a celestial potency through which the Cause of God can be propelled forward. This is why the privilege of giving to the Baha'i Fund is exclusively vouchsafed to the believers. For the promotion of the Cause of God, whether through teaching or contributing to the Baha'i Funds, is dependent upon devotion to Baha'u'llah and the performance of stainless deeds by the believers. These two factors bring victory to the Cause.
During the days of Baha'u'llah, the majority of the believers in Persia were poor, and some needy. But when Haji Amin visited them, they had set aside through sacrifice small sums of money and were able to offer them for the Cause of God. It must be made clear that under Baha'u'llah's supervision the funds were spent for the promotion of the Cause, and very little, if any, for His own expenses or those of His companions. The history of the life of Baha'u'llah bears ample testimony to this fact. For during the forty years of His ministry He lived for the most part in the utmost poverty. There were days when a mere loaf of bread was not available to Him, and the garments He wore were the only clothes He had. The last few years of His earthly life, although relatively more comfortable, were nevertheless greatly influenced by the austerity that had characterized His life since the days of the Siyah-Chal in Tihran, when all His possessions had been confiscated and He had been deprived of the means to support Himself and His Family.[1]
[1 See vol. 1, p. 11.]
Desire for wealth is non-existent in the person of the Manifestation of God. He abides in a realm which is independent of all creation. And he is detached from all earthly things. Baha'u'llah has stated in many of His Tablets that this <p81> mortal world is only a handful of dust and as utter nothingness in His sight. For example, in His second Tablet to Napoleon III, Baha'u'llah admonishes the monarch for his attachment to this world and states how insignificant this world is in His estimation. These are His words, uttered with authority and might:
He, for Whose sake the world was called into being, hath
been imprisoned in the most desolate of cities ('Akka), by
reason of that which the hands of the wayward have
wrought. From the horizon of His prison-city He
summoneth mankind unto the Dayspring of God, the
Exalted, the Great. Exultest thou over the treasures thou
dost possess, knowing they shall perish? Rejoicest thou in
that thou rulest a span of earth, when the whole world, in
the estimation of the people of Baha, is worth as much as the
black in the eye of a dead ant? Abandon it unto such as have
set their affections upon it, and turn thou unto Him Who is
the Desire of the world.(2)
And in His Will and Testament, the Kitab-i-'Ahd, He has left us these exalted words:
Although the Realm of Glory hath none of the vanities of
the world, yet within the treasury of trust and resignation
we have bequeathed to Our heirs an excellent and priceless
heritage. Earthly treasures We have not bequeathed, nor
have We added such cares as they entail By God! In earthly
riches fear is hidden and peril is concealed. Consider ye and
call to mind that which the All-Merciful hath revealed in the
Qur'an: 'Woe betide every slanderer and defamer, him that
layeth up riches and counteth them.' Fleeting are the riches
of the world; all that perisheth and changeth is not, and hath
never been, worthy of attention, except to a recognized
measure.(3)
It must be pointed out that the same attitude of detachment from earthly things so permeated the souls of 'Abdu'l-Baha and Shoghi Effendi, the two successive Centres of the Cause of <p82> Baha'u'llah, that it was against their nature to turn their affection to the things of this world. They both lived austere lives and followed the example of Baha'u'llah. Although they received large contributions from the friends, they authorized their spending strictly for the promotion of the Cause of God and did not have the slightest inclination to spend the funds for their own personal ends. Indeed, similar to Baha'u'llah, neither of them had any personal assets, whether monetary or of any other type.
When 'Abdu'l-Baha travelled to the West to spread the Cause of Baha'u'llah and diffuse the divine fragrances in Europe and America, He had to use some of the funds which the Persian friends had contributed to Haji Amin as Huquq'u'llah. But He observed such care in spending the absolute minimum for Himself that His companions sometimes felt concerned about the lack of comfort which often resulted.
The renowned chronicler of 'Abdu'l-Baha's journeys to the West, Mirza Mahmud-i-Zarqani, His devoted secretary and companion, has recorded in his diaries (Badayi'u'l-Athar) that when 'Abdu'l-Baha and His party were travelling across the United States, the train journey proved to be tiring--especially for 'Abdu'l-Baha who was nearly seventy years of age. Yet in spite of this, He frequently declined to pay the extra small sum of money for sleeping accommodation on the train. Instead He would sit up all night on the hard wooden seats and close His eyes to rest. But, as demonstrated on that journey, He opened His purse and generously placed coins of silver and gold in the palms of the poor and needy wherever He found them. How different are the ways of God and man!
It was during those same epoch-making journeys that 'Abdu'l-Baha demonstrated a magnanimity and detachment characteristic of God's chosen ones by declining with graciousness all offers of funds and gifts from friends and strangers.
In his famous diaries Mirza Mahmud recounts a story of <p83> 'Abdu'l-Baha when He was in New York shortly before His departure from the United States:
... that day some of the friends presented 'Abdu'l-Baha
with some funds, but He did not take them in spite of their
persistently begging Him to accept them. He said: 'Offer it
up to the poor on my behalf. It would be as if I have
personally given to them. But for me the best gift is the unity
between the loved ones of God, their service to the Cause,
the diffusion of divine fragrances and their carrying out the
teachings and exhortations of the Blessed Beauty.'

On such occasions the believers became very sad, because
their offerings were not accepted by their Beloved. In spite
of this the believers in New York, knowing that these were
the last few days of His stay in the United States, gathered
some presents for the members of the Holy Family[1]...
some of the friends had vowed together that they would
persist in their request for acceptance of the gifts, that they
would cling to the hem of his garment and not leave His
presence until He accepted their offerings. They presented
their gifts and earnestly pleaded with Him to take them. He
then spoke to them in these words:
[1 Including the wife of 'Abdu'l-Baha, His sister, daughters and other female members of His household.]

'I am very grateful for all your services. Truly you have
served me, offered hospitality, rendered your services day
and night and persevered in the diffusion of divine
fragrances. I shall never forget your devoted services,
because you had no other motive but to attain the good
pleasure of God, and had desired no station other than entry
into His Kingdom. Now you have brought some gifts for
my family. These gifts are very praiseworthy, but more
exquisite than these are the gifts of the love of God which
may be preserved within the treasure-house of the hearts.
The former gifts are transitory, but the latter are eternal.
These gifts are to be kept in boxes and upon the shelves and
Will eventually perish, but the other will remain eternally in
all the worlds of God treasured within the heart. Therefore I <p84>
carry with me your love to them [i.e. The Holy Family]
which is the greatest gift of all. In our house there is no room
for diamond rings or other jewellery. That house is devoid
of the vanities of this world.

'Now, I accept these gifts, but I entrust them to you to sell
them and send the proceeds to Chicago for the construction
of the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar [Baha'i House of Worship].'

The friends, with tearful eyes, were disappointed.
'Abdu'l-Baha said: 'I want to take with me a gift from you
which may remain till eternity, the jewels which belong to
the treasure-house of the heart.'

In spite of much persistence and shedding of tears the
beloved Master did not accept the gifts and asked the friends
to spend them for the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar in Chicago.(4)
Returning to the story of Haji Amin, he lived a long life and was Trustee of the Huquq'u'llah during the ministries of Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha and during part of the ministry of Shoghi Effendi. During his long and turbulent life he was a source of inspiration and loving guidance for all the believers. He often visited their homes and urged them to become detached from the things of the world and to follow the path of modesty in all aspects of life. He disliked extravagance, as it would lessen the ability of the believers to contribute all they could to the Cause of God. So much was he against extravagance that whenever the friends invited him to dinner, they knew that Haji Amin would be most unhappy if they entertained him lavishly with various dishes at the table. He insisted that there be only one dish and that it consist of the simplest food. He often urged the host to add some extra water to the pot for his share of the food, and this recipe of adding extra water is widely known among the Persian believers as 'The soup of Haji Amin'!
There are many heartwarming stories about the way he conducted his life and the sacrifices he made in order to serve His Lord. These stories, ranging from trifling anecdotes to highly interesting and instructive comments made by him are <p85> entertaining and popular, but must be left out here, because to appreciate them the reader needs to be familiar with the customs and way of life at that time in the Middle East.
Haji Amin suffered many persecutions in his long life of service. Among them was his imprisonment first in Tihran and then in Qazvin in the year AH 1308 (AD 1891) along with Mulla 'Ali-Akbar-i-Shahmirzad, known as Haji Akhund, one of the Hands of the Cause of God appointed by Baha'u'llah. These two heroes of God were imprisoned by the orders of Nasiri'd-Din Shah and his son Kamran Mirza, the Governor of Tihran.
Their imprisonment in Qazvin lasted about eighteen months, after which Haji Akhund was released but Haji Amin was transferred to a prison in Tihran where he remained for a further year. During this period their feet were kept in stocks and their necks placed in chains. When in the prison of Qazvin, a photographer was specially sent to take their photograph for the monarch to see. This photograph, showing the two in chains sitting with absolute resignation and calm, is widely in circulation among the believers. It was placed by 'Abdu'l-Baha in the hallway of His house opposite His room. He gazed upon it many times and rejoiced in His heart at beholding the faces of the two who were chained and fettered in the path of Baha'u'llah and were the embodiment of steadfastness and faith among the believers.
It was soon after the imprisonment of these two souls in Qazvin that Baha'u'llah in the opening paragraph of the Lawh-i-Dunya[1] (Tablet of the World) referred to the prison of Qazvin as 'mighty prison' and revealed these exalted words in their honour:
[1 This Tablet was revealed in honour of Mirza Aqay-i-Afnan, entitled Nur'u'd-Din. We shall refer to him and to the Tablet in the next volume.]
Praise and thanksgiving beseem the Lord of manifest
dominion Who hath adorned this mighty prison with the
presence of their honours 'Ali Akbar and Amin, and hath
illumined it with the light of certitude, constancy and <p86>
assurance. The glory of God and the glory of all that are in
the heavens and on the earth be upon them.

Light and glory, greeting and praise be upon the Hands of
His Cause, through whom the light of fortitude hath shone
forth and the truth hath been established that the authority
to choose rests with God, the Powerful, the Mighty, the
Unconstrained, through whom the ocean of bounty hath
surged and the fragrance of the gracious favours of God, the
Lord of mankind, hath been diffused. We beseech Him--
Exalted is he--to shield them through the power of His
hosts, to protect them through the potency of His dominion
and to aid them through His indomitable strength which
prevaileth over all created things. Sovereignty is God's, the
Creator of the heavens and the Lord of the Kingdom of
Names.(5)
It is interesting to note that of the two mentioned in the Tablet, only Mulla 'Ali-Akbar had been nominated a Hand of the Cause of God by Baha'u'llah. However, Shoghi Effendi, Guardian of the Faith, conferred the same rank upon Haji Amin posthumously. Haji Amin passed away in Tihran in 1928, leaving behind an imperishable memory among the believers. Upon his death Shoghi Effendi appointed Haji Ghulam-Rida (entitled Amin-i-Amin), who for several years had been Haji Amin's assistant, to succeed him as Trustee of the Huquq'u'llah.
In appreciation of Haji Amin's services, 'Abdu'l-Baha named one of the doors of the Shrine of the Bab after him. <p87>

Lawh-i-Fu'ad
Fu'ad Pasha, Foreign Minister of the Ottoman Empire, had been a close collaborator of the Grand Vizir 'Ali Pasha in bringing about the exile of Baha'u'llah to 'Akka and His imprisonment there. In 1869 Fu'ad Pasha was dismissed from his post and subsequently died in France, at Nice. We have already seen how and in what terms Baha'u'llah had addressed the Grand Vizir in the Suriy-i-Ra'is and the Lawh-i-Ra'is. Now He revealed the Lawh-i-Fu'ad, another Tablet of great significance, in which He severely rebukes Fu'ad Pasha, declares that God had taken his life as a punishment, and describes in strong terms the agony of his soul in facing the wrath of God in the next life for having inflicted such sufferings upon His Supreme Manifestation. In this Tablet Baha'u'llah foreshadows the downfall of 'Ali Pasha and the Sultan himself in these prophetic words:
Soon will We dismiss the one[1] who was like unto him, and
will lay hold on their Chief[2] who ruleth the land, and I,
verily, am the Almighty, the All-Compelling.(1)
[1 'Ali Pasha.]
[2 Sultan 'Abdu'l-'Aziz.]
It did not take long after the revelation of this Tablet until 'Ali Pasha was disgracefully dismissed from his post and died in AD 1871. At the same time a process of opposition to the Sultan was set in motion in Turkey which culminated in AD 1876 in his dethronement and imprisonment by revolutionaries; a few days later he was killed. <p88>
As we shall see, the Lawh-i-Fu'ad was to play an important role in the conversion to the Faith of its foremost scholar, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl.
Shaykh Kazim-i-Samandar
The Lawh-i-Fu'ad was addressed to Shaykh Kazim-i-Samamdar, a native of Qazvin. This great man was one of the Apostles of Baha'u'llah and has been described by Shoghi Effendi as a flame of the love of God. His grandfather had met the Bab in Karbila before His declaration, had witnessed His extraordinary powers of invocation at the time of prayer and become deeply enchanted with the grandeur and majesty of His person. His father Shaykh Muhammad, entitled Nabil,[1] was one of the devoted followers of the Bab and attained His presence in the Fortresses of Mahku and Chihriq. Later he went to Baghdad and attained the presence of Baha'u'llah. He suffered persecution and his home in Qazvin was the centre of the activities of the early Babis.
[1 Not to be confused with Mulla Muhammad-i-Zarandi, Nabil-i-A'zam or Mulla Muhammad-i-Qa'ini, Nabil-i-Akbar.]
Shaykh Kazim-i-Samandar, born a few months before the Declaration of the Bab, grew up in such a home and from his earliest days associated with the early disciples of the Bab, among them some of the Letters of the Living and the uncle of the Bab. Even in childhood Shaykh Kazim showed a great enthusiasm for Babi affairs and when he grew up he was a knowledgeable and devoted believer. Later he recognized the station of Baha'u'llah and became one of His outstanding followers, succeeding in diffusing the light of His Faith throughout Persia in general and in Qazvin in particular.
When the news of the Declaration of Baha'u'llah and the claims of Mirza Yahya[1] reached him, he made an exhaustive study of the Writings of the Bab. His conclusions that Baha'u'llah alone was the Promised One of the Bayan were <p89> clear and unmistakable. In AH 1283 (AD 1866-67) he wrote a treatise in Arabic denouncing Mirza Yahya's rebellion, refuting his arguments and demonstrating his claims to be utterly false. Baha'u'llah refers to this treatise in the Lawh-i-Siraj[2] and states that God had inspired Shaykh Kazim in writing it. It is reported that Baha'u'llah conferred the title of Samandar[3] upon Shaykh Kazim after the writing of this challenging treatise.
[1 See vols 1 and 2.]
[2 see vol. 2, p. 262.]
[3 A legendary bird supposed to live in fire.]
In His Tablets Baha'u'llah often commends those who refute the arguments of the enemies of the Faith. In the Tablet of Salman[1] He exhorts His followers in these words:
Warn, O Salman, the beloved of the one true God, not to
view with too critical an eye the sayings and writings of
men. Let them rather approach such sayings and writings in
a spirit of open-mindedness and loving sympathy. Those
men, however, who, in this Day, have been led to assail, in
their inflammatory writings, the tenets of the Cause of God,
are to be treated differently. It is incumbent upon all men,
each according to his ability, to refute the arguments of
those that have attacked the Faith of God. Thus hath it been
decreed by Him Who is the All-Powerful, the Almighty.
He that wisheth to promote the Cause of the one true God,
let him promote it through his pen and tongue, rather than
have recourse to sword or violence. We have, on a previous
occasion, revealed this injunction, and We now confirm it, if
ye be of them that comprehend. By the righteousness of
Him Who, in this Day, crieth within the inmost heart of all
created things: 'God, there is none other God besides Me!'
If any man were to arise to defend, in his writings, the Cause
of God against its assailants, such a man, however
inconsiderable his share, shall be so honoured in the world
to come that the Concourse on high would envy his glory.
No pen can depict the loftiness of his station, neither can
any tongue describe its splendour. For whosoever standeth <p90>
firm and steadfast in this holy, this glorious, and exalted
Revelation, such power shall be given him as to enable him
to face and withstand all that is in heaven and earth. Of this
God is Himself a witness.(2)
[1 See vol. 2, ch. 13.]
Shaykh Kazim-i-Samandar was an outstanding teacher of the Faith. Many early believers of Qazvin in particular owe their allegiance to the Cause to his indefatigable labours in propagating the Message of Baha'u'llah. His enthusiasm and faith, his zeal and devotion, deeply affected the hearts of his listeners and made them attentive to the Call of God in this age He also played an important part in defending the Cause of God from the misrepresentations of the followers of Mirza Yahya and those who at a later date during the ministry of 'Abdu'l-Baha were misled by Mirza Muhammad-'Ali,[1] the Arch-Breaker of the Covenant of Baha'u'llah. The believers in Qazvin, who from the early days of the Faith were affected by the spirit of division, of controversy and Covenant-breaking, were greatly helped by the presence of Shaykh Kazim in their midst. Mainly through his steadfastness and perseverance, the community was transformed.
[1 See vols. 1 and 2.]
Shaykh Kazim paid special attention to the education and upbringing of his children. A certain Mulla 'Ali entitled 'Mu'allim' (teacher) whom he had converted to the Faith and who was a man of learning, took up residence in the house and volunteered the work of educating the children.[1] This he did after reading Baha'u'llah's exhortation in the Kitab-i-Aqdas:
[1 In those days people of means often employed a tutor at home for their children's education.]
Unto every father hath been enjoined the instruction of his
son and daughter in the art of reading and writing and in all
that hath been laid down in the Holy Tablet. He that putteth
away that which is commanded unto him, the Trustees are
then to take from him that which is required for their
instruction, if he be wealthy, and if not the matter devolveth <p91>
upon the House of Justice. Verily, have We made it a shelter
for the poor and needy. He that bringeth up his son or the
son of another, it is as though he hath brought up a son of
Mine; upon him rest My Glory, My loving kindness, My
Mercy, that have compassed the world.(3)
It was the last sentence which inspired Mulla 'Ali to offer his services as a teacher to Shaykh Kazim's numerous children. He carried on this work for about thirty-six years. In one of His Tablets,(4) Baha'u'llah commends Mulla 'Ali for implementing one of His exhortations and refers to him as the first teacher who has attained the good pleasure of God by carrying out what has been revealed in the Kitab-i-Aqdas. He confers upon him His blessings, declares that the mere mention of him in that Tablet is the greatest reward for his soul, assures him that his name will be immortalized in all the schools throughout the world and intimates that he will send him a gift as a token of appreciation for his work. Baha'u'llah later instructed His Trustee, Haji Amin, to send Mulla 'Ali the gift of an 'aba (cloak) on His behalf and added a note that the 'aba should be of very good quality.
Shaykh Kazim-i-Samandar went twice on pilgrimage to attain the presence of Baha'u'llah in 'Akka. Among those who accompanied him on his second pilgrimage in AH 1308 (AD 1891) were Mulla 'Ali 'the teacher', and the Shaykh's son Mirza Tarazu'llah-i-Samandari who served the Faith as an eminent Baha'i teacher for many years. Shoghi Effendi was later to confer upon the latter the rank of Hand of the Cause of God.
The Conversion of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl
The dire prophecies in the Lawh-i-Fu'ad, foreshadowing in clear terms the downfall of the Sultan and of 'Ali Pasha, were often the subject of speculation and discussion among the believers of those days. A great many non-Baha'is who attended Baha'i gatherings heard the words of Baha'u'llah in <p92> this and similar Tablets. They noted His warnings with awe and wonder and some even made their acceptance of the Faith conditional upon their fulfilment. Notable among them was the renowned Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, a scholar of great eminence who, after having investigated the Faith, was looking for a conclusive proof to enable him to recognize its truth. He waited for the fulfilment of these prophecies. And when he embraced the Faith he became one of its greatest luminaries and one who defended the Faith from its adversaries with exemplary skill and devotion.
Since Mirza Abu'l-Fadl is one of the greatest scholars of the Faith, an apologist of the highest calibre and whose contributions to the literature of the Faith are immense, it is befitting to devote a few pages in this book to his cherished memory.
The story of his encounters with the believers after having come in contact with the Faith is interesting indeed. In the year AH 1293 (AD 1876) when he was at the height of his career as the head of a theological college in Tihran, he was approached by one of his students who asked him to help him reply to some of the arguments put forward by a few Baha'is with whom he was in contact. This man used to bring the questions to Mirza Abu'l-Fadl and take back his comments to the Baha'is.
There was a devoted believer at the time by the name of 'Abdu'l-Karim-i-Mahut Furush (draper) who had a shop in the bazaar; his home was a place for the meetings of the Baha'is and those who were investigating the Faith. These meetings often lasted till the early hours of the morning. Independently of his student who often brought up the subject of the Baha'i Faith, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl somehow became acquainted with 'Abdu'l-Karim and occasionally used to visit him in his shop. For some time, however, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl did not discover that 'Abdu'l-Karim was a Baha'i. Then a small incident happened which provoked him to encounter a Baha'i directly.
One Friday afternoon, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, in company with a few mullas, left the city to visit a certain shrine in the <p93> countryside in the vicinity of the capital. They were all riding on donkeys. It was customary in those days for the people to leave the city for nearby villages on Fridays (which is a public holiday in Islamic countries) for pleasure as well as visiting holy places.
It so happened that on the way out one of the donkeys lost a shoe, so the party called at the nearest blacksmith for help. Noticing the long beard and large turban of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl --indications of his vast knowledge--the blacksmith Ustad Husayn-i-Na'l-Band (shoeing smith), who was illiterate, was tempted to enter into conversation with the learned man. He said to Mirza that since he had honoured him with his presence, it would be a great privilege for him if he could be allowed to ask a question which had perplexed his mind for some time. When permission was granted he said, 'Is it true that in the Traditions of Shi'ah Islam[1] it is stated that each drop of rain is accompanied by an angel from heaven? And that this angel brings down the rain to the ground?' 'This is true,' Mirza Abu'l-Fadl responded. After a pause, the blacksmith begged to be allowed to ask another question to which Mirza gave his assent. 'Is it true', the blacksmith asked, 'that if there is a dog in a house no angel will ever visit that house?' Before thinking of the connection between the two questions, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl responded in the affirmative. 'In that case', commented the blacksmith, 'no rain should ever fall in a house where a dog is kept.' Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, the noted learned man of Islam, was now confounded by an illiterate blacksmith. His rage knew no bounds, and his companions noticed that he was filled with shame. They whispered to him, 'This blacksmith is a Baha'i!'
[1 It must be pointed out that the majority of the so-called traditions of Shi'ah Islam are man-made and consist of trivial sayings. However, there are some authentic and weighty utterances by the Holy Imams which are in conformity with the form and the spirit of the Qur'an. And there are certain criteria for assessing the authenticity of such traditions. Baha'u'llah, for instance, has quoted many authentic traditions in the Kitab-i-Iqan.] <p94>
This incident left a deep impression on Mirza Abu'l-Fadl. The blacksmith, on the other hand, reported the whole story to 'Abdu'l-Karim and suggested that because his pride had been hurt, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl would now welcome an encounter with a Baha'i teacher in the hope of restoring his superiority. This assessment proved to be correct. For when 'Abdu'l-Karim invited Mirza Abu'l-Fadl to take part in a discussion with a certain Baha'i friend, he accepted the invitation. It appears that even up to this point, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl had not realized that 'Abdu'l-Karim himself was a Baha'i.
The meeting was arranged in the home of 'Abdu'l-Karim. But the Baha'i teacher whom 'Abdu'l-Karim had invited was a man devoid of learning. He was not an educated man. But his heart was connected to the Source of all Knowledge. Every abstruse subject that Mirza Abu'l-Fadl brought up during the discussion and every objection he raised was dealt with in simple terms and in such a manner that he could not question the validity of the arguments put forward by the Baha'i teacher.
It may seem strange that uneducated people may become the recipients of the knowledge of God. Indeed, one of the proofs of the power of God in this Revelation is that in addition to the many learned people who ranked foremost among the teachers of the Faith, there were those who did not have a proper education and in some cases were even illiterate, but who succeeded in guiding many souls to the Cause of God.
As has been stated in previous volumes,[1] the knowledge of God and His Manifestations, the power to discover the mysteries of life, to comprehend religious truth, and to understand the reality of man is not dependent upon academic education. This knowledge is bestowed upon the individual by God. And it is the heart of man which receives it and becomes the wellspring of enlightenment, power and understanding. Baha'u'llah has clearly stated that the prerequisite for becoming the repository of such knowledge and understanding <p95> is detachment from this world. In the opening paragraph of the Kitab-i-Iqan He declares:
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 43-4, 98-9, 172-3, 186; vol. 2, pp. 33-4.]
No man shall attain the shores of the ocean of true
understanding except he be detached from all that is in
heaven and on earth. Sanctify your souls, O ye peoples of
the world, that haply ye may attain that station which God
hath destined for you and enter thus the tabernacle which,
according to the dispensations of Providence, hath been
raised in the firmament of the Bayan.

The essence of these words is this: they that tread the path
of faith, they that thirst for the wine of certitude, must
cleanse themselves of all that is earthly--their ears from idle
talk, their minds from vain imaginings, their hearts from
worldly affections, their eyes from that which perisheth.
They should put their trust in God, and, holding fast unto
Him, follow in His way. Then will they be made worthy of
the effulgent glories of the sun of divine knowledge and
understanding, and become the recipients of a grace that is
infinite and unseen, inasmuch as man can never hope to
attain unto the knowledge of the All-Glorious, can never
quaff from the stream of divine knowledge and wisdom, can
never enter the abode of immortality, nor partake of the cup
of divine nearness and favour, unless and until he ceases to
regard the words and deeds of mortal man as a standard for
the true understanding and recognition of God and His
Prophets.(5)
True understanding is the act of perceiving the inner meaning and the significance of a truth. Detachment from this world, a theme which has been constantly repeated and its meaning explained in the Writings of Baha'u'llah, is the key to living a life in harmony with the laws of creation. As we have already stated in previous volumes,[1] detachment from the world does not mean mendicancy, asceticism, poverty or carelessness in worldly affairs. One form of attachment, perhaps the most formidable, is the love of oneself and of one's <p96> accomplishments. In the above passage, Baha'u'llah has emphatically closed the door to any alternative by which man may obtain the great gift of understanding, which is not the same thing as scholarly knowledge acquired through learning and study.
[1 See vols. 1 and 2, 'Detachment'.]
A great scholar, a man of learning, may not necessarily be able to understand or discover the inner realities of God's creation and His Revelation. He must become detached from this world, and the greatest attachment for such a man is his knowledge![1] Indeed, as Baha'u'llah has often stated in His Writings, acquired knowledge may often become a veil for preventing the heart from receiving the light of divine guidance and the gift of true understanding. 'Abdu'l-Karim, who was not educated, and the other uneducated people who were primarily involved in teaching the Faith of Baha'u'llah to eminent men of learning such as Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, were endowed with the knowledge of God and possessed a great power of understanding. They had acquired these through their faith in Baha'u'llah and their detachment from their own ego and passion.
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 39-43.]
In his first interview with the believers, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl was surprised to find himself unable to cope with a Baha'i who was not a learned man, and could not refute his arguments. However, he requested his host 'Abdu'l-Karim to arrange a meeting in which one of the learned Baha'is would take part, for he desired to have an encounter with a person of his own calibre so that he could establish once and for all his own superiority and demonstrate the falsity of the claims of the Bab and Baha'u'llah!
The meeting was arranged, but 'Abdu'l-Karim did not invite a learned Baha'i as Mirza Abu'l-Fadl had requested. Although uneducated, 'Abdu'l-Karim in his great wisdom knew that a man who was so proud of his knowledge would be blind to the Message of God. He knew that what Mirza Abu'l-Fadl needed most was someone who could expose his real ignorance of true religion. No one would be better suited to carry out this than a simple believer devoid of academic knowledge but possessed of faith and spiritual understanding.
[Illustrations appearing between pages 96 and 97:]

MIRZA ABU'L-FADL
Eminent Baha'i scholar, Apostle of Baha'u'llah and
foremost expounder of His Faith

MANIKCHI SAHIB
A Zoroastrian envoy who became an admirer of
Baha'u'llah and received some Tablets from Him.
Mirza Abu'l-Fadl acted as his secretary for some time
and was his link with Baha'u'llah (see p. 269) <p97>
When Mirza Abu'l-Fadl arrived for this meeting he found himself again confronted with uneducated people. In the course of discussion he was utterly confounded by the simple yet brilliant proofs which were put forward in support of the Faith and in answer to his questions. He marvelled at these men who were devoid of learning and knowledge yet possessed such a marvellous understanding of the mysteries of the Qur'an and other Holy Books.
In the course of several meetings, discussions between Mirza Abu'l-Fadl and his unschooled Baha'i teachers continued. As anticipated by his host, these discussions had a sobering effect on Mirza Abu'l-Fadl. Since his prime motive in coming to Baha'i meetings was to disclose the absurdity of the claims of the Baha'is, he was remarkably humbled by his inability to refute the arguments presented by those few uneducated souls from among the believers, and his pride was badly hurt by the many humiliating defeats he encountered in the course of discussions with them. Later he met with learned Baha'is and conversed with them in numerous gatherings always finding their arguments irrefutable. Once he entered into discussion with the renowned Mulla Muhammad-i-Qa'ini (Nabil-i-Akbar).[1] At the end of that meeting he is reported to have exclaimed in an astonished tone: 'By God! No one could ever be found capable of withstanding the force of argument of this great man of knowledge.'
[1 See vol. 1, p. 91.]
In one of his writings, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl describes his early
days of contact with the Faith in these words:
In the year AH 1293 (AD 1876) when the writer of these pages
[i.e. Mirza Abu'l-Fadl] was a resident of Tihran and
steadfast in the faith of Shi'ah Islam, through some incidents
he established association with the people of Baha. The <p98>
prime object of his endeavours was to compel them to
surrender and help stifle their growth. For nearly eight
months he held many a debate with the learned of this Faith.
At the end of this period he found that all his vain
imaginings had been broken down and had vanished. He
then began to tread the path of search after truth. He exerted
all his efforts in investigating the proofs of this Faith,
established close association in a spirit of brotherhood with
the leaders of all religions, the Jewish, Zoroastrian,
Christian, Sunni, Shi'ah and Azali, made extensive enquiries
from both friends and foes concerning the history of the
Founder of this Faith, studied the Holy Books attentively,
meditated on the words of gnostics and divines most
carefully, and prayed in the dead of night and at dawn
supplicating the Almighty in a state of utter helplessness and
anguish to bestow upon him guidance and grant him a
seeing eye--until at last, through the operation of the will of
God, he acquired a penetrating insight into revealed
religions, and his distressed heart was filled with calm and
certitude.(6)
But before reaching the final stage of attaining certitude and embracing the Faith, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl went through a great deal of intellectual struggle. His mind was unable to reject the truth of the Cause but his heart was not touched by the light of faith and assurance. During this period of search he read most of the 'Writings of the Bab and Baha'u'llah that were available. The story of his reading the Kitab-i-Iqan for the first time and his reactions are recorded in a previous volume.[1] That incident is not only highly entertaining: at the same time it reveals the purity of his motive.
[1 Vol. 2, pp. 219-20.]
When Mirza Abu'l-Fadl found himself utterly confounded by the proofs and arguments which his Baha'i teachers had put forward, he entertained the idea that not until Baha'u'llah performed a miracle for him would his heart be satisfied. The Baha'is explained to him that miracles could not be regarded as a conclusive proof of the truth of the Messengers of God, for <p99> they were not capable of being witnessed universally and at all times. They were only meaningful for the few who had seen them. Furthermore it was not for man to test God. But Mirza Abu'l-Fadl insisted. He wrote a few questions on a paper, placed it in an envelope, sealed it with his own seal and handed it to 'Abdu'l-Karim for safe keeping. He then placed a blank sheet of paper in another envelope and asked 'Abdu'l-Karim to forward it to Baha'u'llah. He stated that if his questions were answered he would entertain no doubt about the truth of the Cause.
'Abdu'l-Karim, accompanied by Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, took the blank letter and the sealed envelope to the home of Haji Muhammad Isma'il-i-Dhabih[1] so that he could forward the letter to Baha'u'llah. Mirza Abu'l-Fadl later told the story to Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali, whose account is summarized in the following translation:
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 411-13.]

When we arrived we learnt that the Haji was not at home,
but his wife, who knew 'Abdu'l-Karim... warmly welcomed
us and insisted with such love and hospitality that
we went inside... We entered a room in which there were
books and a case containing Holy Tablets... She gave
us permission to open the case if we wished and study the
Holy Writings. As 'Abdu'l-Karim was unable to read, he
asked me if I would read for him. Through courtesy which
was characteristic of me I complied.

There was a Tablet written on blue paper addressed to
Sultan 'Abdu'l-'Aziz.[1] As I read it, I came upon the story of
the 'Show of Sultan Salim'[2] and I was fascinated by it. I
found the passages to be of the utmost eloquence, lucidity <p100>
and sweetness. The more I read it, the more I wanted to
read. I had never in all my life come across such wonderful
utterances, which captivated my mind and attracted my
heart. But I was thinking of everything in my mind except
that these were the words of God!
[1 Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali seems to have confused the issue of the Tablets. These were the Lawh-i-Ra'is and the Lawh-i-Fu'ad addressed to 'Ali Pasha and Fu'ad Pasha respectively and not to the Sultan, although references are made to the Sultan in these Tablets.]
[2 As a child, Baha'u'llah attended the wedding feast of one of his brothers in Tihran. There He saw a puppet-show which he recounts in the Lawh-i-Ra'is.]
Then I came to these exalted words: 'Soon will We dismiss the one who was like unto him, and will lay hand on their Chief[1] who ruleth the land, and I, verily, am the Almighty, the All-Compelling.'[2]
[1 Sultan 'Abdu'l-'Aziz.]
[2 This is a passage from the Lawh-i-Fu'ad, see p. 87. From what Haji Mirza Haydar 'Ali narrates, one concludes that Mirza Abu'l-Fadl had first read the Lawh-i-Ra'is (revealed in 'Akka) and then the Lawh-i-Fu'ad. It is reasonable to assume that he read the Suriy-i-Ra'is as well, because the latter (which was addressed to 'Ali Pasha) was revealed in honour of
Dhabih in whose house Mirza Abu'l-Fadl was.]
Upon reading this statement I was awe-struck, and plunged into a state of astonishment and wonder. For about half an hour I became speechless. Immersed in my thoughts, I wondered whether It was great magic or sorcery, and certainly it provided a grave test for me.
Eventually I was satisfied in my thoughts that we were
entering the 'time of the end' and not until Godlessness
spread would the Promised One come. I contended that
Baha'u'llah had made these statements and prophesies in
order to mislead ordinary people and keep a hold on His
followers. Otherwise it would not be possible for a person
who was a prisoner by the order of a King to address him in
such strong language and denounce him in such wrathful
terms, especially when He was single and alone, without a
helper in a foreign land... These vain imaginings and
satanic thoughts were flooding my mind and yet I praise
God and thank Him for his loving grace that I was never
inclined to dislike Baha'u'llah or be discourteous to Him.

... Anyhow, in order to rescue myself from 'Abdu'l-Karim,
I said to him... 'To possess the Dower of life over
created things is a miracle the like of which has not been
manifested by the Prophets of past'... Therefore I took
back the sealed envelope and my blank letter addressed to <p101>
Baha'u'llah and tore them up and declared that for me the
fulfilment of these prophecies would constitute the proof
and a criterion for truth. I also got a pledge that no one
would talk to me about the Faith any more until these
prophecies were fulfilled.

I thought to myself that the incident of going to the house
of the Haji was not only an act of providence which relieved
me of further discussion with the Baha'is, but also provided
a way by which I would be able to guide these souls and
rescue them from going the wrong way. But the believers
did not altogether cut off their association with me. They
came from time to time to see me and by their discourses...
tried to rescue me from the fetters of vain imaginings. But I
was like a spider. The more they cut the web of my idle
fancies the more I continued to make it.

Five or six months passed by [from the day he read the
above Tablets]. During this period I often thought of
Baha'u'llah's prophecy concerning the Sultan. Until one
day I was passing by the Masjid-i-Shah (the Shah Mosque)
of Tihran. My eyes fell upon Haji Mirzay-i-Afnan who was
a respectable merchant and one of the illustrious believers of
this Most Great Revelation. He was accompanied by Mirza
Haydar-'Aliy-i-Ardistani,[1] a survivor of the Fort of Shaykh
Tabarsi.[2]
[1 Not to be confused with the renowned Haji Mirza Haydar-'Aliy-i-Isfahani whose chronicles we are quoting in these pages.]
[2 See Nabil-i-A'zam, The Dawn-Breakers.]

These two men were standing in the street and talking
together. As I was trying to shun the Baha'is and steer clear
of them, I pulled my 'aba over my head[1] and began to cross
the road away from these two men. But they saw me and
called my name, and I had no choice but to respond to their
call. They said, 'Now the proof of the Faith of God has
been established for you. The news of the dethronement of
Sultan 'Abdu'l-'Aziz has reached here by telegram.' This
news dealt me an enormously heavy blow. Although I knew <p102>
what they were aiming at, I flared up with rage and shouted
at them angrily, 'It is no concern of mine that the Sultan has
been deposed. I am not a relative of his.' 'Did you not make
your acceptance of the truth of this Faith', they reminded
me, 'dependent upon this event?' I was so convulsed with
rage that I walked away without saying farewell. I did not
proceed to where I was intending to go; instead I went back
home.
[1 The 'aba was a cloak worn by orientals in those days. It was normally placed over the shoulders, but on cold days it was customary to pull it over one's head.]
Knowing the immensity of this test, I was overcome with
emotion and with tears flowing uncontrollably from my
eyes I begged God to assist me so that I might not be misled.
While I was in this condition, 'Abdu'l-Karim and two
others arrived. I was in no state of mind to invite them in, so
I left the house and did not return home until late at night
These friends knew that I could not face them and that I had
run away. They waited two to three days and then came. I
apologized for my behaviour on that evening, and said to
them that we must now wait until the prophecy of 'We will
lay hand on their Chief' be fulfilled. I explained that the
term 'lay hand on' did not mean natural death, for everyone
dies. It signified that he must be killed.

My zeal in finding the truth had by now reached its
climax. I visited all the learned men whom I trusted and
discussed the principles of religion with them but found
them helpless, while the proofs put forward by the Baha'is
were, in my view, overwhelming and far superior. By this
time I found myself able to discover the mysteries and
understand the reality and significances of the verses of the
Qur'an.

A few days passed and the news of the assassination of the
Sultan was flashed by telegram. I went out of my mind, and
was utterly perplexed. I was so agitated that I even aimed
blows at myself. At one time I would fight with God, at
another I would turn unbeliever, then I would repent and
beseech God to assist, guide and protect me. I went through
such an ordeal that day and night I could not relieve myself
from these thoughts. I could neither eat nor sleep. I could
not eat. I only drank tea and smoked and wept.

One night I was roused from my slumber and I began to <p103>
admonish myself in these words: 'It is about one year that
you have been associating and arguing with these Baha'is.
These men are illiterate and uneducated, yet they have
asserted their ascendancy over you every time, they have
adduced proofs and demonstrated the validity of their
Cause. Although you consider yourself to be a learned man
and a researcher in the Holy Books, commentaries and
traditions, yet you know that these men are much more
resourceful than you are. It is as if they are inspired and
assisted by God, and the Holy Spirit speaks through them.
You have also been a witness to their exalted character and
heavenly virtues. Why then should you interpret their
words as the breathings of the evil whisperer? You
remember how enchanted you were when you read the
story of the 'Show of Sultan Salim' in the Lawh-i-Ra'is!
How you were attracted by the eloquence and sublimity of
those words! Now, you ought to read and investigate the
writings of the one who claims to be the revealer of the
Word of God with the eye of justice and fairness. If this
Cause be untrue, the first to contend it is God. Therefore, its
survival is impossible...

I arose, performed my ablutions and said prayers. I then
took the Tablet of Baha'u'llah [Lawh-i-Ra'is] which,
although it had been in my possession for a long time, I had
not been moved to read. I opened it, turned tearfully and
with devotion to God, and began to read it. It was then that I
heard the voice of God... calling me through the
mouthpiece of this Manifestation, 'Am I not your Lord?'
To that call reaching me from the Beauty of the All-Glorious,
I responded with all my heart, 'Thou art, thou
art![1] I believed.
[1 In Islam, this expression is used as the response of the believer to the call of God when He manifests Himself to him.]
I passed from the state of idle fancies and vain imaginings
into that of certitude... I became highly attracted to the
Word of God and carried away by its power. I felt such love
and devotion towards the Dayspring of Divine Revelation
[Baha'u'llah] and experienced such joy and ecstasy in myself
that I cannot ever describe it. Words cannot express the <p104>
heights of spirituality to which I had been transformed... I
knew that if I served these souls who had become the cause
of my guidance to the end of my days, and if I laid down my
Life in their path, I should never be able to repay them for
giving me eternal salvation and spiritual life...

With infinite joy I spent that night. Before dawn I
hastened to the house of 'Abdu'l-Karim, kissed the
threshold of his door, prostrated myself at his feet and
manifested such humility and self-effacement towards him
that he was highly embarrassed. He told me that my
behaviour was not warranted and it was based on my vain
Imaginings, for God is the one who guides the souls and not
man.[7]
After embracing the Faith of Baha'u'llah, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl became an entirely new creation. He acquired keen spiritual insight and a faith seldom seen among the followers of Baha'u'llah. Probably the reason for this, in the first instance, was the purity of his heart which enabled him in his arduous journey of search after truth to battle through and tear up many veils of pride, superstition and vain imaginings, until there was nothing left but a pure spirit attracted to Baha'u'llah as a piece of iron would be to a powerful magnet. So complete was this attraction that, like to the iron when it becomes magnetized, he surrendered his will entirely to that of Baha'u'llah and as a result became a spiritual giant adorned with such virtues and accomplishments that few, if any, of the Apostles of Baha'u'llah have surpassed him in qualities and perfections.
In the second instance, through the influence of the Faith of Baha'u'llah, his vast knowledge of religion, history and philosophy acquired a new dimension, a new quality and a new power. The forces of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah acted as rays of light, and his knowledge as the eye. The combination of the two brought him new vision. This knowledge, now guided by the light of faith and coupled with detachment from all earthly things, bestowed upon him the gift of true <p105> understanding of such magnitude that he became a wellspring of divine knowledge. He used this knowledge as a tool to understand, to the extent that it is possible for man to do, the inner reality of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah. Through the knowledge of God, detachment from all earthly things, and living the life, he recognized the station of Baha'u'llah and the greatness of this Cause to a degree that perhaps only a few have attained.
The recognition of the Manifestation of God (Baha'u'llah, in this day) is the first step towards the spiritual development of the soul. And as this recognition is relative and varies from person to person, it is apparent that those who succeed in recognizing the grandeur of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah in depth, and become truly aware of His transcendent glory and awe-inspiring majesty, will be endowed with far greater powers of spiritual understanding. Mirza Abu'l-Fadl achieved this to a supreme degree and became the fulfilment of these words of Baha'u'llah:
Whoso hath recognized Me, will arise and serve Me with
such determination that the powers of earth and heaven
shall be unable to defeat his purpose.(8)
That he had perceived with such penetrating insight the significance and greatness of the Day of God ushered in by Baha'u'llah is evident from his writings and the example of his life.
The late Ali-Kuli Khan,[1] who spent a considerable time with Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, has described the ardour with which the latter used to pray, and then comments: 'The reason he prayed with such fervour and such weeping was his concept of the greatness of God and his own nothingness; his belief that his very existence, bestowed on him by Divine mercy, was a sin in this Day "whereon naught can be seen except the <p106> splendours of the Light that shineth from the face of thy Lord ..."'[9]
[1 He rendered notable services to the Faith in the early days of its establishment in the West; among his services were many works of translation.]
Through these qualities Mirza Abu'l-Fadl became a source of divine knowledge and an embodiment of Baha'i virtues, of humility and self-effacement to such an extent that 'Abdu'l-Baha in one of his talks(10) after Mirza Abu'l-Fadl's passing described him as a 'supreme exemplar for the Baha'is to follow'. On another occasion He referred to him as a 'lamp of this Cause', 'the light of guidance', 'a brilliant star', 'a billowing ocean'. When in America, the Master sent a telegram to a friend in Egypt directing him to take great care of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl and saying, 'His person is to be regarded as My own self.'
The same Ali-Kuli Khan has described him in these words: 'If I had never seen 'Abdu'l-Baha and Shoghi Effendi, I would consider Mirza Abu'l-Fadl the greatest being I ever laid eyes on.'(11)
Mirza Abu'l-Fadl knew the station of Baha'u'llah to be so exalted, and himself so unworthy, that he felt unable to seek permission to attain His presence. He was one of the Apostles of Baha'u'llah who never gazed upon the face of His Lord. But he attained the presence of 'Abdu'l-Baha for the first time in 1894 and basked in the sunshine of His love for about ten months. Here he showed such humility and self-effacement that the believers who were present learned from him the meaning of true servitude and utter nothingness. Ali-Kuli Khan has described this so beautifully:
... Yes, but really to know his greatness, you had to watch
him when he was in the presence of 'Abdu'l-Baha. Then his
knowledge reduced him to nothingness, and you thought of
a pebble on the ocean shore.(12)
Concerning the great bounty of meeting 'Abdu'l-Baha he has written this account:
When in AD 1894 the author travelled to the Holy Land and, <p107>
through the assistance of the Divine Favors, attained unto
the visit of His Holy Threshold, he was amazed to behold in
Him all virtues and perfections. These were witnessed
during ten months residence in the shelter of His nearness.
Many a time we were in His Holy Presence when
multitudes of prominent people were there, such as judges,
doctors and great military and civil officials of different
nationality, religion and language. While He was in their
midst large packages of letters from all parts and countries
of the world were brought to Him. Although encompassed
with insurmountable difficulties, He--Glorified is His
Name and Grandeur!--continued to answer questions and
requests made by those present, while He wrote replies to
each letter. These Tablets and replies were written without
meditation, pause of pen, or preliminary rough-copy, and
without the help of a scribe. All regions are filled with His
Tablets and hearts are attracted through their spread. He has
caused the Voice of His Lord... to reach the high heavens.
Through the words of His widespread epistles, which exhale
the purest fragrances of His Utterances, souls are uplifted;
and from their verses the fountains of knowledge and
wisdom flow onward.(13)
This great man, whom Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha cherished so dearly, and the example of whose life 'Abdu'l-Baha bade His followers emulate, in memory of whose outstanding services to the Cause is named one of the doors of the Shrine of the Bab, served the Faith of God with distinction mainly because he had detached himself from all earthly things and had the capacity to become the recipient of the bounties and confirmations of Baha'u'llah.[1]
[1 For an account of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl's activities as a Baha'i teacher, see Appendix II.] <p108>
The World's Most Powerful Rulers
In spite of the severity of the restrictions laid on Baha'u'llah in the barracks of 'Akka, He joyously imparted to His followers the glad tidings that soon through the power of the Almighty the gates of the prison would be opened and the spiritual influences of His all-encompassing Revelation would increasingly permeate the whole world. As we survey the succession of events from the day Baha'u'llah declared His station in the Garden of Ridvan in 1863 up to the time that He was incarcerated in the Most Great Prison, we note with awe and wonder the momentous happenings which had taken place and the immensity and vastness of His Revelation which had so effectively revitalized the fortunes of the community of the Most Great Name.
During this short period of time covering not quite six years, Baha'u'llah, the Supreme Manifestation of God, had unveiled the glory of His Countenance hidden behind 'a myriad veils of light' to a number of His companions in that Garden, when according to His own testimony the whole of creation had been 'immersed in the sea of purification' and the splendours of the light of His Countenance broke upon the world. At that moment the seed of a new world-embracing, world-vitalizing order, divine in origin and possessed of immeasurable potentialities, had been sown in the soil of human society, destined to germinate one decade later with the revelation of the Kitab-i-Aqdas when the laws and ordinances as well as the institutions of that same order would be brought into being.
In the short period of time separating the Declaration of His Mission and His imprisonment in 'Akka, the great majority of <p109> the followers of the Bab had embraced the Cause of Baha'u'llah, identified themselves with His name, and some had gone as pilgrims, travelling long distances, often on foot, to attain His presence. As a result of their coming into contact with the vitalizing spirit of His exalted Person, most of them became a new creation. They glowed like balls of fire, returned to their homes and radiated the light of His Faith to countless souls in Persia; many of them willingly accepted the crown of martyrdom and laid down their lives in His path.
In that same period, the Cause of God had witnessed a prodigious outpouring of divine revelation for five years in Adrianople, culminating in the historic proclamation of His Message in that land. The Suriy-i-Muluk[1] (Surih of the Kings) had been revealed in language of authority and power and through it the clarion call of a mighty King had been sounded and His claims fully asserted. The Tablet described by Him as 'The Rumbling' of His proclamation, addressed to Nasiri'd-Din Shah of Persia had been revealed, though not yet delivered.
[1 See vol. 2, ch. 15.]
His first Tablet to Napoleon III had been dispatched. The Suriy-i-Ra'is[1] in which 'Ali Pasha, the Grand Vizir, had been severely rebuked and about which Baha'u'llah had testified that from the moment of its revelation 'until the present day, neither hath the world been tranquillized, nor have the hearts of its people been at rest', had been revealed, and the prophecies it contained had been noted with awe and wonder.
[1 See vol. 2, p. 411.]
Furthermore, the process of the disintegration and rolling up of the old order had been set in motion when the summons of the Lord of Hosts to the kings and rulers of the world was either rejected or ignored. Also in that short period of time, the breaker of the Covenant of the Bab, Mirza Yahya, stigmatized by Baha'u'llah as the 'Most Great Idol' had been cast out with the hands of power and might from the community of the Most Great Name. <p110>
Such were the great and momentous events that had marked the opening years of Baha'u'llah's ministry since the declaration of His mission in Baghdad, and now, in 'Akka, though confined to a cell and cut off from the body of the believers, the outpouring of Baha'u'llah's Revelation did not cease. The Ocean of His utterance continued to surge and the Tongue of Grandeur spoke with authority and might. Behind the walls of the Most Great Prison, the Pen of the Most High directed its warnings and exhortations first to His immediate persecutors and then to some of the outstanding monarchs of the world at that time.
'Never since the beginning of the world,' Baha'u'llah
Himself affirms, 'hath the Message been so openly proclaimed.'
'Each one of them,' He, specifically referring to
the Tablets addressed by Him to the sovereigns of the
earth--Tablets acclaimed by 'Abdu'l-Baha as a 'miracle'--
has written, 'hath been designated by a special name. The
first hath been named 'The Rumbling,' the second 'The
Blow,' the third 'The Inevitable,' the fourth, 'The Plain,' the
fifth 'The Catastrophe,' and the others 'The Stunning
Trumpet-Blast,' 'The Near Event,' 'The Great Terror,' 'The
Trumpet,' 'The Bugle,' and the like, so that all the peoples
of the earth may know, of a certainty, and may witness, with
outward and inward eyes that He Who is the Lord of
Names hath prevailed, and will continue to prevail, under
all conditions, over all men.'(1)
Tablet to Napoleon III
Baha'u'llah's first Tablet to Napoleon III, sent while He was in Adrianople, had been received by the monarch with discourtesy and disrespect.[1] He is reported to have flung down the Tablet saying 'If this man is God, I am two gods!' The second Tablet to Napoleon III was revealed (in Arabic) <p111> and sent to him in 1869, after Baha'u'llah had received a communication from one of the Emperor's ministers informing Him that up till then there had been no reply forthcoming. This Tablet, unlike the previous one which was written in a mild tone, is revealed in majestic language, has the tone of supreme authority and declares unmistakably that its Author is none other than the King of Kings. Its opening paragraph alone is sufficient to convey to the reader a glimpse of the majesty of Baha'u'llah's utterance:
[1 See vol. 2, p. 368.]
O King of Paris! Tell the priest to ring the bells no longer.
By God, the True One! The Most Mighty Bell hath
appeared in the form of Him Who is the Most Great Name,
and the fingers of the will of thy Lord, the Most Exalted, the
Most High, toll it out in the heaven of Immortality, in His
Name, the All-Glorious... Give ear, O King, unto the
Voice that calleth from the Fire which burneth in this
Verdant Tree, upon this Sinai which hath been raised above
the hallowed and snow-white Spot, beyond the Everlasting
City: 'Verily, there is none other God but Me, the Ever-Forgiving,
the Most Merciful!'(2)
In this Tablet Baha'u'llah prophesies Napoleon's downfall, states the reason for it, and declares his doom to be inevitable unless he makes amends and arises to serve His Cause.

These passages gleaned from the Tablet will serve to acquaint the reader with Baha'u'llah's compelling utterance rebuking one of the mightiest monarchs of His time:
O King! We heard the words thou didst utter in answer to
the Czar of Russia, concerning the decision made regarding
the war (Crimean War). Thy Lord, verily, knoweth, is
informed of all. Thou didst say: 'I lay asleep upon my
couch, when the cry of the oppressed, who were drowned in
the Black Sea, awakened me.' This is what we heard thee
say, and, verily, thy Lord is witness unto what I say. We
testify that that which wakened thee was not their cry, but <p112>
the promptings of thine own passions, for We tested thee,
and found thee wanting. Comprehend the meaning of My
words, and be thou of the discerning... Hadst thou been
sincere in thy words, thou wouldst have not cast behind thy
back the Book of God, when it was sent unto thee by Him
Who is the Almighty, the All-Wise. We have proved thee
through it, and found thee other than that which thou didst
profess. Arise, and make amends for that which escaped
thee. Ere long the world and all that thou possessest will
perish, and the kingdom will remain unto God, thy Lord
and the Lord of thy fathers of old. It behooveth thee not to
conduct thine affairs according to the dictates of thy desires.
Fear the sighs of this Wronged One, and shield Him from
the darts of such as act unjustly. For what thou hast done,
thy kingdom shall be thrown into confusion, and thine
empire shall pass from thine hands, as a punishment for that
which thou hast wrought. Then wilt thou know how thou
hast plainly erred. Commotions shall seize all the people in
that land, unless thou arisest to help this Cause, and
followest Him Who is the Spirit of God (Jesus) in this, the
straight Path. Hath thy pomp made thee proud? By My
Life! It shall not endure; nay, It shall soon pass away, unless
thou holdest fast by this firm Cord. We see abasement
hastening after thee, while thou art of the heedless...
Abandon thy palaces to the people of the graves, and thine
empire to whosoever desireth it, and turn, then, unto the
Kingdom. This, verily, is what God hath chosen for thee,
wert thou of them that turn unto Him... Shouldst thou
desire to bear the weight of thy dominion, bear it then to aid
the Cause of thy Lord. Glorified be this station which
whoever attaineth thereunto hath attained unto all good
that proceedeth from Him Who is the All-Knowing, the
All-Wise... Exultest thou over the treasures thou dost
possess, knowing they shall perish? Rejoicest thou in that
thou rulest a span of earth, when the whole world, in the
estimation of the people of Baha, is worth as much as the
black in the eye of a dead ant? Abandon it unto such as have
set their affections upon it, and turn thou unto Him Who is
the Desire of the world. Whither are gone the proud and <p113>
their palaces? Gaze thou into their tombs, that thou mayest
profit by this example, inasmuch as We made it a lesson
unto every beholder. Were the breezes of Revelation to
seize thee, thou wouldst flee the world, and turn unto the
Kingdom, and wouldst expend all thou possessest, that thou
mayest draw nigh unto this sublime Vision.(3)
It took only a few months for Baha'u'llah's prophecies to be fulfilled; the Emperor met his doom in 1870.
Shoghi Effendi has written a brief account of this in The Promised Day Is Come:
The significance of the sombre and pregnant words
uttered by Baha'u'llah in His second Tablet was soon
revealed. He who was actuated in provoking the Crimean
War by his selfish desires, who was prompted by a personal
grudge against the Russian Emperor, who was impatient to
tear up the Treaty of 1815 in order to avenge the disaster of
Moscow, and who sought to shed military glory over his
throne, was soon himself engulfed by a catastrophe that
hurled him in the dust, and caused France to sink from her
preeminent station among the nations to that of a fourth
Power in Europe.

The battle of Sedan in 1870 sealed the fate of the French
Emperor. The whole of his army was broken up and
surrendered, constituting the greatest capitulation hitherto
recorded in modern history. A crushing indemnity was
exacted. He himself was taken prisoner. His only son, the
Prince Imperial, was killed, a few years later, in the Zulu
War. The Empire collapsed, its programme unrealized. The
Republic was proclaimed. Paris was subsequently besieged
and capitulated. 'The terrible year' marked by civil war,
exceeding in its ferocity the Franco-German War, followed.
William I, the Prussian king, was proclaimed German
Emperor in the very palace which stood as a 'mighty
monument and symbol of the power and pride of Louis
XIV, a power which had been secured to some extent by the
humiliation of Germany.' Deposed by a disaster 'so <p114>
appalling that it resounded throughout the world,' this false
and boastful monarch suffered in the end, and till his death
the same exile as that which, in the case of Baha'u'llah, he
had so heartlessly ignored.(4)
The Tablet of Baha'u'llah to Napoleon was taken out of the Prison by a person who hid it in his hat so that it might not be detected by the guards. It was delivered to the French consular agent in 'Akka[1] who translated it into French and sent it to the Emperor. The reading of the Tablet revealed in such majestic and eloquent language, containing such ominous warnings to the Emperor, deeply affected the son of the French agent who became a believer when he saw to his amazement the fulfilment of Baha'u'llah's prophecies within so short a period of time.
[1 Louis Catafago, a Christian Arab.]
For those who have embraced the Cause of Baha'u'llah and recognized the divine origin of His Revelation, there can be no comparison between His Words--the Words of God--and the writings of men. Indeed, immeasurable is the difference between the two. Not only are His words creative, not only do they penetrate deep into the hearts of people and revolutionize human society, but from a literary point of view alone, the Writings of Baha'u'llah do not always follow the logical pattern which the minds of men have devised. A writer worthy of his name will commonly dwell on one subject at a time and develop his theme step by step in a logical manner. He does not introduce a subject which is not relevant to his theme half-way through. But the revealed Word is not sent down by God in the pattern of man's thinking and logic. It is exalted above human limitations; it is like a limitless ocean beyond the reach of man, an ocean from whose billowing waves only a few drops resembling words fall upon the shores of human understanding. But its outpouring follows no pattern which the mind of man can comprehend.
An example of this non-conformity may be found in the Tablet to Napoleon, where Baha'u'llah gives one of His most binding commandments to His followers in these words: <p115>
God hath prescribed unto every one the duty of teaching
His Cause. Whoever ariseth to discharge this duty, must
needs, ere he proclaimeth His Message, adorn himself with
the ornament of an upright and praiseworthy character, so
that his words may attract the hearts of such as are receptive
to his call. Without it, he can never hope to influence his
hearers.(5)
And also He counsels His loved ones:
O people of Baha! Subdue the citadels of men's hearts with
the swords of wisdom and of utterance. They that dispute,
as prompted by their desires, are indeed wrapped in a
palpable veil. Say: The sword of wisdom is hotter than
summer heat, and sharper than blades of steel, if ye do but
understand. Draw it forth in My name and through the
power of My might, and conquer, then, with it the cities of
the hearts of them that have secluded themselves in the
stronghold of their corrupt desires. Thus biddeth you the
Pen of the All-Glorious, whilst seated beneath the swords
of the wayward. If ye become aware of a sin committed by
another, conceal it, that God may conceal your own sin. He,
verily, is the Concealer, the Lord of grace abounding. O ye
rich ones on earth! If ye encounter one who is poor, treat
him not disdainfully. Reflect upon that whereof ye were
created. Every one of you was created of a sorry germ.(6)
Another example is when Baha'u'llah chooses to announce, in the middle of His Tablet to Napoleon, that the two greatest Festivals in the Faith are the Festival of Ridvan and the Festival of the Declaration of the Bab, and that these are followed by two other Festivals, His own birthday and that of the Bab. In this Tablet, Baha'u'llah also announces the formulation of the law of fasting and stipulates its duration to be nineteen days.[1] Such is divine Revelation!
[1 A great part of the Tablet to Napoleon III is translated into English and published, but some passages such as those referred to above are not translated yet.] <p116>
Tablet to Pope Pius IX
The Tablet to Pope Pius IX (in Arabic) was revealed by Baha'u'llah around the same time as that to Napoleon. In it Baha'u'llah identifies Himself as the Lord of Lords and addresses the Pope with the authority and majesty of God, proclaiming to him in unequivocal language the promised return of Christ in the glory of the Father, and summoning him with the commanding voice of the Almighty to leave his palaces and hasten to present himself before the throne of his Lord.
Here are some extracts from this mighty Tablet:
O Pope! Rend the veils asunder. He Who is the Lord of
Lords is come overshadowed with clouds, and the decree
hath been fulfilled by God, the Almighty, the Unrestrained
... He, verily, hath again come down from Heaven even as
He came down from it the first time. Beware that thou
dispute not with Him even as the Pharisees disputed with
Him (Jesus) without a clear token or proof...

Dwellest thou in palaces whilst He Who is the King of
Revelation liveth in the most desolate of abodes? Leave
them unto such as desire them, and set thy face with joy and
delight towards the Kingdom... Arise in the name of thy
Lord, the God of Mercy, amidst the peoples of the earth,
and seize thou the Cup of Life with the hands of confidence
and first drink thou therefrom, and proffer it then to such as
turn towards it amongst the peoples of all faiths...

Call thou to remembrance Him Who was the Spirit
(Jesus), Who when He came, the most learned of His age
pronounced judgment against Him in His own country,
whilst he who was only a fisherman believed in Him. Take
heed., then, ye men of understanding heart!...
O Supreme Pontiff! Incline thine ear unto that which the
Fashioner of mouldering bones counselleth thee, as voiced
by Him Who is His Most Great Name. Sell all the
embellished ornaments thou dost possess, and expend them <p117>
in the path of God, Who causeth the night to return upon
the day, and the day to return upon the night. Abandon thy
kingdom unto the kings, and emerge from thy habitation,
with thy face set towards the Kingdom, and, detached from
the world, then speak forth the praises of thy Lord betwixt
earth and heaven. Thus hath bidden thee He Who is the
Possessor of Names, on the part of thy Lord, the Almighty,
the All-Knowing.(7)
It is significant that very soon after the revelation of this Tablet, the temporal sovereignty of the Pope, which for centuries had proved to be the most powerful in Christendom but which had been diminishing in its power and influence for some time, was, through the potency of the words of the heavenly Father, dramatically extinguished.
Shoghi Effendi in his evaluation of this event has written:
In 1870, after Baha'u'llah had revealed His Epistle to Pius
IX, King Victor Emmanuel I went to war with the Papal
states, and his troops entered Rome and seized it. On the eve
of its seizure, the Pope repaired to the Lateran and, despite
his age and with his face bathed in tears, ascended on bended
knees the Scala Santa. The following morning, as the
cannonade began, he ordered the white flag to be hoisted
above the dome of St. Peter. Despoiled, he refused to
recognize this 'creation of revolution,' excommunicated the
invaders of his states, denounced Victor Emmanuel as the
'robber King' and as 'forgetful of every religious principle,
despising every right, trampling upon every law.' Rome,
'the Eternal City, on which rest twenty-five centuries of
glory,' and over which the Popes had ruled in
unchallengeable right for ten centuries, finally became the
seat of the new kingdom, and the scene of that humiliation
which Baha'u'llah had anticipated and which the Prisoner of
the Vatican had imposed upon himself.

'The last years of the old Pope,' writes a commentator on
his life, 'were filled with anguish. To his physical infirmities
was added the sorrow of beholding, all too often, the Faith
outraged in the very heart of Rome, the religious orders <p118>
despoiled and persecuted, the Bishops and priests debarred
from exercising their functions.

Every effort to retrieve the situation created in 1870
proved fruitless. The Archbishop of Posen went to
Versailles to solicit Bismarck's intervention in behalf of the
Papacy, but was coldly received. Later a Catholic party was
organized in Germany to bring political pressure on the
German Chancellor. All, however, was in vain. The mighty
process already referred to had to pursue inexorably its
course. Even now, after the lapse of above half a century, the
so-called restoration of temporal sovereignty has but served
to throw into greater relief the helplessness of this erstwhile
potent Prince, at whose name kings trembled and to whose
dual sovereignty they willingly submitted. This temporal
sovereignty, practically confined to the minuscule City of
the Vatican, and leaving Rome the undisputed possession of
a secular monarchy, has been obtained at the price of
unreserved recognition, so long withheld, of the Kingdom
of Italy. The Treaty of the Lateran, claiming to have
resolved once and for all the Roman Question, has indeed
assured to a secular Power, in respect of the Enclaved City, a
liberty of action which is fraught with uncertainty and peril.
'The two souls of the Eternal City,' a Catholic writer has
observed, 'have been separated from each other, only to
collide more severely than ever before.'

Well might the Sovereign Pontiff recall the reign of the
most powerful among his predecessors, Innocent III who,
during the eighteen years of his pontificate, raised and
deposed the kings and the emperors, whose interdicts
deprived nations of the exercise of Christian worship, at the
feet of whose legate the King of England surrendered his
crown, and at whose voice the fourth and the fifth crusades
were both undertaken.[8]
Tablet to Czar Alexander II
Another Tablet revealed in 'Akka was a Tablet to the Czar of Russia, Alexander II. It was revealed in Arabic. In it Baha'u'llah proclaims His station, identifies Himself as the <p119> Heavenly Father and calls on him to arise in His Name, proclaim His Mission and summon the nations to His Cause. These are some of the words of Baha'u'llah addressed to the Czar:
O Czar of Russia! Incline thine ear unto the voice of God,
the King, the Holy, and turn thou unto Paradise, the Spot
wherein abideth He Who, among the Concourse on high,
beareth the most excellent titles, and Who, in the kingdom
of creation, is called by the name of God, the Effulgent, the
All-Glorious. Beware lest thy desire deter thee from turning
towards the face of thy Lord, the Compassionate, the Most
Merciful... Beware lest thy sovereignty withhold thee
from Him Who is the Supreme Sovereign. He, verily, is
come with His Kingdom, and all the atoms cry aloud: 'Lo!
The Lord is come in His great majesty!' He Who is the
Father is come and the Son (Jesus), in the holy vale, crieth
out: 'Here am I, here am I, O Lord, My God!', whilst Sinai
circleth round the House, and the Burning Bush calleth
aloud: 'The All-Bounteous is come mounted upon the
clouds! Blessed is he that draweth nigh unto Him, and woe
betide them that are far away.'
Arise thou amongst men in the name of this all-compelling
Cause, and summon, then, the nations unto
God, the Exalted, the Great.(9)
Describing the pre-eminent nature of His Revelation, Baha'u'llah writes:
Say: This is an Announcement whereat the hearts of the
Prophets and Messengers have rejoiced. This is the One
Whom the heart of the world remembereth and is promised
in the Books of God, the Mighty, the All-Wise. The hands
of the Messengers were, in their desire to meet Me, upraised
towards God, the Mighty, the Glorified... Some lamented
in their separation from Me, others endured hardships in
My path, and still others laid down their lives for the sake of
My Beauty, could ye but know it. Say: I, verily, have not
sought to extol Mine Own Self, but rather God Himself <p120>
were ye to judge fairly. Naught can be seen in Me except
God and His Cause, could ye but perceive it. I am the One
Whom the tongue of Isaiah hath extolled, the One with
Whose name both the Torah and the Evangel were adorned
...(10)
The exhortations of Baha'u'llah fell on deaf ears. Unmoved by the proclamation of so mighty a message, Alexander II ruled over his country until 1881 when he was assassinated, and with the rise of Bolshevism in 1917 his dynasty was extinguished.
There is a passage in this Tablet in which Baha'u'llah refers to the Czar's supplication to God but does not reveal its details. He writes:
We, verily, have heard the thing for which thou didst
supplicate thy Lord, whilst secretly communing with Him.
Wherefore, the breeze of My loving-kindness wafted forth,
and the sea of My Mercy surged, and We answered thee in
truth. Thy Lord, verily, is the All-Knowing, the All-Wise.(11)
A certain believer Aqa Muhammad-Rahim, a native of Isfahan, was confronted with a question from a Russian Consul in Esterabad concerning the above passage. This is his story as recorded in the memoirs of Ustad 'Ali-Akbar-i-Banna[1] of Yazd.
Aqa Muhammad-Rahim became a believer at a time of
persecutions and sufferings. But he did not become
inhibited by opposition. He taught the Faith openly and as a
result some people embraced the Faith while others rose up
in opposition, intent upon harming him, especially his
father who was bitterly against him. Eventually he had to <p121>
forgo wealth and prosperity at home, and, detached from all
earthly things, he migrated to Sabzivar (Province of
Khurasan) where he worked for some time in the copper
mines. Later, as a result of persecutions against the believers
in Sabzivar he left for 'Ishqabad where he resided till the end
of his life.
[1 Ustad 'Ali-Akbar was an outstanding follower of Baha'u'llah who was martyred in Yazd in 1903. He lived for some years in 'Ishqabad and rendered notable services to the Faith. His memoirs deal mainly with the history of the Cause and the believers in 'Ishqabad. The Tablet of Tajalliyat was revealed in his honour. We shall refer to him in more detail in the next volume.]
Aqa Muhammad-Rahim was an accomplished teacher of the Faith as well as a writer. He visited 'Akka twice during the lifetime of Baha'u'llah and attained His presence. He told us the following story:
'Before I went on my first pilgrimage to attain the Holy
Presence of Baha'u'llah, a Russian Consul in Esterabad had
intimated to an Armenian merchant that he would like to
meet a Baha'i from Sabzivar who could bring some Baha'i
books for him. He had also offered to pay the expenses
involved. The Armenian merchant gave this message to Haji
Muhammad-Kazim, a merchant of Isfahan (a Baha'i). The
Haji and other believers consulted together and decided that
I should go.

The Armenian merchant wrote a letter of introduction to
the Consul which I took with me along with some Baha'i
books. I travelled to Esterabad and two days later I went to
the Consul and handed him the letter. He invited me to stay
at his home, which I did. We used to talk together in the
evenings. He talked about some parts of the history of the
Faith t at he knew, and I enlightened him on subjects that
he was not familiar with. One night he said to me: 'The main
purpose in calling you here is to ask you the meaning of the
following passage which appears in Baha'u'llah's Tablet to
the Czar: "We, verily have heard the thing for which thou
didst supplicate thy Lord, whilst secretly communing with
Him. Wherefore, the breeze of My loving-kindness wafted
forth, and the sea of My mercy surged, and We answered
thee in truth. Thy Lord, verily, is the All-Knowing, the All-Wise."'

What did the Czar ask in his prayer which was granted to
him? I did not know what to answer, so I said, 'God knows
that.' 'That is obvious,' he said, 'but how do you interpret
this passage?' I meditated for a little while on the subject and <p122>
came to the conclusion that kings don't ask anything from
God except victory in their conquests and defeat for their
enemies... To reverse the situation after Russia's defeat in
the Crimean War, the Czar had prayed to God to make him
victorious in his fight against the Ottomans and to enable
him to conquer their cities. I conveyed all these thoughts to
the Consul and suggested that he ought to write a letter to
the Czar and inform him that his prayers would be
answered and that he should carry out his plans and
intentions.

After a few days he paid my travelling expenses and I
returned home. But in my heart I was apprehensive lest my
interpretation of the Tablet might have been incorrect. I was
worried about this subject. Fear and hope dwelt together in
my heart until I travelled to 'Akka and arrived at the
Caravanserai. It did not take very long before Mirza Aqa
Jan [Baha'u'llah's amanuensis] came to see me. Among
other things he asked me: 'What things did you say to the
Russian Consul?' I remained silent and became
apprehensive. An hour later Ghusn-i-Akbar [Mirza
Muhammad-'Ali, the son of Baha'u'llah who later became
the Arch-Breaker of the Covenant of Baha'u'llah] came to
visit me. He also asked the same question. That added to my
anxiety.

The following morning, the Most Great Branch ['Abdu'l-Baha]
came. I felt obliged to tell Him the whole story
exactly as it had happened and I confessed to the mistake I
had made in my statement. 'Abdu'l-Baha said to me, 'Be
happy and relieved, for the statement you have made was
the truth, because on a certain day the Blessed Beauty
intimated that at that very moment someone was reading
the Tablet of the Czar. Then Baha'u'llah mentioned you.
He said, "The Russian Consul asked one of Our servants
'What was the prayer of the King?' The answer he received
was a correct one." Then He revealed your name, saying
"That person was Aqa Muhammad-Rahim-i-Isfahani."'[1] I
thanked God for this and was very happy to hear it."(12)
[1 These are not the exact words of Baha'u'llah or 'Abdu'l-Baha. They are the recollections of Aqa Muhammad-Rahim.] <p123>
These thoughts of Aqa Muhammad-Rahim, conveyed to the Russian Consul, refer to the war of 1877-8 between Russia and Turkey. The Czar went to war apparently to avenge the defeat of his father in the Crimean War. At first his armies made considerable progress and were moving toward Constantinople. Then their progress was halted by the Turks and many Russian soldiers were killed in the battles which followed. The Czar saw the prospect of defeat again, and Aqa Muhammad-Rahim thought this must have been the time that the Czar had turned to God in prayer beseeching His help. Baha'u'llah states in His Tablet that the Czar's prayers were answered.
It should be noted here that in the Suriy-i-Ra'is, revealed a few years before when He was on His way to 'Akka, Baha'u'llah had foretold the calamities which were to befall the Turkish Government and people as a punishment from God for the cruelties they had inflicted on Him and His disciples. And later, in the Kitab-i-Aqdas (The Most Holy Book), He made a further denunciation of the tyrannical regime in Turkey and prophesied its downfall.[1]
[1 See below, pp. 151-2.]
The murder of Sultan 'Abdu'l-'Aziz in 1876 was the initial punishment, followed by the war of 1877-8 which brought victory to the Russians and set in motion the process of the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Adrianople was occupied by the Russians and no less than eleven million people were freed from the cruelties of that tyrannical regime.
Tablet to Queen Victoria
A Tablet in Arabic replete with counsels and exhortations was addressed by Baha'u'llah to Queen Victoria. In it He proclaims the coming of the Lord in His great glory and summons her to His Cause:
O Queen in London! Incline thine ear unto the voice of thy <p124>
Lord, the Lord of all mankind, calling from the Divine
Lote-Tree; Verily, no God is there but Me, the Almighty,
the All-Wise! Cast away all that is on earth, and attire the
head of thy kingdom with the crown of the remembrance of
thy Lord, the All-Glorious. He, in truth, hath come unto
the world in His most great glory, and all that hath been
mentioned in the Gospel hath been fulfilled... Lay aside
thy desire, and set then thine heart towards thy Lord, the
Ancient of Days. We make mention of thee for the sake of
God, and desire that thy name may be exalted through thy
remembrance of God, the Creator of earth and heaven. He,
verily, is witness unto that which I say.(13)
Baha'u'llah commends the Queen in this Tablet for having 'forbidden the trading in slaves' and for having 'entrusted the reins of counsel into the hands of the representatives of the people'. It should be noted here that Baha'u'llah in the Kitab-i-Aqdas, the Book of Laws, forbids the trading of slaves. He approves the system of government in which representatives of the people take part. In His Tablet to the Queen, Baha'u'llah exhorts the members of the British Parliament in these words:

It behoveth them [the members of the Parliament] however,
to be trustworthy among His servants, and to regard
themselves as the representatives of all that dwell on earth.
This is what counselleth them, in this Tablet, He Who is the
Ruler, the All-Wise... Blessed is he that entereth the
assembly for the sake of God, and judgeth between men
with pure justice. He, indeed is of the blissful...(14)

What a great contrast between these sublime teachings, which constitute the distinguishing character of the future institutions of the Baha'i Commonwealth,[1] and the present political systems in which everyone fights for himself and his country to the exclusion of others!
[1 For a study of the Baha'i World Commonwealth see The World Order of Baha'u'llah, pp. 161-206, and other writings of Shoghi Effendi.]
The fundamental teaching of the oneness of mankind, which <p125> is deeply rooted in the Faith of Baha'u'llah and the attainment of which, on a spiritual level, is promised by Him to take place in the fullness of time in the Golden Age of His Faith, plays a significant part in the attitudes and conduct of His followers in their daily lives. Such a universal outlook that all humanity is one, created by the same God through His love, transcends all other standards for a Baha'i.
Baha'u'llah, in His Tablet to the Queen, has established this basic principle for the members of a Parliament. The exhortation that they ought to 'regard themselves as the representatives of all that dwell on earth' may be acceptable to some on moral grounds, but cannot be carried out in practice in a world so divided against itself, and its implementation may be looked upon as an impossibility by those who have not as yet recognized the divine origin of the Cause of Baha'u'llah. But those who have embraced His Faith and who are already witnessing the spirit of universal love practised in their local, national and international councils, entertain no doubt that as these embryonic institutions grow and develop to a point where they will be adopted as systems of government, the members of these councils the world over will have acquired such a universal outlook as to fully conform with Baha'u'llah's exhortation revealed in the above Tablet. It is then that the Most Great Peace referred to by Baha'u'llah will be established.
On World Unity
In the Tablet to the Queen Baha'u'llah counsels the rulers of the world to establish peace on earth. Then He makes this important statement:
Now that ye have refused the Most Great Peace, hold ye fast
unto this, the Lesser Peace, that haply ye may in some
degree better your own condition and that of your
dependants.(15) <p126>
Any unbiased observer who is willing to study the Writings of Baha'u'llah will come to the conclusion that each one of His teachings or counsels, revealed over a hundred years ago, has become part of the spirit of the age, especially those which deal with social aspects of the life of man on this planet. Unaware of the source of these teachings, humanity is increasingly being driven by forces beyond its control to uphold and enforce them.
One such teaching is the creation of the Lesser Peace which is a form of political peace. Its terms are to be concluded between the nations of the world and its aim to abolish global wars. Baha'is believe that since Baha'u'llah has advocated it, similar to the rest of His Teachings, the Lesser Peace will inevitably be established. The creative words of God uttered by Him will exert their influence in such a way that man will have no choice but to establish the Lesser Peace. Already man has built up such an arsenal of destructive weapons that he could wipe out the entire human race with them. Probably the Lesser Peace will come into being as a last resort and as a desperate measure to save humanity from total destruction.
The Lesser Peace, a political system, although vastly inferior to the Most Great Peace and far removed from the bounties and perfections inherent in the latter, is nevertheless an important milestone in the emergence of that glorious destiny of mankind prophesied by Baha'u'llah. Concerning the Most Great Peace, which may be regarded as synonymous with both the establishment of the Kingdom of God on Earth prophesied by Christ, and the Baha'i World Commonwealth, Shoghi Effendi writes:
The Most Great Peace, on the other hand, as conceived by
Baha'u'llah--a peace that must inevitably follow as the
practical consequence of the spiritualization of the world
and the fusion of all its races, creeds, classes and nations--
can rest on no other basis, and can be preserved through no
other agency, except the divinely appointed ordinances that
are implicit in the World Order that stands associated with
His Holy Name.(16) <p127>
With the establishment of the Most Great Peace and the spiritualization of the peoples of the world, man will become a noble being adorned with divine virtues and perfections. This is one of the fruits of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah, promised by Him. The nobility of man and his spiritual development will lead him in the future to such a position that no individual could enjoy eating his food or resting at home while knowing that there was one person somewhere in the world without food or shelter. It is Baha'u'llah's mission to create such a new race of men.[1]
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 142-3.]
In His Tablet to the Queen, Baha'u'llah further counsels the elected representatives of the people throughout the world in these words:
O ye the elected representatives of the people in every land!
Take ye counsel together, and let your concern be only for
that which profiteth mankind, and bettereth the condition
thereof, if ye be of them that scan heedfully. Regard the
world as the human body which, though at its creation
whole and perfect, hath been afflicted, through various
causes, with grave disorders and maladies. Not for one day
did it gain ease, nay its sickness waxed more severe, as it fell
under the treatment of ignorant physicians, who gave full
rein to their personal desires, and have erred grievously.
And if, at one time, through the care of an able physician, a
member of that body was healed, the rest remained afflicted
as before. Thus informeth you the All-Knowing, the All-Wise.

We behold it, in this day, at the mercy of rulers so drunk
with pride that they cannot discern clearly their own best
advantage, much less recognize a Revelation so bewildering
and challenging as this. And whenever any one of them hath
striven to improve its condition, his motive hath been his
own gain, whether confessedly so or not; and the
unworthiness of this motive hath limited his power to heal
or cure.(17) <p128>
Over one hundred years have now passed since these words were uttered by the Supreme Manifestation of God, the True Physician come to heal the ills of mankind. The world situation has dangerously deteriorated since these prophetic words were issued by Baha'u'llah. Only when mankind as a whole has recognized Baha'u'llah as the Divine Physician and has embraced His Faith will these words of His, addressed to Queen Victoria, be universally fulfilled:
That which the Lord hath ordained as the sovereign remedy
and mightiest instrument for the healing of all the world is
the union of all its peoples in one universal Cause, one
common Faith. This can in no wise be achieved except
through the power of a skilled, an all-powerful and inspired
Physician. This, verily, is the truth, and all else naught but
error.(18)
The followers of Baha'u'llah, therefore, do not subscribe to the view, commonly held by the peoples of the world everywhere, that the grave problems besetting mankind may be resolved by administering the usual remedies which the minds of men are devising. They conscientiously believe that the appalling world conditions will not be totally improved by any scientific, economic or political measures, and that none of the expedient methods used during the past century, nor those that are currently being pursued, can succeed in healing the diseased body of mankind. A discerning unbiased person can also come to the same conclusion. For it is very clear that in spite of all the efforts being made by the generality of mankind, its rulers; and its wise men, to improve the world situation, and in spite of all their knowledge and accomplishments, the plight of humanity is worsening day by day.
Shoghi Effendi, as far back as 1931, wrote:
Humanity, whether viewed in the light of man's individual
conduct or in the existing relationships between organized
communities and nations, has, alas, strayed too far and <p129>
suffered too great a decline to be redeemed through the
unaided efforts of the best among its recognized rulers and
statesmen--however disinterested their motives, however
concerted their action, however unsparing in their zeal and
devotion to its cause. No scheme which the calculations of
the highest statesmanship may yet devise; no doctrine
which the most distinguished exponents of economic
theory may hope to advance; no Principle which the most
ardent of moralists may strive to inculcate, can provide, in
the last resort, adequate foundations upon which the future i
of a distracted world can be built.

No appeal for mutual tolerance which the worldly-wise
might raise, however compelling and insistent, can calm its
passions or help restore its vigour. Nor would any general
scheme of mere organized international cooperation, in
whatever sphere of human activity, however ingenious in
conception, or extensive in scope, succeed in removing the
root cause of the evil that has so rudely upset the
equilibrium of present-day society. Not even, I venture to
assert, would the very act of devising the machinery
required for the political and economic unification of the
world--a principle that has been increasingly advocated in
recent times--provide in itself the antidote against the
poison that is steadily undermining the vigour of organized
peoples and nations.

What else, might we not confidently affirm, but the
unreserved acceptance of the Divine Programme enunciated,
with such simplicity and force as far back as sixty
years ago, by Baha'u'llah, embodying in its essentials
God's divinely appointed scheme for the unification of
mankind in this age, coupled with an indomitable
conviction in the unfailing efficacy of each and all of its
provisions, is eventually capable of withstanding the forces
of internal disintegration which, if unchecked, must needs
continue to eat into the vitals of a despairing society. It is
towards this goal--the goal of a new World Order, Divine
In origin, all-embracing in scope, equitable in principle,
challenging in its features--that a harassed humanity must
strive. <p130>

To claim to have grasped all the implications of
Baha'u'llah's prodigious scheme for world-wide human
solidarity, or to have fathomed its import, would be
presumptuous on the part of even the declared supporters of
His Faith. To attempt to visualize it in all its possibilities, to
estimate its future benefits, to picture its glory, would be
premature at even so advanced a stage in the evolution of
mankind.(19)
World unity as envisaged by Baha'u'llah does not consist merely of a system m which humanity enjoys political unity and the sharing of the resources of the world equitably among its peoples and nations. It goes much further than that. The unity described by Baha'u'llah in His Writings is the unity of hearts, and this can only be realized when mankind recognizes the Manifestation of God for this age and turns to Him as a focal point, believing in His words that everyone has been created by the same God, and obeying His commandment to love all human beings.
The following statement by Baha'u'llah is the key to world unity:
We fain would hope that the people of Baha may be guided
by the blessed words: 'Say: All things are of God.' This
exalted utterance is like unto water for quenching the fire of
hate and enmity which smouldereth within the hearts and
breasts of men. By this single utterance contending peoples
and kindreds will attain the light of true unity. Verily He
speaketh the truth and leadeth the way. He is the All-Powerful,
the Exalted, the Gracious.(20)
History has shown that the words and teachings of the Manifestations of God are creative. They are endowed with such potency that they penetrate into the hearts and move the people to obey them. Indeed, the greatest mission of every Manifestation of God during His own Dispensation has been to release such spiritual forces into the world as to revitalize all those who turn to Him. But the words of men, no matter how <p131> exalted they may be, are incapable of influencing the hearts of people and making them united.
The coming of a Manifestation of God is very similar to the appearance of springtime in nature. The rays of the sun and the vernal showers of that season give new life to the physical world. The fruits appear in the summer as a result of the life-giving forces of the spring. Then winter follows, and nature becomes dormant and cold. When the next spring arrives, the same process is repeated again.
The coming of the Manifestations of God follows the same pattern. Each time they appear they give spiritual life to the body of mankind. But each one has a Dispensation, a specific period during which His teachings revive humanity and impart to it the impulses which cause its progress. Then comes decline, leading to the end, when the teachings of that particular religion lose their influence altogether. It is after such a stage that God sends a new messenger to mankind to release fresh spiritual forces for its regeneration. And the teachings are designed in accordance with the conditions of the new age.
The teachings of God in this day, revealed by Baha'u'llah, revolve around unity, and it is to this goal that a disconsolate humanity is striving. But with all his resources and capabilities, man is helpless to establish a lasting peace among the warring nations and peoples of the world. This in spite of the fact that humanity has advanced enormously in many fields of knowledge and has within its ranks brilliant men and women who have produced great achievements in almost every aspect of life on this planet. But one thing they have proved themselves to be incapable of--namely to unite the hearts of men who are each other's enemy, and make them love one another.
Referring to the unity established among the warring tribes of Arabia, the Qur'an states:

It is he [God] who hath strengthened thee with his help, and <p132>
with that of the faithful: and hath united their hearts. If thou
hadst expended whatever riches are in the earth, thou
couldst not have united their hearts, but God united them;
for he is mighty and wise.(21)
A cursory study of the nature and composition of the world-wide Baha'i Community can demonstrate the supernatural influence of the words of Baha'u'llah in bringing unity to the hearts of millions of people of diverse origins, people who come From every conceivable background, in all parts of the world. The unity which binds the members of this multi-racial, world-encircling community is inspired not by a desire for friendship or other expedient reasons. It is generated through the knowledge of the advent of a universal Manifestation of God[1] in this age, and submission to His commandments. When the individual recognizes Baha'u'llah as the Mouthpiece of God in this age, he can then easily accept and carry out His teachings, relinquish all kinds of age-long prejudices which have divided mankind, and replace them with an all-embracing love for every human being. This is similar to the transforming influence of the words of Christ which inspired the Christians to turn the other cheek in the early days of Christianity.
[1 See vol. 1, p. 309.] <p133>
Suriy-i-Haykal
One of the most momentous of the Writings of Baha'u'llah is the Suriy-i-Haykal or Suratu'l-Haykal (Surih of the Temple). Baha'u'llah ordered the Surih and the Tablets to the Kings to be copied in the form of a pentacle symbolizing the human temple. The Tablets were copied in the following order: the Suriy-i-Haykal itself, then the Tablet to Pope Pius IX, the Tablet to Napoleon III, the Tablet to Czar Alexander II, the Tablet to Queen Victoria and the Tablet to Nasiri'd-Din Shah. Associating this with the prophecy of Zechariah in the Old Testament, Baha'u'llah concludes the Suriy-i-Haykal with these words:
Thus have We built the Temple with the hands of power and
might, could ye but know it. This is the Temple promised
unto you in the Book. Draw ye nigh unto it. This is that
which profiteth you, could ye but comprehend it. Be fair, O
peoples of the earth! Which is preferable, this, or a temple
which is built of clay? Set your faces towards it. Thus have
ye been commanded by God, the Help in Peril, the Self-Subsisting.
Follow ye His bidding, and praise ye God, your
Lord, for that which He hath bestowed upon you. He
verily, is the Truth. No God is there but He. He revealeth
what He pleaseth, through His Words 'Be and it is.'(1)
Throughout the Tablet, the Pen of the Most High addresses the Haykal (Temple) and reveals the glory and majesty with which it is invested. In answer to a question, Baha'u'llah has stated[2] that the Haykal which is addressed in this Surih is the Person of Baha'u'llah, and so is the voice which addresses the <p134> Haykal. It is fascinating to know that the One Who speaks with the voice of God in this Tablet is identical with the One spoken to.
In this Surih it is stated that the Haykal has been made a mirror to reflect the sovereignty of God and to manifest His Beauty and Grandeur to all mankind. It has been given the power to do whatsoever It desires. Oceans of knowledge and utterance have been placed within Its heart, and It has been made the Manifestation of God's own Self for all who are in heaven and on earth.
Speaking in this Surih of the transcendent glory with which the Haykal is invested, Baha'u'llah states:
Naught is seen in My temple but the Temple of God and in
My beauty but His Beauty, and in My being but His Being,
and in My self but His Self, and in My movement but His
Movement and in My acquiescence but His Acquiescence,
and in My pen but His Pen, the Mighty, the All-Praised.
There hath not been in My soul but the Truth, and in Myself
naught could be seen but God.(3)
To fully appreciate the majesty and power of this outstanding work of Baha'u'llah in the absence of a translation is impossible. Suffice it to say that every time He addresses the Haykal He unveils a new facet of God's Revelation, as if opening a new door leading to some mystery enshrined in His Writings, a mystery hitherto hidden from the eyes of men. If the pure in heart is enabled to have just a glimpse of this infinite realm of divine Revelation which is beyond his comprehension, such a glimpse can endow his soul with an insight which no human agency can ever hope to confer upon it. In one of His Tablets referring to the vastness and richness of His Revelation, Baha'u'llah states:
... immerse yourselves in this Ocean in whose depths lay
hidden the pearls of wisdom and of utterance...(4)
These words of Baha'u'llah become a reality when the <p135> believer, in a state of detachment from this world, meditates upon the verses of the Suriy-i-Haykal. For he will find many such pearls hidden within its verses. The concept of the Haykal (Temple), in the form of the human temple and representing the Person of Baha'u'llah, in itself invokes many thoughts and opens many doors to a deeper understanding of His Revelation. Whereas the human temple is made of flesh and bone, the Haykal is constituted of the Word of God. It is portrayed vividly by Baha'u'llah in this celebrated Surih, and He adds more mystery and realism to it when He addresses some limbs and organs of that Temple as well as the letters (H, Y, K, and L) which constitute the word.
Every word and letter uttered by the Manifestation of God assumes meaning and significance beyond the understanding of man. For example, there are lengthy Tablets revealed by the Bab and Baha'u'llah explaining the meaning of only one letter mentioned in the Holy Books of older religions. We have already given examples of this in a previous volume.[1] In the Suriy-i-Haykal, Baha'u'llah reveals the significance of the letters which form the word 'Haykal', and the potentialities with which each one has been invested by God. It is difficult to convey these without having access to the words of Baha'u'llah. Baha'u'llah states that the Haykal is the source of the creation of the new race of men, that through each one of its letters, God will raise up wonderful beings whose numbers are known to none except Him and whose faces will shine with the radiance of their Lord. These souls will circle around the Cause of God as a shadow moves around the sun. They will protect the Faith from the onslaught of the deniers and will offer up their lives willingly for the promotion of His Cause among men. This Tablet is replete with glad-tidings of the appearance of a band of devoted believers whom Baha'u'llah refers to as the new race of men. These words are revealed in the Suriy-i-Haykal:
[1 see vol. 1, p. 126.] <p136>
The day is approaching when God will have, by an act of
His Will, raised up a race of men the nature of which is
inscrutable to all save God, the All-Powerful, The Self-Subsisting.(5)
Baha'u'llah exhorts the eye of the Haykal not to gaze upon the world of creation but to focus only upon the beauty of His Lord. He promises the advent of a day when He will have created, through this eye, people of penetrating insight who will see the signs and tokens of His Revelation with a vision bestowed upon them through His bounty and favour.
To the ear of the Haykal, Baha'u'llah gives counsel to become deaf to the voices of the ungodly and to listen to the melodies of His Revelation. Again, He states that through this ear He will create a race of men with ears purified and worthy to hear the Word of God as revealed by Him in this day.
The tongue of the Haykal is also addressed in the same vein--it has been created to mention the name of God and celebrate His praise. He gives the joyous tidings that through the creation of this tongue, God will raise up souls who will conquer the hearts of men through the power of their utterance and the sway of their word.
Baha'u'llah calls on the Haykal to stretch out its hands upon all the dwellers of earth and heaven, and to hold within its grasp the reins of the Cause of God. He prophesies that through these hands, He will soon create hands of power and might through whom God will reveal His omnipotence and ascendancy to all the peoples of the world. Concerning these hands Baha'u'llah reveals in the Surih:
He will, ere long, out of the Bosom of Power draw forth the
Hands of Ascendancy and Might--Hands who will arise to
win victory for this Youth and who will purge mankind
from the defilement of the outcast and the ungodly. These
Hands will gird up their loins to champion the Faith of God,
and will, in My name the self-subsistent, the mighty, subdue
the peoples and kindreds of the earth.(6) <p137>

The heart of the Haykal, Baha'u'llah states, is the source of
all knowledge. Of this knowledge He declares:
Within the treasury of Our Wisdom there lies unrevealed a
knowledge, one word of which, if we chose to divulge it to
mankind, would cause every human being to recognize the
Manifestation of God and to acknowledge His omniscience,
would enable every one to discover the secrets of all the
sciences, and to attain so high a station as to find himself
wholly independent of all past and future learning. Other
knowledges We do as well possess, not a single letter of
which We can disclose, nor do We find humanity able to
hear even the barest reference to their meaning. Thus have
We informed you of the Knowledge of God, the All-Knowing,
the All-Wise.(7)
Baha'u'llah affirms that through the outpouring of knowledge from the heart of the Haykal, He will soon raise up scientists of great calibre who will bring about such marvellous technological achievements that no one can as yet imagine them. This prophecy of Baha'u'llah has already been fulfilled--and this is only the beginning. We have previously stated[1] that the Revelation of the Bab ushered in a new era in the fields of science and technology, especially in communications, to prepare the way for the coming of Baha'u'llah. His Message being for all mankind, it is only logical that the same God who has revealed it would also create the means for its universal propagation, so that the news of the coming of Baha'u'llah might reach every part of the world.
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 216-18.]
The technological developments which have taken place in the field of communications since the advent of the Bab bear ample testimony to this. As the Faith of Baha'u'llah grew, the means of communication kept pace with it. During the early days of Baha'u'llah's ministry, His disciples had to travel mainly on foot or by donkey and mule to teach the Faith, but it did not take very long until some began to travel by steamship. <p138> They took His Message to India and other countries in this way.
Soon after the passing of Baha'u'llah, the time had come for the expansion of the Faith throughout the world, especially the West, but the pace was still slow. When 'Abdu'l-Baha Journeyed to the West, He travelled by steamship, railway and automobile. The Baha'i communities in those days were, for the most part, isolated from each other and movement was slow. But today the Baha'i community is engaged in enormous teaching activity covering the whole world. Wherever there is freedom of religion they are bringing the message of Baha'u'llah to the notice of their countrymen and consequently more people embrace the Faith. Hundreds of national and international teaching projects, and administrative functions involving peoples of all nations and races, are carried out in the five continents of the globe. All these activities are made possible by using the fast and marvellous system of communications which has become available in recent times. The Baha'is believe that this is no coincidence: that God, having called the peoples of the world to unity through the message of Baha'u'llah, has also provided the means by which that unity may be established. In the meantime, humanity benefits without realizing why these marvellous inventions have come about.
Those, who are unfamiliar with the Faith or have not recognized the station of Baha'u'llah will no doubt view with scepticism the argument that the advent of the modern communications system is primarily due to the appearance of a universal religion in the world. It seems far-fetched and unacceptable. But in surveying the progress of their Faith, the followers of Baha'u'llah have seen that whenever the propagation of the Faith or the building of its Administrative Order[1] needed some new material means, they were miraculously provided in time. Some of the new inventions <p139> which have played a vital part in the development of the Faith have come about just in time to serve a particular need. To cite one example of many: Baha'u'llah revealed many Tablets, Epistles and Books which, if compiled, would produce about one hundred volumes. 'Abdu'l-Baha's writings are no less in range. The Writings of Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha contain, among other things, teachings both spiritual and social, laws, exhortations and explanations about many subjects including man, the purpose of his life and his relationship to God. Added to these are the voluminous writings of Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Faith. In addition to his famous works, he has written no less than twenty-six thousand letters, some of them so lengthy that they warranted being printed in the form of a book. His writings contain invaluable guidance which, as the authorized Interpreter of the Words of Baha'u'llah, he has given to the Baha'i world. It can be seen therefore that the Baha'i Holy Writings are enormous in range and contain matters of vital interest for all humanity.
[1 See the writings of Shoghi Effendi for an appreciation of the Administrative Order of Baha'u'llah.]
When the Universal House of Justice, the supreme governing body of the Baha'i community, came into being in 1963, one of the most essential needs was the collating of all the Writings of the Central Figures of the Faith and the making of a comprehensive index of all the subjects they contained. This was a vital necessity for the supreme institution of the Faith which had to have access to each and every subject recorded in these Writings, so that it could guide the Baha'i community in accordance with the teachings of Baha'u'llah, and also legislate whenever feasible on matters which are not explicitly mentioned in these Writings.
Up until the formation of the Universal House of Justice, it was impossible even to attempt to make this comprehensive index. Such a colossal undertaking, involving the provision of a detailed list of every subject within such a vast range of writings, would not have been a practical proposition given the small size of the Baha'i community because of the non-existence of technological aids at that time. The invention of <p14O> these aids, such as photocopiers and electronic processors, and their commercial use, were almost synchronized with the birth of the Supreme Body of the Faith of Baha'u'llah. And soon this vital task was undertaken. Had it not been for this timely development, insignificant as it may seem today, it is difficult to imagine how the Universal House of Justice could have discharged its sacred functions in the Baha'i world effectively, bearing in mind that prior to taking every major decision, the Supreme Body has to refer to the Writings of Baha'u'llah, 'Abdu'l-Baha and Shoghi Effendi and take into consideration their words which have a bearing on the subject.
Indeed, as the believers play their part in the propagation and consolidation of the Cause of Baha'u'llah, God provides the means for its progress and eventual establishment as a world religion for all mankind. Both the constructive and destructive forces in the world assist in its promotion. The process of the breaking up of the old order is in itself a positive step, paving the way for the spreading of the new.
On the other hand, through the transforming power of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah, God is creating a new race of men who arise to champion His Cause. Through the sacrificial outpourings of their substance and resources, they attract the spiritual forces which together with all the material aids sent down by Providence, propel the Cause of God forward.
Baha'u'llah in the Suriy-i-Haykal rebukes the people of the Bayan[1] for their blindness to His Revelation in spite of the fact that the Bab had nurtured and prepared them for His Coming. He identifies Himself with the Bab in the Suriy-i-Haykal when He addresses the Babis:
[1 The followers of the Bab. However, the term 'people of the Bayan here applies to followers of the Bab who did not embrace the Cause of Baha'u'llah.]
Had the Primal Point (The Bab) been someone else beside
Me as ye claim, and had attained My presence, verily He <p141>
would have never allowed Himself to be separated from Me,
but rather We would have had mutual delights with each
other in My Days.(8)
Baha'u'llah in the Surih expatiates on His sufferings at the hands of the breakers of the Covenant of the Bab, those who denied His trust and turned away from His Cause. He describes how he had chosen one of his brothers, Mirza Yahya, showered upon him a sprinkling from the Ocean of His Knowledge, clothed him with the ornament of a name, and exalted him to such a station that all the believers turned to him in devotion and protected him from every tribulation.[1] Yet when Mirza Yahya witnessed the ascendancy of the Bearer of the Message of God for this age, he rose up against Him, attempted to take His life and repudiated His Cause. In a challenging tone Baha'u'llah declares that if the followers of Mirza Yahya did not turn to Him [Baha'u'llah] and lend their support, God would assist Him with His supreme Hosts, both visible and invisible, and would assuredly raise up a new race of men who would champion His Cause and make Him victorious in the end.
[1 See vols. 1 and 2. The title 'Subh-i-Azal' (The Morn of Eternity) was conferred upon Mirza Yahya. He was nominated by the Bab as head of the Babi community.]
Baha'u'llah in the Suriy-i-Haykal reveals that the power of God is beyond the comprehension of man. Through this power all created things have come into being. If it be His will, He can in one instant take life from everything and in another bestow a new life upon it. These are His Own Words:
It is in Our power, should We wish it, to enable a speck of
floating dust to generate, in less than the twinkling of an eye,
suns of infinite, of unimaginable splendour, to cause a
dewdrop to develop into vast and numberless oceans, to
Infuse into every letter such a force as to empower it to
unfold all the knowledge of past and future ages.(9) <p142>
He further explains that created things may be likened to the leaves of a tree which derive their sustenance and life from the root but outwardly seem to be flourishing independently of it. It is in the Suriy-i-Haykal that, while admonishing the people for their perversity and blindness to His revelation, Baha'u'llah refers to the Manifestation of God who will come after Him.[1] These are His words:
[1 According to the text of the Kitab-i-Aqdas (Baha'u'llah's Most Holy Book) the next Manifestation of God will not appear before the lapse of at least a thousand years.]
By those words which I have revealed, Myself is not
intended, but rather He Who will come after Me. To it is
witness God, the All-Knowing... Deal not with Him as ye
have dealt with Me.(10)
There is no doubt that this passage refers to the Manifestation of God who comes after Baha'u'llah, since Shoghi Effendi has confirmed this in His writings.[1] There is a similar passage revealed in another Tablet concerning the next Manifestation of God:
[1 See Dispensation, p. 117.]
I am not apprehensive for My own self, My fears are for Him
Who will be sent down unto you after Me--Him Who will
be invested with great sovereignty and mighty dominion.'(11)
However, the following passage from the Writings of Baha'u'llah, which sounds similar to the passages quoted above, relates to the person of 'Abdu'l-Baha:
By God, O people! Mine eye weepeth, and the eye of 'Ali
(the Bab) weepeth amongst the Concourse on high, and
Mine heart crieth out, and the heart of Muhammad crieth
out within the Most Glorious Tabernacle, and My soul
shouteth and the souls of the Prophets shout before them
that are endued with understanding... My sorrow is not for
myself, but for Him Who shall come after Me, in the shadow <p143>
of My Cause, with manifest and undoubted sovereignty,
inasmuch as they will not welcome His appearance, will
repudiate His signs, will dispute His sovereignty, will
contend with Him, and will betray His Cause...(12)
In the Writings of Baha'u'llah there are references to the symbolic appearance of the Maid of Heaven to Him.[1] In the Suriy-i-Haykal He describes in a fascinating manner the proclamation of His mission by the Maiden symbolizing the 'Most Great Spirit' which animated Him throughout His Ministry. This is how He reveals the descent of this mysterious Spirit upon Himself:
[1 See vol. 1.]
While engulfed in tribulations I heard a most wondrous, a
most sweet voice, calling above My head. Turning My face, I
beheld a Maiden--the embodiment of the remembrance of
the name of My Lord--suspended in the air before Me. So
rejoiced was she in her very soul that her countenance shone
with the ornament of the good-pleasure of God, and her
cheeks glowed with the brightness of the All-Merciful.
Betwixt earth and heaven she was raising a call which
captivated the hearts and minds of men. She was imparting
to both My inward and outer being tidings which rejoiced
My soul, and the souls of God's honoured servants.:
Pointing with her finger unto My head, she addressed all
who are in heaven and all who are on earth, saying: 'By God!
This is the Best-Beloved of the worlds, and yet ye
comprehend not. This is the Beauty of God amongst you,
and the power of His sovereignty within you, could ye but
understand. This is the Mystery of God and His Treasure,
the Cause of God and His glory unto all who are in the
kingdoms of Revelation and of creation, if ye be of them that J
perceive.'(13)
It is impossible for man to understand the nature of the Manifestations of God and the spirit which motivates them. Just as it is impossible for a creature in the animal kingdom to <p144> appreciate the nature of man, so it is beyond the capacity of a human being to grasp the inner reality of God's Messengers, for they abide in a spiritual realm far above the reach of men. In former Dispensations the Holy Spirit manifested itself to the Founders of the great world religions and enabled them to reveal the teachings of God to humanity. But a human being can never understand nor experience this. In order to convey to his followers that He was animated by the power of God, each Manifestation of God has spoken in symbolic language concerning the appearance of the Holy Spirit to Him. In the Holy Writings of former religions we read how Moses heard the voice of God through the Burning Bush or how the Dove descended upon Christ or how Muhammad received His Revelation through the Angel Gabriel. All these are different symbols of the same entity, the Holy Spirit, which acts as an intermediary between God and His Manifestations. This link is similar to the rays of the sun by which energy is transmitted to the planets. Baha'u'llah, being the Supreme Manifestation of God,[1] whose advent has been hailed in the Heavenly Books as the advent of the Day of God Himself,[2] has stated in some of His Tablets that the Holy Spirit was created through one word of His. And in the Suriy-i-Haykal He declares:
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 295-6.]
[2 See vol. 1, pp. 64, 236-8.]
The Holy Spirit Itself hath been generated through the
agency of a single letter revealed by this Most Great Spirit, if
ye be of them that comprehend.(14)
In His Writings, Baha'u'llah has indicated that whereas in past Dispensations the Prophets and Messengers of God received their Revelation through an intermediary, in this Dispensation the voice of God may be heard directly from the Person of Baha'u'llah. Affirming this in one of His Tablets,[15] Baha'u'llah states that the same voice which Moses heard through the Burning Bush may be heard directly from Baha'u'llah in this Day. <p145>
In reading such statements, however, one may be erroneously led to think that Baha'u'llah is identifying Himself with the Godhead. Such a conclusion is due to our lack of understanding of the infinite Realms of God. Our minds are limited, while the world of the Manifestations of God is beyond our capacity to appreciate. Baha'u'llah has clearly stated that God in His essence is unknowable and inaccessible to all, including His Manifestations. In one of His prayers Baha'u'llah describes His relationship with God in these words:
When I contemplate, O my God, the relationship that
bindeth me to Thee, I am moved to proclaim to all created
things 'verily I am God!'; and when I consider my own self,
lo, I find it coarser than clay!(16)
The station of Baha'u'llah is that of the Supreme Manifestation of God. Only by reading His own words and meditating on them in a prayerful attitude may we be enabled to acquire a limited understanding of His divine powers and attributes, Whom Shoghi Effendi describes as 'transcendental in His majesty, serene, awe-inspiring, unapproachably glorious'.(17)
The Suriy-i-Haykal contains many challenging themes. Every line is charged with enormous power and every subject is indicative of the greatness of the Cause of Baha'u'llah, such greatness that sometimes it staggers the imagination.
Although extensive parts of the Tablets which are added to the Surih have been translated into English by Shoghi Effendi and published, only a few passages from the Surih itself have been translated. We have already included most of them in this account, and quote the following in conclusion:
The onrushing winds of the grace of God have passed over
all things. Every creature hath been endowed with all the
potentialities it can carry. And yet the peoples of the world
have denied this grace! Every tree hath been endowed with <p146>
the choicest fruits, every ocean enriched with the most
luminous gems. Man, himself, hath been invested with the
gifts of understanding and knowledge. The whole creation
hath been made the recipient of the revelation of the All-Merciful,
and the earth the repository of things inscrutable
to all except God, the Truth, the Knower of things unseen.
The time is approaching when every created thing will have
cast its burden. Glorified be God Who hath vouchsafed this
grace that encompasseth all things, whether seen or
unseen!(18) <p147>
Kings and Ecclesiastics
The proclamation of the message of Baha'u'llah to the kings and rulers of the world had been initiated in Constantinople when He issued His first Tablet to Sultan 'Abdu'l-Aziz of Turkey. It reached its climax in Adrianople with the revelation of the Suriy-i-Muluk (Surih of the Kings), a lengthy Epistle addressed to the kings collectively. It continued with the Tablets which form part of the Suriy-i-Haykal, and it was completed by the revelation of the Kitab-i-Aqdas in the course of the first few years of Baha'u'llah's imprisonment in 'Akka. Kings Addressed in the Kitab-i-Aqdas.
The Kitab-i-Aqdas, designated by Baha'u'llah as the 'unerring Balance', is the Mother Book of His Dispensation. It is more fully discussed in Chapters 13-17 of this volume. But it is significant that in this Book also Baha'u'llah addressed the kings, rulers and ecclesiastical leaders collectively, and some individually.
These are some passages gleaned from the Kitab-i-Aqdas in which Baha'u'llah's majestic utterances are directed to the rulers of the world, summoning them to His Cause.
O kings of the earth! He Who is the sovereign Lord of all is
come. The Kingdom is God's, the omnipotent Protector,
the Self-Subsisting. Worship none but God, and, with
radiant hearts, lift up your faces unto your Lord, the Lord of
all names. This is a Revelation to which whatever ye possess
can never be compared, could ye but know it.

We see you rejoicing in that which ye have amassed for <p148>
others and shutting out yourselves from the worlds which
naught except My guarded Tablet can reckon. The treasures
ye have laid up have drawn you far away from your ultimate
objective. This ill beseemeth you, could ye but understand
it. Wash from your hearts all earthly defilements, and hasten
to enter the Kingdom of your Lord, the Creator of earth and
heaven, Who caused the world to tremble and all its peoples
to wail, except them that have renounced all things and clung
to that which the Hidden Tablet hath ordained... O kings
of the earth! The Most Great Law hath been revealed in this
Spot, this scene of transcendent splendour. Every hidden
thing hath been brought to light, by virtue of the Will of the
Supreme Ordainer, He Who hath ushered in the Last Hour
through Whom the Moon hath been cleft, and every
irrevocable decree expounded.

Ye are but vassals, O kings of the earth! He Who is the
King of Kings hath appeared, arrayed in His most wondrous
glory, and is summoning you unto Himself, the Help in
Peril, the Self-Subsisting. Take heed lest pride deter you
from recognizing the Source of Revelation, lest the things of
this world shut you out as by a veil from Him Who is the
Creator of heaven. Arise, and serve Him Who is the Desire
of all nations, Who hath created you through a word from
Him, and ordained you to be, for all time, the emblems of
His sovereignty.

By the righteousness of God! It is not Our wish to lay
hands on your kingdoms. Our mission is to seize and
possess the hearts of men. Upon them the eyes of Baha are
fastened. To this testifieth the Kingdom of Names, could ye
but comprehend it. Whoso followeth his Lord, will
renounce the world and all that is therein; how much
greater, then, must be the detachment of Him Who holdeth
so august a station! Forsake your palaces, and haste ye to
gain admittance into His Kingdom. This, indeed, will profit
you both in this world and in the next. To this testifieth the
Lord of the realm on high, did ye but know it.'(1)
To Kaiser William I, Emperor of Germany, Baha'u'llah addressed these words in the Kitab-i-Aqdas: <p149>
Say: O King of Berlin! Give ear unto the Voice calling from
this manifest Temple: Verily, there is none other God but
Me, the Everlasting, the Peerless, the Ancient of Days. Take
heed lest pride debar thee from recognizing the Dayspring
of Divine Revelation, lest earthly desires shut thee out, as by
a veil, from the Lord of the Throne above and of the earth
below. Thus counselleth thee the Pen of the Most High. He,
verily, is the Most Gracious, the All-Bountiful. Do thou
remember the one whose power transcended thy power, and
whose station excelled thy station. Where is he? Whither are
gone the things he possessed? Take warning, and be not of
them that are fast asleep. He it was who cast the Tablet of
God behind him, when We made known unto him what the
hosts of tyranny had caused Us to suffer. Wherefore,
disgrace assailed him from all sides, and he went down to
dust in great loss. Think deeply, O King, concerning him,
and concerning them who, like unto thee, have conquered
cities and ruled over men. The All-Merciful brought them
down from their palaces to their graves. Be warned, be of
them who reflect.

We have asked nothing from you. For the sake of God
We, verily, exhort you, and will be patient as We have been
patient in that which hath befallen Us at your hands, O
concourse of kings!(2)
In the above passages, Baha'u'llah refers to Napoleon III as the 'one whose power transcended thy power', and summons the Emperor to heed His call. But it was a call which remained unheeded.
The decline in the fortunes of William I and of his grandson William II was then set in motion, culminating in the dissolution of his Empire and the establishment of the Republic. In another passage in the same Book, Baha'u'llah reveals this remarkable prophecy which now after two World Wars is clearly seen to be fulfilled:
O banks of the Rhine! We have seen you covered with gore,
inasmuch as the swords of retribution were drawn against <p150>
you; and you shall have another turn. And We hear the
lamentations of Berlin, though she be today in conspicuous
glory.(3)
Another King addressed in a tone of rebuke in the Kitab-i-Aqdas was the Hapsburg monarch, Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. He visited Jerusalem when Baha'u'llah was in 'Akka. With these words Baha'u'llah admonishes the Emperor:
O Emperor of Austria! He Who is the Dayspring of God's
Light dwelt in the prison of 'Akka, at the time when thou
didst set forth to visit the Aqsa Mosque.[1] Thou passed Him
by, and inquired not about Him, by Whom every house is
exalted, and every lofty gate unlocked. We, verily, made it[1] a
place whereunto the world should turn, that they might
remember Me, and yet thou hast rejected Him Who is the
Object of this remembrance, when He appeared with the
Kingdom of God, thy Lord and the Lord of the worlds. We
have been with thee at all times, and found thee clinging unto
the Branch and heedless of the Root. Thy Lord, verily, is a
witness unto what I say. We grieved to see thee circle round
Our Name, whilst unaware of Us, though We were before
thy face. Open thine eyes, that thou mayest behold this
glorious Vision, and recognize Him Whom thou invokest in
the daytime and in the night season, and gaze on the Light
that shineth above this luminous Horizon.[4]
[1 Jerusalem.]
Soon after the revelation of these words, repeated tragedies and disasters involving the members of the royal family brought much gloom to the Emperor's reign. These were only precursors to the final dissolution of a dynasty which had lasted for almost five hundred years, and the dismemberment of a mighty empire.
Another Kingdom which Baha'u'llah repeatedly condemned was that of Turkey. As has already been stated[1] He had warned <p151> and severely condemned its rulers since His days in Constantinople.
[1 Vol. 2, p. 58.]
These are some of the prophetic words of Baha'u'llah revealed in the Suriy-i-Ra'is:
Hearken, O Chief... to the Voice of God, the Sovereign,
the Help in Peril, the Self-Subsisting... Thou hast, O
Chief, committed that which hath made Muhammad, the
Apostle of God, groan in the Most Exalted Paradise. The
world hath made thee proud so much so that thou hast
turned away from the Face through Whose brightness the
Concourse on high hath been illumined. Soon thou shalt
find thyself in evident loss... The day is approaching when
the Land of Mystery (Adrianople) and what is beside it shall
be changed, and shall pass out of the hands of the King, and
commotions shall appear, and the voice of lamentation shall
be raised, and the evidences of mischief shall be revealed on
all sides, and confusion shall spread by reason of that which
hath befallen these captives at the hands of the hosts of
oppression. The course of things shall be altered, and
conditions shall wax so grievous, that the very sands on the
desolate hills will moan, and the trees on the mountain will
weep, and blood will flow out of all things. Then wilt thou
behold the people in sore distress.([5)
Now, in the Kitab-i-Aqdas, after the revelation of the Lawh-i-Fu'ad in which He clearly prophesied the Sultan's extinction,[1] Baha'u'llah reveals these prophetic words:
[1 See above, p. 87.]
O Spot[1] that are situate on the shores of the two seas! The
throne of tyranny hath, verily, been established upon thee,
and the flame of hatred hath been kindled within thy bosom,
in such wise that the Concourse on high and they who circle
around the Exalted Throne have wailed and lamented. We
behold in thee the foolish ruling over the wise, and darkness
vaunting itself against the light. Thou art indeed filled with
manifest pride. Hath thine outward splendour made thee <p152>
vainglorious? By Him Who is the Lord of mankind! It shall
soon perish, and thy daughters and thy widows and all the
kindreds that dwell within thee shall lament. Thus
informeth thee the All-Knowing, the All-Wise.(6)
[1 Constantinople.]
The downfall of Sultan 'Abdu'l-'Aziz, the end of his shameful reign and that of his successors, the extinction of a dynasty which had lasted for six and a half centuries, the dismemberment of an empire which had once stretched as far as Hungary in Europe to the Caspian Sea in Asia and to Oran in Africa, and above all the collapse of the Caliphate, the most powerful institution in Islam--all these took place in that short period of time after the 'Prisoner of 'Akka' had issued His clear warnings of the dire retributive calamities which were to descend upon the despotic rulers of the Land of Turkey.
Shoghi Effendi makes some significant remarks about the extinction of the Ottoman dynasty and the Caliphate:
Though Baha'u'llah had been banished from His Native
land, the tide of calamity which had swept with such fury
over Him and over the followers of the Bab, was by no
means receding. Under the jurisdiction of the Sultan of
Turkey, the arch-enemy of His Cause, a new chapter in the
history of His ever-recurring trials had opened. The
overthrow of the Sultanate and the Caliphate, the twin
pillars of Sunni Islam, can be regarded in no other light
except as the inevitable consequence of the fierce, the
sustained and deliberate persecution which the monarchs of
the tottering House of 'Uthmin, the recognized successors
of the Prophet Muhammad, had launched against it. From
the city of Constantinople, the traditional seat of both the
Sultanate and the Caliphate, the rulers of Turkey had, for a
period covering almost three quarters of a century, striven,
with unabated zeal, to stem the tide of a Faith they feared
and abhorred. From the time Baha'u'llah set foot on Turkish
soil and was made a virtual prisoner of the most powerful
potentate of Islam to the year of the Holy Land's liberation
from Turkish yoke, successive Caliphs, and in particular the <p153>
Sultans 'Abdu'l-'Aziz and 'Abdu'l-Hamid, had, in the full
exercise of the spiritual and temporal authority which their
exalted office had conferred upon them, afflicted both the
Founder of our Faith and the Centre of His Covenant with
such pain and tribulation as no mind can fathom nor pen or
tongue describe. They alone could have measured or borne
them...

The orders which these foes issued, the banishments they
decreed, the indignities they inflicted, the plans they
devised, the investigations they conducted, the threats they
pronounced, the atrocities they were prepared to commit,
the intrigues and baseness to which they, their ministers,
their governors, and military chieftains had stooped,
constitute a record which can hardly find a parallel in the
history of any revealed religion. The mere recital of the most
salient features of that sinister theme would suffice to fill a
volume. They knew full well that the spiritual and
administrative Centre of the Cause they had striven to
eradicate had now shifted to their dominion, that its leaders
were Turkish citizens, and that whatever resources these
could command were at their mercy. That for a period of
almost three score years and ten, while still in the plenitude
of its unquestioned authority, while reinforced by the
endless machinations of the civil and ecclesiastical
authorities of a neighbouring nation, and assured of the
support of those of Baha'u'llah's kindred who had rebelled
against, and seceded from, His Cause, this despotism should
have failed in the end to extirpate a mere handful of its
condemned subjects must, to every unbelieving observer,
remain one of the most intriguing and mysterious episodes
of contemporary history.

The Cause of which Baha'u'llah was still the visible leader
had, despite the calculations of a short-sighted enemy,
undeniably triumphed. No unbiased mind, penetrating the
surface of conditions surrounding the Prisoner of 'Akka,
could any longer mistake or deny it. Though the tension
which had been relaxed was, for a time, heightened after
Baha'u'llah's ascension and the perils of a still unsettled
situation were revived, it was becoming increasingly evident <p154>
that the insidious forces of decay, which for many a long
year were eating into the vitals of a diseased nation, were
now moving towards a climax. A series of internal
convulsions, each more devastating than the previous one,
had already been unchained, destined to bring in their wake
one of the most catastrophic occurrences of modern times.
The murder of that arrogant despot in the year 1876; the
Russo-Turkish conflict that soon followed in its wake; the
wars of liberation which succeeded it; the rise of the Young
Turk movement; the Turkish Revolution of 1909 that
precipitated the downfall of 'Abdu'l-Hamid; the Balkan
wars with their calamitous consequences; the liberation of
Palestine enshrining within its bosom the cities of 'Akka and
Haifa, the world centre of an emancipated Faith; the further
dismemberment decreed by the Treaty of Versailles; the
abolition of the Sultanate and the downfall of the
House of 'Uthman; the extinction of the Caliphate; the disestablishing
of the State Religion; the annulment of the
Shari'ah Law and the promulgation of a universal Civil
Code; the suppression of various orders, beliefs, traditions
and ceremonials believed to be inextricably interwoven with
the fabric of the Muslim Faith--these followed with an ease
and swiftness that no man had dared envisage. In these
devastating blows, administered by friend and foe alike, by
Christian nations and professing Muslims, every follower of
the persecuted Faith of Baha'u'llah recognized evidences of
the directing Hand of the departed Founder of his religion,
Who, from the invisible Realm, was unloosing a flood of
well-deserved calamities upon a rebellious religion and
nation.

Compare the evidences of Divine visitation which befell
the persecutors of Jesus Christ with these historic retributions
which, in the latter part of the first century of the
Baha'i Era, have hurled to dust the chief adversary of the
religion of Baha'u'llah. Had not the Roman Emperor, in the
second half of the first century of the Christian Era, after a
distressful siege of Jerusalem, laid waste the Holy City,
destroyed the Temple, desecrated and robbed the Holy of
Holies of its treasures, and transported them to Rome, <p155>
reared a pagan colony on the mount of Zion, massacred the
Jews, and exiled and dispersed the survivors?

Compare, moreover, these words which the persecuted
Christ, as witnessed by the Gospel, addressed to Jerusalem,
with Baha'u'llah's apostrophe to Constantinople, revealed
while He lay in His far-off Prison, and recorded in His Most
Holy Book: 'O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the
Prophets and stonest them which are sent unto thee, how
often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a
hen gathereth her chickens under her wings!' And again, as
He wept over the city: 'If thou hadst known, even thou, at
least in this thy day, the things which belong unto thy peace!
but now they are hid from thine eyes. For the days shall
come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about
thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every
side, and shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy
children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one
stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of
thy visitation.'(7)
To the Presidents of the Republics of America, Baha'u'llah has addressed these words recorded in the Kitab-i-Aqdas:
Hearken ye, O Rulers of America and the Presidents of the
Republics therein, unto that which the Dove is warbling on
the Branch of Eternity: There is none other God but Me, the
Ever-Abiding, the Forgiving, the All-Bountiful. Adorn ye
the temple of dominion with the ornament of justice and of
the fear of God, and its head with the crown of the
remembrance of your Lord, the Creator of the heavens.
Thus counselleth you He Who is the Dayspring of Names,
as bidden by Him Who is the All-Knowing, the All-Wise.
The Promised One hath appeared in this glorified Station,
whereat all beings, both seen and unseen, have rejoiced.
Take ye advantage of the Day of God. Verily, to meet Him is
better for you than all that whereon the sun shineth, could
ye but know it. O concourse of rulers! Give ear unto that
which hath been raised from the Dayspring of Grandeur: <p156>

Verily, there is none other God but Me, the Lord of
Utterance, the All-Knowing. Bind ye the broken with the
lands of Justice, and crush the oppressor who flourisheth
with the rod of the commandments of your Lord, the
Ordainer, the All-Wise.(8)
In all these Writings, one message in particular was conveyed in an unequivocal language, expressed with vigour, eloquence and majesty, and that was that God had manifested Himself and that His Vicegerent on earth was summoning the Kings to Himself. The warnings in all these messages were unmistakably clear and explicit and might be summed up by the following passage revealed in the Suriy-i-Muluk (Surih of the Kings):
If ye pay no heed unto the counsels which, in peerless and
unequivocal language, We have revealed in this Tablet,
Divine chastisement shall assail you from every direction,
and the sentence of His justice shall be pronounced against
you. On that day ye shall have no power to resist Him, and
shall recognize your own impotence. Have mercy on
yourselves and on those beneath you.(9)

The forces of 'Divine chastisement' released by the creative power of the Words of Baha'u'llah have been exerting pressure upon the kings and the institution of kingship since those historic summons were issued and not heeded. How remarkable has been the fulfilment of the prophecy of Baha'u'llah foreshadowing the decline in the fortunes of royalty who had wielded absolute power throughout the ages! 'From two ranks amongst men', is Baha'u'llah's clear pronouncement, 'power has been seized: kings and ecclesiastics.'(10) So swift was the downfall of the kings that within the span of a few decades after Baha'u'llah's warnings, many powerful monarchies toppled to the ground, and most remaining ones lost their influence altogether. Revolutions, often combined with violence, took place in different parts of the world and <p157> dramatically changed the whole system of political and governmental institutions.
On Monarchy
In the Tablet of Salman already referred to in Chapter 1, Baha'u'llah makes this significant remark concerning the institution of kingship. He writes:
One of the signs of the maturity of the world is that no one
will accept to bear the weight of kingship. Kingship will
remain with none willing to bear alone its weight. That day
will be the day whereon wisdom will be manifested among
mankind. Only in order to proclaim the Cause of God and
spread abroad His Faith will anyone be willing to bear this
grievous weight. Well is it with him who, for love of God
and His Cause, and for the sake of God and for the purpose
of proclaiming His Faith, will expose himself unto this great
danger, and will accept this toil and trouble.(11)
In His Writings, Baha'u'llah has given three signs for the maturity of mankind. One is the above statement concerning the decline in the fortunes of kings. Another, to which we have made a reference in the previous volume,[1] is the transmuting of elements, the achievement of alchemy. The third, mentioned in the Kitab-i-Aqdas, is the adoption of an international auxiliary language.
[1 Vol. 2, p. 268.]
From all that has been said it must not be inferred, however, that the Baha'i teachings condemn the institution of kingship. On the contrary, in one of His Tablets, Baha'u'llah has declared:

Although a republican form of government profiteth all the
peoples of the world, yet the majesty of kingship is one of
the signs of God. We do not wish that the countries of the
world should remain deprived thereof...(12) <p158>
The Baha'i teachings envisage the re-establishment in the future of properly functioning constitutional monarchies in various countries of the world.
In another Tablet, Baha'u'llah prophesies the future of this institution in these words:
Ere long will God make manifest on earth kings who will
recline on the couches of justice, and will rule amongst men
even as they rule their own selves. They, indeed, are among
the choicest of My creatures in the entire creation.(13)
Shoghi Effendi has written the following explanation of the Baha'i teachings on the institution of monarchy:
Let none, however, mistake or unwittingly misrepresent the
purpose of Baha'u'llah. Severe as has been His condemnation
pronounced against those sovereigns who persecuted Him,
and however strict the censure expressed collectively against
those who failed signally in their clear duty to investigate the
truth of His Faith and to restrain the hand of the wrong-doer,
His teachings embody no principle that can, in any
way, be construed as a repudiation, or even a disparagement,
however veiled, of the institution of kingship. The catastrophic
fall, and the extinction of the dynasties and empires
of those monarchs whose disastrous end He particularly
prophesied, and the declining fortunes of the sovereigns of.
His Own generation, whom He generally reproved--both
constituting a passing phase of the evolution of the Faith,--
should, in no wise, be confounded with the future position
of that institution. Indeed, if we delve into the writings of
the Author of the Baha'i Faith, we cannot fail to discover
unnumbered passages in which, in terms that none can
misrepresent, the principle of kingship is eulogized, the rank
and conduct of just and fair minded kings is extolled, the
rise of monarchs, ruling with justice and even professing His
Faith, is envisaged, and the solemn duty to arise and insure
the triumph of Baha'i sovereigns is inculcated. To conclude
from the above quoted words, addressed by Baha'u'llah to
the monarchs of the earth, to infer from the recital of the <p159>
woeful disasters that have overtaken so many of them, that
His followers either advocate or anticipate the definite
extinction of the institution of kingship, would indeed be
tantamount to a distortion of His teaching.(14)
In the Kitab-i-Aqdas Baha'u'llah prophesies a time when the kings and rulers of the world will embrace His Cause, and He showers His blessings upon such a ruler. These are His words:
How great the blessedness that awaiteth the king who will
arise to aid My Cause in My Kingdom, who will detach
himself from all else but Me! Such a king is numbered with
the companions of the Crimson--the Ark which God
hath prepared for the people of Baha. All must glorify his
name, must reverence his station, and aid him to unlock the
cities with the keys of My Name, the omnipotent Protector
of all that inhabit the visible and invisible kingdoms. Such a
king is the very eye of mankind, the luminous ornament on
the brow of creation, the fountain-head of blessings unto the
whole world. Offer up, O people of Baha, your substance,
nay your very lives, for his assistance.(15)
Speaking of future monarchs who will embrace the Cause, it is appropriate at this juncture to recount the story of Haji Shah Khalilu'llah-i-Farani, a believer of wide repute who, in company with his illustrious father, Aqa Mir Muhammad Big, attained the presence of Baha'u'llah in 'Akka in the year AH 1306 (AD 1889). He was a native of Faran[1] in the Province of Khurasan. In his memoirs he describes their arrival in 'Akka and how they attained the presence of Baha'u'llah:
[1 See p. 62.]

At last we arrived in the City of 'Akka and were taken to the
Baha'i Pilgrim House situated in the Khan[1] where pilgrims
and some resident Baha'is were staying. We enjoyed the
company of these devoted and sincere believers immensely.
In the afternoon of our arrival, 'Abdu'l-Baha came to visit <p160>
us. He illumined our eyes by the effulgent rays of His
countenance. He showered upon us His loving kindness,
asked about our journey and the state of the friends in
various towns, and breathed into our hearts the spirit of joy
and gladness.
[1 Khan-i-'Avamid. (A.T.)]
The following day we were summoned to the presence of
the Blessed Beauty. God is my witness as to our state and
condition at that time. A flood of tears was flowing from our
eyes as we beheld His countenance. Through His all-bountiful
favours, the Tongue of Grandeur[1] spoke to us and
said 'Did you see how the Hand of Power took you and
brought you here? Otherwise, Faran is situated on one side
of the world and 'Akka on the other...'[2] He spoke to us
words of such loving kindness and showered upon us so
many bounties that my pen is unable to record them...
Each day we attained His presence and were fed from the
living waters of His grace. The eyes of His bountiful favours
were often directed toward us... One day we were
summoned at the time of revelation[2] and heard the melodies
of holiness. Gracious God! at such a time not only was the
soul exhilarated, but it seemed as if even the door, the walls,
the trees and the fruits were made to vibrate with
excitement. The Blessed Beauty was seated upon the throne
of utterance, the verses of God were pouring out as a
copious rain and the shrill voice of the Pen of the Most High
could be heard. Each day we received our portion of
bounties from His presence and were in the utmost joy...
One day we were told at the Pilgrim House that His Blessed
Person was going to the Mansion of Bahji[4]... we were
summoned to His presence in the Mansion... and some
accommodation was assigned to us in that neighbourhood.(16)
[1 Baha'u'llah. (A.T.)]
[2 These are not to be taken as the exact words of Baha'u'llah. (A.T.)]
[3 On the revelation of the Word of God see vol. 1, pp. 18-44.]
[4 Baha'u'llah had moved to the Mansion a long time before this but at times He visited 'Akka and stayed there for some time. (A.T.)]
In a spoken chronicle to some friends, Haji Shah Khalilu'llah has recounted a story of Baha'u'llah who one day visited them in their residence: <p161>
One day Baha'u'llah informed my father that He would be
visiting us in the afternoon. That day He arrived with a few
of his disciples. We were both highly honoured by His
presence and immersed in the ocean of His grace and
bounties. After some time He arose to depart. We
accompanied Him to the door and as He went out, He
signalled to us not to accompany Him further. I watched
from behind His graceful stature and the majesty of His
walk, until He disappeared from my sight. I was so carried
away, and in that state I said to myself: What a pity! If only
the kings of the world could recognize Him and arise to
serve Him, both the Cause and the believers would be
exalted in this day.

The following day when we attained His presence, He
turned His face to me and addressed the following words to
me with infinite charm and loving kindness. He said: 'If the
kings and rulers of the world had embraced the Faith in this
day, you people could never have found an entry into this
exalted Court. You could never have had the opportunity to
attain Our presence, nor could you ever have acquired the
privilege of hearing the words of the Lord of Mankind. Of
course the time will come when the kings and rulers of the
world will become believers, and the Cause of God will be
glorified outwardly. But this will happen after the meek and
the lowly ones of the earth have won this inestimable
bounty.[1](17)
[1 These are not to be taken as the exact words which Baha'u'llah spoke on that occasion. (A.T.)]
Haji Shah Khalil'u'llah grew up in a Baha'i, atmosphere. His father was an outstanding believer, very influential among the people and endowed with a deep understanding and knowledge of God. His home was a centre of Baha'i activities in Faran. Haji Shah Khalil'u'llah followed in the footsteps of his father. He became an eminent Baha', whose devotion to and enthusiasm for the Faith endeared him to the believers throughout Persia. In his native town, he was a well-trusted citizen like his father before him, and although he was known <p162> to be a Baha'i he was respected by a great many non-Baha'is who often turned to him for help and advice.
Some years after the ascension of Baha'u'llah he attained the presence of 'Abdu'l-Baha and basked in the sunshine of His love for some time in 'Akka. During Shoghi Effendi's ministry too he was twice given the privilege of visiting the Holy Land, where he had the honour of going into the presence of Shoghi Effendi almost every day during his pilgrimage.
Haji Shah Khalil'u'llah was a great teacher of the Faith. Through his loving disposition he attracted many people to the Cause of God. His spiritual qualities, coupled with the burning love he cherished for Baha'u'llah and His Faith, made him an outstanding Baha'i who warmed the hearts of the believers wherever he went.
Religious Leaders Addressed in the Kitab-i-Aqdas
Another category of people who wielded enormous power was the clergy. Throughout the whole period of recorded history these men held the reins of power in their hands, and guided the masses in their ways. This was perhaps necessary as in former days most people were illiterate and needed to be led by someone. The authority with which religious leaders acted within the community, both in the East and the West, was so deeply rooted in the hearts of people that even kings were bound to obey them. To cite one example: the kings of the Qajar dynasty in Persia ruled as powerful dictators of a totalitarian regime. At one stage, one of the leading divines of Persia had forbidden people to smoke. Although this order did not last very long, everyone had to obey it until it was rescinded. Even the Qajar King in his palace did not dare to smoke. Such was the sway of the word of the clergy when Baha'u'llah appeared! With a stroke of His mighty Pen, He abolished the institution of priesthood and announced that He had seized their power, a power they had wielded from time immemorial.
[Illustrations appearing between pages 162 and 163:]

HAJI SHAH KHALULU'LLAH-I-FARANI
An eminent Baha'i who attained the presence of
Baha'u'llah in 'Akka

MIRZA 'AZIZU'LLAH-I-JADHDHAB
A Baha'i of Jewish origin who was directed by
Baha'u'llah to proclaim the Faith to Baron Rothschild <p163>

To Shaykh Baqir, a Muslim Persian Mujtahid whom Baha'u'llah stigmatized as 'Wolf' because of his orders to execute two illustrious Baha'is, Baha'u'llah has addressed these words:
O heedless one! Rely not on thy glory and thy power. Thou
art even as the last trace of sunlight upon the mountain-top.
Soon will it fade away, as decreed by God, the All-Possessing,
the Most High. Thy glory, and the glory of such
as are like thee, have been taken away, and this, verily, is
what hath been ordained by the One with Whom is the
Mother Tablet...(18)
In the Kitab-i-Aqdas Baha'u'llah addresses the divines of all religions collectively; these are some extracts from His words:
Say: O leaders of religion! Weigh not the Book of God with
such standards and sciences as are current amongst you, for
the Book itself is the unerring balance established amongst
men. In this most perfect balance whatsoever the peoples
and kindreds of the earth possess must be weighed, while the
measure of its weight should be tested according to its own
standard, did ye but know it.

The eye of My loving-kindness weepeth sore over you,
inasmuch as ye have tailed to recognize the One upon
Whom ye have been calling in the daytime and in the night
season, at even and at morn. Advance, O people, with snow-white
faces and radiant hearts, unto the blest and crimson
Spot, wherein the Sadratu'l-Muntaha is calling: 'Verily,
there is none other God beside Me, the Omnipotent
Protector, the Self-Subsisting!'

O ye leaders of religion! Who is the man amongst you that
can rival Me in vision or insight? Where is he to be found
that dareth to claim to be My equal in utterance or wisdom?
No, by My Lord, the All-Merciful! All on the earth shall
pass away; and this is the face of your Lord, the Almighty,
the Well-Beloved.

We have decreed, O people, that the highest and last end
of all learning be the recognition of Him Who is the Object <p164>
of all knowledge; and yet, behold how ye have allowed your
learning to shut you out, as by a veil, from Him Who is the
Dayspring of this Light, through Whom every hidden thing
hath been revealed. Could ye but discover the source
whence the splendour of this utterance is diffused, ye would
cast away the peoples of the world and all that they possess,
and would draw nigh unto this most blessed Seat of glory.

Say: This, verily, is the heaven in which the Mother Book
is treasured, could ye but comprehend it. He it is Who hath
caused the Rock to shout, and the Burning Bush to lift up its
voice, upon the Mount rising above the Holy Land, and
proclaim: 'The Kingdom is God's, the sovereign Lord of all,
the All-Powerful, and Loving!'

We have not entered any school, nor read any of your
dissertations. Incline your ears to the words of this
unlettered One, wherewith He summoneth you unto God,
the Ever-Abiding. Better is this for you than all the treasures
of the earth, could ye but comprehend it.(19)

And again:
O concourse of divines! When My verses were sent down,
and My clear tokens were revealed, We found you behind
the veils. This, verily, is a strange thing... We have rent the
veils asunder. Beware lest ye shut out the people by yet
another veil. Pluck asunder the chains of vain imaginings, in
the name of the Lord of all men, and be not of the deceitful.
Should ye turn unto God, and embrace His Cause, spread
not disorder within it, and measure not the Book of God
with your selfish desires. This, verily, is the counsel of God
aforetime and hereafter... Had ye believed in God, when
He revealed Himself, the people would not have turned
aside from Him, nor would the things ye witness today have
befallen Us. Fear God, and be not of the heedless... This is
the Cause that hath caused all your superstitions and idols to
tremble...

O concourse of divines! Beware lest ye be the cause of
strife in the land, even as ye were the cause of the repudiation
of the Faith in its early days. Gather the people around this <p165>
Word that hath made the pebbles to cry out: 'The Kingdom
is God's, the Dawning-Place of all signs!'... Tear the veils
asunder in such wise that the inmates of the Kingdom will
hear them being rent. This is the command of God, in days
gone by, and for those to come. Blessed the man that
observeth that whereunto he was bidden, and woe betide the
negligent.(20)
In many of His Tablets Baha'u'llah has made references to the divines. The following are just a few:
When We observed carefully, We discovered that Our
enemies are, for the most part, the divines.
Among the people are those who said: 'He hath repudiated
the divines.' Say: 'Yea, by My Lord! I, in very truth, was the
One Who abolished the idols!'

We, verily, have sounded the Trumpet, which is Our Most
Sublime Pen, and lo, the divines and the learned, and the
doctors and the rulers, swooned away except such as God
preserved, as a token of His grace, and He, verily, is the All-Bounteous,
the Ancient of Days.

O concourse of divines! Fling away idle fancies and
imaginings, and turn, then, towards the Horizon of
Certitude. I swear by God! All that ye possess will profit
you not, neither all the treasures of the earth, nor the
leadership ye have usurped. Fear God, and be not of the lost
ones.

Say: O concourse of divines! Lay aside all your veils and
coverings. Give ear unto that whereunto calleth you the
Most Sublime Pen, in this wondrous Day.

The world is laden with dust, by reason of your vain
imaginings, and the hearts of such as enjoy near access to
God are troubled because of your cruelty. Fear God, and be
of them that judge equitably.(21) <p166>
Shoghi Effendi has written in some detail on this topic in his The Promised Day Is Come. These are some of his remarks:
... The decline in the fortunes of the crowned wielders of
temporal power has been paralleled by a no less startling
deterioration in the influence exercised by the world's
spiritual leaders. The colossal events that have heralded the
dissolution of so many kingdoms and empires have almost
synchronized with the crumbling of the seemingly
inviolable strongholds of religious orthodoxy. That same
process which, swiftly and tragically, sealed the doom of
kings and emperors, and extinguished their dynasties, has
operated in the case of the ecclesiastical leaders of both
Christianity and Islam, damaging their prestige, and, in
some cases, overthrowing their highest institutions. 'Power
hath been seized' indeed, from both 'kings and ecclesiastics.'
The glory of the former has been eclipsed, the power of the
latter irretrievably lost.

Those leaders who exercised guidance and control over
the ecclesiastical hierarchies of their respective religions
have, likewise, been appealed to, warned, and reproved by
Baha'u'llah, in terms no less uncertain than those in which
the sovereigns who presided over the destinies of their
subjects have been addressed. They, too, and more
particularly the heads of Muslim ecclesiastical orders, have,
In conjunction with despots and potentates, launched their
assaults and thundered their anathemas against the Founders
of the Faith of God, its followers, its principles, and its
institutions. Were not the divines of Persia the first who
hoisted the standard of revolt, who inflamed the ignorant
and subservient masses against it, and who instigated the
civil authorities, through their outcry, their threats, their
lies, their calumnies, and denunciations, to decree the
banishments, to enact the laws, to launch the punitive
campaigns, and to carry out the executions and massacres
that fill the pages of its history? So abominable and savage
was the butchery committed in a single day, instigated by
these divines, and so typical of the 'callousness of the brute
and the ingenuity of the fiend' that Renan, in his 'Les <p167>
Apotres,' characterized that day as 'perhaps unparalleled in
the history of the world.'

It was these divines, who, by these very acts, sowed the
seeds of the disintegration of their own institutions,
institutions that were so potent, so famous, and appeared so
invulnerable when the Faith was born. It was they who, by
assuming so lightly and foolishly, such awful responsibilities
were primarily answerable for the release of those violent
and disruptive influences that have unchained disasters as
catastrophic as those which overwhelmed kings, dynasties,
and empires, and which constitute the most noteworthy
landmarks in the history of the first century of the Baha'i
era.

This process of deterioration, however startling in its
initial manifestations, is still operating with undiminished
force, and will, as the opposition to the Faith of God, from
various sources and in distant fields, gathers momentum, be
further accelerated and reveal still more remarkable
evidences of its devastating power.(22)
Baha'u'llah proclaimed His Message to the leaders of the world collectively and to a few monarchs individually. But this proclamation was not meant only for the kings or religious leaders alone. The peoples of the world had to hear it also through their leaders as there was no other form of communication. The mass media of today was non-existent in the days of Baha'u'llah. It was God's purpose that leaders of the world hear the advent of His Manifestation, respond positively to His summons, embrace His Cause and communicate His Message to their peoples. But no one responded. Yet God had fulfilled His role in His Covenant with man by vouchsafing His Revelation to mankind and proclaiming it to him. It now rested with man to respond of his own volition to the call of His Creator.
Proclamation to the Jewish Leadership
A survey of Baha'u'llah's letters to the leaders of the world <p168> indicates that all the nations and major religions of the world were given the opportunity to hear of His coming. Probably one exception was the Jewish people as they did not belong to a particular state at the time. One year before His passing, Baha'u'llah had made a remark concerning His proclamation to the rulers of the world. He is reported to have said that by then He had fully proclaimed His Mission to the crowned heads of the world, but He desired to convey the Message of God to Baron Rothschild[1] who could be considered as the leader of the Jewish people at the time. This remark was addressed to a believer of Jewish descent, Mirza 'Azizu'llah-i-Jadhdhab who had gone to 'Akka to attain the presence of Baha'u'llah for the third time in the year AH 1308 (AD 1891). Baha'u'llah directed him to write to Baron Rothschild and proclaim the Faith to him and if possible pay him a visit.
[1 Probably Baron Nathaniel Mayer, Lord Rothschild of London (1840-1915), then considered the lay head of world Jewry; or else Baron Edmond de Rothschild of Paris (1845-1934), the great benefactor of thousands of Jews then settling in Palestine.]
The story of the life of Mirza 'Azizu'llah and his services to the Cause of God are interesting and inspiring indeed. He was of Jewish descent. His father, living in the city of Mashhad, was a learned man and well versed in the Old Testament and other religious books. He used to teach the Old Testament to the Jewish youth. Pure-hearted and with great insight into religious matters, he recognized the truth of the Faith of Islam and secretly declared his conversion to the Muslim authorities. With the exception of his wife, no other members of the Jewish community, not even his own children, were aware of his conversion to Islam. This was about sixteen years before the birth of the Babi Faith. In particular, he advised his family to watch for the coming of the Lord of Hosts, as he had discovered according to the Holy Books that His advent was at hand.
A few years later, in 1838, some tragic incident resulted in the massacre of about thirty-five Jews in the city of Mashhad by <p169> the Muslims. All the surviving Jews took refuge in the homes of Muslim clergy and in order to save their lives, agreed to accept the Faith of Islam. They were officially converted by the clergy, but, of course, in secret they practised the Jewish Faith. Although their lives had been saved, the Jews newly converted to Islam continued to live in a separate quarter of the city and were not fully integrated with the Muslim community. They were referred to as the 'newcomers' and were still persecuted by the Muslims.
Mirza 'Azizu'llah lived in this community. He went to a Muslim school as a child, but soon left it. Instead, he learnt the Old Testament, became fully acquainted with the Jewish Faith, and practised it in secret. Although his education was elementary, he became a successful merchant and emerged as a man of ability and enterprise.
The first time he heard the word 'Baha'u'llah' was when one of his brothers, who had become a Baha'i, mentioned the story of the martyrdom of Badi' to him. But Mirza 'Azizu'llah, being very staunch in the Jewish Faith, did not show any interest, and the brother did not pursue the matter any further.
Some time passed and the two brothers had to undertake a series of journeys together on business. In the course of these journeys Mirza 'Azizu'llah decided to polish up his elementary knowledge of reading and writing Persian. Being a talented man, it did not take him very long to become proficient as a reader.
One day when his brother was out he took a Baha'i book and began to read it. He was moved by what he read, but discounted the whole idea of a new Faith. Then one night he had a dream, of which he has written this account in his memoirs:
In my dream, I heard the announcement that the Lord of
Hosts, the Promised One of all ages, had appeared, and that
He was inspecting the company of the Prophets and all their
followers. I went along immediately to the appointed place. <p170>
I saw a vast place on which multitudes of people were
assembled in lines. Each prophet along with his followers
was seated facing the Qiblih.[1] I was surprised by the
extraordinary light and vision which was given to my eyes,
as I could easily see all the people lined up in that vast area.
[1 Literally: point of adoration. A point to which the faithful turn at the time of prayer.]
Opposite the multitudes and facing them, a venerable
figure was seated upon a chair uttering some words. I was
standing at the end of a line. His blessed Person was over
fifty years of age, had a long black beard and was wearing a
green Taj[1] sewn with green silk thread. With His blessed
hand He signalled me to go to Him. With my hands I
gesticulated to say, how can I come with all these crowds in
front of me? He waved His hands to the multitudes and they
all prostrated themselves on the ground. He then beckoned
me to go forward. I was not sure at this point whether it was
to me or someone else that He was signalling. He then
repeated His command. This time I went forward
immediately, stepping on the backs of people who lay
prostrate in front of me, until I reached Him. I prostrated
myself at His feet and kissed them. He then helped me up to
my feet with His hand and recited the verse of the Qur'an:
'Blessed be God, the most excellent Creator.(23)
[1 Head-dress similar to the one that Baha'u'llah used to wear.]
Although this dream made a great impression on Mirza 'Azizu'llah, he still remained steadfast in his Jewish faith until some time later when he was converted to the Faith of Baha'u'llah by Haji 'Abdu'l-Majid, the father of Badi'. Soon after embracing the Faith, Mirza 'Azizu'llah and his brother journeyed to 'Akka to attain the presence of Baha'u'llah. This was in the year 1876, his first pilgrimage to the Holy Land. When the appointed time arrived, Mirza 'Azizu'llah was ushered into the room of Baha'u'llah in 'Akka. As soon as his eyes saw the person of Baha'u'llah he was awestruck to find <p171> himself in the presence of the One whom he had seen some years before in that memorable dream, wearing the same clothes and the same green head-dress. With all the devotion and love in his heart Mirza 'Azizu'llah promptly prostrated himself at the feet of his Lord. Baha'u'llah bent down, helped him up to his feet and recited the verse of the Qur'an: 'Blessed be God, the most excellent Creator!'
During his stay in 'Akka, Mirza 'Azizu'llah attained the presence of Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha many times. As a result, he became endowed with a new spirit of faith and assurance. The first time that he attained the presence of Baha'u'llah, he witnessed the revelation of Baha'u'llah's Tablets and heard His voice as He revealed them. This experience left an abiding impression upon him. The only regret he had was that he could not read Arabic and hence was unable to fully appreciate the Holy Writings. This was because he had left school so young and had missed the opportunity to learn Arabic. He felt remorseful over this. Someone in 'Akka volunteered to teach him Arabic, but he declined the offer as he had no time or patience to learn a language so vast in vocabulary and so complex in grammar.
The next day when he attained the presence of Baha'u'llah, he approached Him by way of the heart and begged that through His bountiful favours, He might enable him to understand Arabic without going through the usual method of learning the language. His wish was granted, and Mirza 'Azizu'llah one day became very excited when he found himself reading and understanding the Qur'an and the Tablets of Baha'u'llah in Arabic.
Many early believers were uneducated but they were endowed by Baha'u'llah with a knowledge which men of learning but devoid of faith did not possess. Earlier on[1] we have described this form of knowledge, a knowledge which wells out of the heart and is not dependent on learning.
[1 pp. 94-5.]
Concerning the special mission given him during his last <p172> pilgrimage to 'Akka, to proclaim the Faith to Baron Rothschild, Mirza 'Azizu'llah has recorded the following in his memoirs:
After leaving the Holy Land,[1] I arrived in Istanbul. There I
knew a certain broker who had the knowledge of the French
language. I asked him if he would teach me a little French
every day, so that on my journey to meet Rothschild I
would be able to converse a little in that language. In the
meantime, I composed a letter to Rothschild which was
rendered into French. In this communication I informed
him of the coming of Baha'u'llah and of the fulfilment of the
prophecies of the Old Testament concerning the advent of
the Lord of Hosts who had revealed Himself on Mount
Carmel at this time. I explained that the followers of
Baha'u'llah were inviting us to embrace His Cause,
adducing proofs and demonstrating that prophecies have
been fulfilled. I reminded him that he was considered as the
head of the Jewish People. Therefore, I asked him to refer
this matter to the Jewish divines in Jerusalem so that they
might respond to this question. I explained further that
either one had to nullify the proofs and the prophecies of the
Old Testament or to accept this blessed Cause. After
sending this communication I began to learn French. In
those days, Aqa Siyyid Ahmad-i-Afnan[2] was in Istanbul.
He was very curious to find out the reason for my learning
French at this time in my life, and for what purpose I was
thinking of going to Paris and London. But since the visit to
Rothschild was a confidential matter I did not disclose
it...(24)
[1 This was in 1891. (A.T.)]
[2 A member of the Afnan family who ran a business in Istanbul.]
Unfortunately the memoirs of Mirza 'Azizu'llah are not conclusive in that there is no mention of whether he succeeded in meeting the Baron or not.
Another interesting mission which Mirza 'Azizu'llah undertook during 'Abdu'l-Baha's ministry was to visit Leo <p173> Tolstoy, the famous Russian philosopher and writer. Tolstoy was already informed of the Revelations of the Bab and Baha'u'llah, and had praised Their teachings. Mirza 'Azizu'llah succeeded in meeting him in September 1902 and in the course of an interview spoke to him at length on the history and the teachings of the Faith and explained the station of Baha'u'llah as the Promised One of all ages. The detailed discussions, questions and answers in this interview and the favourable response of Tolstoy, who believed that the Cause of Baha'u'llah would spread throughout the world are all recorded in his memoirs. <p174>

The Pride of Martyrs
Dispatch of the Lawh-i-Sultan
A Tablet of great significance, described by Baha'u'llah as the 'rumbling' of His proclamation to the kings and rulers of the world, was revealed in Adrianople and addressed to Nasiri'd-Din Shah of Persia. But it was sent to him from 'Akka. An account of the Lawh-i-Sultan has been given in the previous volume. Its dispatch required a personal messenger as it would have been impossible for the Shah to receive the Tablet through any other channel.
Clergy and government in Persia were hand-in-hand in ruthlessly persecuting the defenceless followers of the new Faith during the reign of Nasiri'd-Din Shah. Anybody or anything remotely connected with the name Bab' or Baha'i could become a target for assault and destruction. There could be dangerous consequences for a person found to be in possession of a letter which had some connection with the Faith. When travellers entered a city they would be questioned about their identity and could be searched by officials who lived by bribery and extortion; often through harassment, imprisonment and torture, these men extracted from people as much money as they could. Whenever they came across a Baha'i, they would thoroughly search him for Baha'i materials such as letters, books and Tablets, and if they found any, not only would these be confiscated but also the Baha'i's life would be in great danger. Because of these difficulties all the Writings of Baha'u'llah were taken to Persia by individual believers, very often by Shaykh Salman. He exercised such tact <p175> and wisdom in his journeys that none of the Tablets he was carrying ever fell into the hands of the enemy.[1]
[1 Honoured by Baha'u'llah by the appellation 'Messenger of the Merciful', Shaykh Salman carried His Tablets to the believers and brought back their letters to Him. He performed this service for several decades. For his life story see vol. 1, pp. 109-13, vol. 2, passim.]
To send a Tablet to the Shah of Persia, however, was a different matter. Not only was a great deal of wisdom needed to protect the Tablet, but the messenger had to be willing to lay down his life as well. When Baha'u'llah revealed the Tablet He had commented that the person who was to take it to Nasiri'd-Din Shah had not yet been created. This person had to be endowed with supreme faith and manifest such courage and forbearance in the face of suffering and torture as to astonish the world. Baha'u'llah wrote a few lines about the delivery of the Tablet on its cover:
He is God, exalted is He.
We ask God to send one of His servants, and to detach
him from Contingent Being, and to adorn his heart with the
decoration of strength and composure, that he may help his
Lord amidst the concourse of creatures, and, when he
becometh aware of what hath been revealed for His Majesty
the King, that he may arise and take the Letter, by the
permission of his Lord, the Mighty, the Bounteous, and go
with speed to the abode of the King. And when he shall
arrive at the place of his throne, let him alight in the inn, and
let him hold converse with none till he goeth forth one day
and standeth where he [i.e. the King] shall pass by. And
when the Royal harbingers shall appear, let him raise up the
Letter with the utmost humility and courtesy, and say, 'It
hath been sent on the part of the Prisoner.' And it is
incumbent upon him to be in such a mood that, should the
King decree his death, he shall not be troubled within
himself, and shall hasten to the place of sacrifice saying, 'O
Lord, praise be to Thee because that Thou hast made me a
helper to Thy religion, and hast decreed unto me <p176>
martyrdom in Thy way! By Thy Glory, I would not
exchange this cup for [all] the cups in the worlds, for Thou
hast not ordained any equivalent to this, neither do Kawthar
and Salsabil[1] rival it!' But if he [i.e. the King] letteth him
[i.e. the messenger] go, and interfereth not with him, let him
say, 'To Thee be praise, O Lord of the worlds! Verily I am
content with Thy good pleasure and what Thou hast
predestined unto me in Thy way, even though I did desire
that the earth might be dyed with my blood for Thy love.
But what Thou willest is best for me: verily Thou knowest
what is in my soul, while I know not what is in Thy soul;
and Thou art the All-Knowing, the Informed.'[1]
[1 The names of two rivers in Paradise.]
The Story of Badi'
The person who was created anew and performed this sacred mission was a youth of seventeen by the name of Aqa Buzurg, entitled Badi'. The father of Badi', Haji 'Abdu'l-Majid-i-Nishapuri known as Aba Badi' (father of Badi') was one of the outstanding believers of the Babi Faith and later became a devoted follower of Baha'u'llah. An account of his life and martyrdom at an old age is given in a previous volume.[1] Although Badi' grew up in the home of a very devoted believer, he was not touched sufficiently by the spirit of the Faith as to make him believe in the Cause and he remained cold and aloof in relation to it.
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 128-36.]
Towards the end of His sojourn in Adrianople, Baha'u'llah sent Nabil-i-A'zam to Persia to strengthen the faith of the believers, especially because of Mirza Yahya's opposition to the Cause of God. In the course of his journeys, Nabil went to the city of Nishapur where he was entertained by Aba Badi', 'the father of Badi", who expressed to Nabil great disappointment in his son. Nabil, in his unpublished history, has recorded that in Nishapur, Aba Badi' invited him to his home and himself began to entertain him. Nabil asked him, <p177> 'Do you not have a grown-up son?' He replied that he had one but that he was not obedient to him.[1] Nabil called for the son and he came in. He was a simple-hearted tall youth, and Nabil requested that he act as his host.
[1 The reason behind the question was that Nabil must have been surprised that Aba Badi' was entertaining him personally. Because in those days the young generally paid great respect to their parents, and in a case such as this, a young son would not allow his father to serve the guest personally, bearing in mind that it was against the custom of the time for
the female members of the family to entertain guests of the opposite sex.]
Gradually, he became attracted to matters pertaining to God and spiritual things and wept throughout the night. In the morning he prepared the tea and went to town; after he had gone Aba Badi' came to talk to Nabil. He said, 'I have never heard him weep before... I am prepared to serve him if he remains steadfast in the Cause.' Aqa Buzurg insisted that he would like to accompany Nabil to Mashhad but his father wanted him first to finish his studies, then study the Kitab-i-Iqan and make a copy of it[1] before going on such a journey.
[1 In the early days of the Faith, the Holy Writings were not published. Handwritten copies were made by individual believers.]
After Nabil left Khurasan and arrived in Tihran, Shaykh-i-Fani,[1] a devoted believer, went to Nishapur. He disclosed his plans to travel to Baghdad and then to Adrianople, and stated that he had permission from Baha'u'llah to take one person with him. Aba Badi' provided his son with funds and a beast of burden for transport to accompany the Shaykh to Baghdad where they could join Nabil and from there all of them proceed together to the presence of Baha'u'llah. Badi' accompanied the Shaykh as far as Yazd. There he parted company with him, gave him all his possessions and alone travelled on foot to Baghdad. The spirit of devotion to the Faith had so touched Badi' that he was longing to gaze upon the countenance of Baha'u'llah and partake of His glory in person.
[1 Shaykh Ahmad-i-Nishapuri, not to be confused with Shaykh Muhammad-i-Hisari, also entitled Shaykh-i-Fani. <p178>]
While Badi' was in Baghdad, the enemies of the Cause fatally wounded Aqa 'Abdu'r-Rasul-i-Qumi[1] an ardent follower of Baha'u'llah who had taken upon himself the arduous task of carrying water[2] to the House of Baha'u'llah in that city. The supply of water to that House was essential as some believers were living there. When Badi' learned of the tragic story of the martyrdom of Aqa 'Abdu'r-Rasul, he volunteered for the job and began to carry skins of water from the river to the House of Baha'u'llah and the believers; consequently, he too became a target of assaults by the enemy. He was attacked several times as he was carrying water and each time stabbed with knives or daggers. Undeterred by the malice of the fanatic mob, this youth, whose destiny was to become a new creation of God in this Day and a spiritual giant of this Dispensation, continued in this work. God vouchsafed His protection to him during those turbulent days.
[1 See vol. 2, p. 333.]
[2 In those days in the Middle East, there was no running water in houses Water had to be carried from springs or rivers; there were water carriers in every town. The most common method was to carry large leather skins filled with water on one's back.]
We have already recounted the fate of the believers living in
Baghdad. They were eighty-eight in all who were exiled to
Mosul.[1] But Badi' was not among them. He had gone to Mosul
before the exiles arrived, and was able to serve them in the same
capacity of water carrier. After some time the news reached the
believers that Baha'u'llah had been exiled to 'Akka. Badi' could
wait no longer. He departed from Mosul and walked all the
way to 'Akka.
[1 See vol. 2, p. 334.]
He arrived there early in 1869. This was some time after Haji Shah-Muhammad-i-Aminu'l-Bayan and Haji Abu'l-Hasan-i-Amin (the two Trustees of Baha'u'llah[1] had arrived in the City. Badi' seems to have entered the city without much difficulty. The watchful eyes of Siyyid Muhammad-i-Isfahani and his accomplice Aqa Jan, who were housed above the gate <p179> of the city so that they might report to the authorities the arrival of any person they suspected of being a Baha'i, failed to recognize the youth carrying his water skins and wearing a long cloak of coarse cotton of the type worn among the Arabs.
[1 See above, ch. 4.]
Badi' wandered in the city for some time not knowing the residence of his Lord or how to enter it. He went to a mosque and there he sighted a few Persians and he knew that the one standing in front of them was none other than 'Abdu'l-Baha. He waited till the prayer was finished and then approached the Master with great reverence and handed him a note containing two lines of a poem he had hurriedly composed on the spot. In it he had, without introducing himself, declared his loyalty to the Master and his faith in Baha'u'llah in moving and tender language. 'Abdu'l-Baha warmly welcomed Badi' and managed to take him to the barracks.[1]
[1 'Azizu'llah-i-Jadhdhab (see p. 168), a devoted believer has recorded in his memoirs that 'Abdu'l-Ahad (see p. 54) took Badi' with his water-carrying skin inside the barracks. It is possible that 'Abdu'l-Baha had instructed 'Abdu'l-Ahad to accompany him to the prison.]
In one of the Tablets(2) written by Mirza Aqa Jan, it is stated that Badi' was ushered into the Presence of Baha'u'llah alone on two occasions. No one knew what was happening in these audiences except that Baha'u'llah had said that God was about to create a new creation and Badi' himself was unaware of it. In another Tablet,(3) Baha'u'llah states that He created him anew with the hands of power and might and sent him out as a ball of fire. It was in the course of these two meetings that Baha'u'llah gave him the name Badi'--Wonderful.
In yet another Tablet(4) Baha'u'llah has testified that He took a handful of dust, mixed it with the waters of might and power and breathed into it a new spirit from His presence, adorned it with the ornament of a name (Badi') in the Kingdom of Creation and sent it out to the King with a Book revealed by God.
In a Tablets to the father of Badi', Baha'u'llah recounts in moving language the exciting events which took place when <p180> his son had attained His presence. He indicates that when He desired to create a new creation He summoned Badi' to come to His room and uttered 'one word' to him, a word which caused his whole being to tremble. He affirms that had it not been for the divine protection vouchsafed to him at that moment, Badi' would have swooned away. Then the Hand of Omnipotence, according to Baha'u'llah's description, began to create him anew and breathed into him the spirit of might and power. So great was the infusion of this might, as attested by Baha'u'llah, that single and alone he could have conquered the world through the power of God, had he been ordered to do so.
Baha'u'llah states that when this new creation came into being he smiled in His presence and manifested such steadfastness that the Concourse on High[1] were deeply moved and exhilarated and the voice of God was heard calling aloud: 'Hallowed and glorified be Baha for having fashioned a new and wonderful creation.' Baha'u'llah testifies that He disclosed to his eyes the 'Kingdom of Revelation', and as a result his whole being was filled with an ecstasy that rid him of all attachments to this world and made him arise to assist his Lord and bring victory to His Cause.
[1 The company of the souls of the Prophets and Holy Ones in the next world.]
There are many references in the Writings to the Kingdom of Revelation of which Baha'u'llah speaks in the above Tablet. This Kingdom, sometimes translated as the 'Kingdom of the Cause', is far above the understanding of man. We have written briefly about this in the previous volume.[1] This is the Kingdom through which all Revelations have been sent down. The kingdom of creation, of which man is a part, has also come into being through the instrumentality of the Kingdom of Revelation. The two kingdoms are often referred to together in the Writings. Man dwelling within the kingdom of creation has the duty to serve the Kingdom of Revelation, because a <p181> lower kingdom always serves a higher one. The Cause of Baha'u'llah has been vouchsafed to humanity through the instrumentality of the Kingdom of Revelation, therefore the true function of a believer is to serve the Cause of Baha'u'llah, and many thousands have even sacrificed their lives to this end.
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 184-5.]
That Baha'u'llah had enabled Badi', while in His presence, to see the Kingdom of Revelation is a unique bounty of which we can have no understanding. The only thing we can deduce from observing this illustrious youth is that whatever had happened to him in the presence of Baha'u'llah, he was entirely a different person when he left. Before, he was only 'a handful of dust', but after his two audiences with Baha'u'llah he became a new creation into which 'the spirit of might and power' had been breathed. And it is for no light reason that this youth of seventeen is named as one of the nineteen Apostles of Baha'u'llah. We are not attempting to compare the station of these Apostles because it is beyond any man to judge the station that God has destined for His chosen ones in the spiritual worlds of God; nevertheless, we observe that he is placed second on the list, the first being Mirza Musa, Aqay-i-Kalim, the most faithful brother of Baha'u'llah.
That Badi' had been carried away into a world of joy and eternal ecstasy as a result of meeting Baha'u'llah is not in itself a unique experience. Every one of His followers with a pure heart was deeply moved and exhilarated when they came in contact with Him, like a piece of iron which becomes magnetized when in contact with a magnet. But the case of Badi was a special one. Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali, the account of whose life and services have been given in previous volumes[1] and who is often remembered as the 'Angel of Mount Carmel'--a designation by which 'Abdu'l-Baha had called him--has explained some of his experiences in the presence of Baha'u'llah in 'Akka and made a comment about Badi'. Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali describes the effect of being in the presence of Baha'u'llah when He chanted a Tablet He had revealed for <p182> him. This is the translation of some of his words:
[1 See vols. 1 and 2.]
This Tablet... was chanted by the Beauty of the All-Bountiful.[1]
What an effect it had on me! To what a world
did I ascend! To what a paradise did I enter! What did I see!
In what way did I hear that voice and that melody!...
These I cannot tell. I entered that Paradise which no eye had
seen, and no ear had heard, nor any heart had felt. I saw the
Kingdom of grandeur and majesty, and felt the might, the
transcendent power, the glory, and the sovereignty of the
ever-living, the ever-abiding, the incomparable God. But to
speak of it, write about it, give an image or likeness of it,
exalt and sanctify it, allude to it, extol and Praise it, or
describe and narrate it, all these are impossible for this
humble servant or anyone else in the world. We have only
access to words and terms, whereas that experience and
condition are exalted above all things. They cannot be put
into words or described by talks. No one can interpret the
inner feelings of one's conscience... But this condition
remains only for a single moment. It is a fleeting experience.
Its manifestation within the human being is due to a special
bounty of God. Its duration, varying from the twinkling of
an eye to a longer period, depends upon one's capacity to
become the recipient of this bounty. The deeds and actions
of the person demonstrate its existence. But it has never
been heard that this condition lasted for three or four
months in a person except in Badi'...(6)
[1 Baha'u'llah. [A.T.]]

When Badi' learnt that Baha'u'llah was looking for someone to deliver a special Tablet to Nasiri'd-Din Shah, he begged to be allowed to carry out this service, knowing full well that he would have to lay down his life. Baha'u'llah accepted him for this important mission, instructed him to proceed to Haifa where he would be given the Tablet and instructed him also not to associate with any believer, either on the way or in Tihran. The Tablet to the Shah of Persia was not handed to Badi' in 'Akka. Baha'u'llah entrusted Haji Shah-Muhammad- <p183> i-Amin[1] with a small case and a Tablet to be delivered into the hands of Badi'.
[1 The first Trustee of Baha'u'llah; see p. 73.]
The following is the story as recounted by Haji Shah-Muhammad to Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali and recorded by the latter.
... I was given a small case... and was instructed to hand it
to Badi' at Haifa together with a small sum of money. I did
not know anything about the contents of the case. I met him
at Haifa and gave him the glad-tidings that he had been
honoured with a trust... We left the town and walked up
Mount Carmel where I handed him the case. He took it into
his hands, kissed it and knelt with his forehead to the
ground. I also delivered to him a sealed envelope [a Tablet of
Baha'u'llah for Badi' himself]. He took twenty or thirty
paces, sat down facing the most Holy Court ['Akka], read
the Tablet and again prostrated himself to the ground. His
face was illumined with the radiance of ecstasy and the
tidings of joy. I asked him if I could read the Tablet also. He
replied: 'There is no time.' I knew it was all a confidential
matter. But what it was, I had no idea. I could not imagine
such a mission.

I mentioned that we had better go to the town [Haifa] in
order that, as instructed [by Baha'u'llah] I might give him
some money. He said, 'I will not come to the town; you go
and bring it here.' I went; when I returned I could not find
him, in spite of much searching. He had gone... We had no
news of him until we heard of his martyrdom in Tihran.
Then I knew that the case had contained the Tablet of
Baha'u'llah to the Shah and the sealed envelope contained a
Tablet which imparted the glad-tidings of the martyrdom of
the one who was the essence of steadfastness and strength.(7)
The same chronicler has written the following account given by a certain believer, Haji 'Ali, who met Badi' on his way to Persia and travelled with him for some distance:
He was a very happy person, smiling, patient, thankful, <p184>
gentle and humble. All that we knew about him was that he
had attained the presence of Baha'u'llah and was now
returning to his home in Khurasan. Many a time he could be
seen walking about a hundred feet from the road in either
direction, turning his face towards 'Akka, prostrating
himself to the ground saying: 'O God! do not take back
through Thy justice what thou hast vouchsafed unto me
through Thy bounty and grant me strength for its
protection.'(8)
The Tablet(9) that Baha'u'llah sent to Badi' himself when he was in Haifa is very moving and beautiful. In it He calls him by his new name Badi', exhorts him to put on the new and wonderful robe of the remembrance of God and crown himself with the crown of His Love. He reminds him that earthly life will eventually come to an end, and urges him to sacrifice his mortal frame in the path of the Beloved, so that he may attain to everlasting life and eternal glory.
Badi' travelled on foot all the way to Tihran. On arrival in the summer of 1869, he discovered that the King was on a camping expedition. He made his way to the area and sat on top of a rock far away, but opposite the royal pavilion. There he sat for three days and three nights in a state of fasting and prayer, awaiting the passing of the royal escort. What thoughts must have passed through his mind as he communed with his Lord, and what feelings of emotion must have filled his being as he sat so close to fulfilling the sacred mission with which he was entrusted, no one can say. One thing we can be sure of, that he possessed a supreme power and a supreme joy and was confident of victory.
On the fourth day, the Shah looking through his binoculars spotted a man dressed in a white garb sitting motionless and in a most respectful attitude on a rock opposite. He guessed that he had some demand to make for justice or was seeking help for his difficulties. He sent his men to find out who he was and what he wanted. Badi' told them that he had a letter from a very important personage for the Shah and must hand it to him <p185> personally. The officers searched him and then brought him to the King. It seems very surprising that these officials, drunk with pride, ruthless and cruel in every way, did not grab the letter from him and walk away. The only explanation is that they must have felt the extraordinary power with which Baha'u'llah had invested His messenger. Otherwise, it was very unusual to allow an ordinary citizen to come and meet the sovereign face to face.
Only those well versed in the history of Persia in the nineteenth century can appreciate the immense dangers which faced an ordinary person like Badi' wishing to meet a palace official, let alone the King. A despot such as Nasiri'd-Din Shah ruled his country with a rod of iron. The government officials showed their authority through tyranny. They were accustomed to deal ruthlessly with anyone who dared to utter a word, or raise a finger against them or the established regime. The mere sighting of a soldier wearing the military uniform, or of a low-ranking government officer, was sufficient to frighten people away. As these men passed through the streets most people showed their respect for them; sometimes they had to bribe them and the timid often ran away.
To meet the King was far more frightful! When the forward section of the royal escort arrived in the street, the cry of the herald who announced to the public the approach of the King's entourage would strike terror into the hearts of the citizens. It was a familiar term to all when he shouted: 'Everyone die', 'Everyone go blind.' The significance of these instructions was that as the King and his men passed by, everyone must stand still as a dead corpse and all eyes must be cast down as if blind.
Knowing the circumstances which prevailed at the time, we can appreciate the courage and steadfastness of Badi' and the spirit of ascendancy and superhuman audacity which this youth of seventeen manifested as he stood assured and confident, straight as an arrow, face to face with the King. Calmly and courteously he handed him the Tablet and in a loud voice movingly called out the celebrated verse from the <p186> Qur'an: 'O King, I have come unto thee from Sheba with a weighty message.'[1]
[1 Qur'an xxvii, 22. This verse differs slightly from what Badi' uttered in the presence of the Shah. The verse refers to words which were addressed to Solomon by his messenger, Hoopoe, a mystical bird, when it brought for him tidings from Sheba.]
Badi' was arrested. The Shah, who must have remembered the attempt on his life by two Babis about two decades earlier, was taken aback by the courage and fearlessness of Baha'u'llah's messenger. Sending the message to Mulla 'Aliy-i-Kani, a well-known Muslim divine, to provide an answer, he ordered his men to get from Badi', first through persuasion and promises, and then by torture if he refused to cooperate, the names of other Baha'is. The officer in charge was Kazim Khan-i-Qarachih-Daghi. When he failed to persuade Badi' to reveal names of other Baha'is to him, he ordered that he be stripped of his clothes and branded several times with hot bars of iron. Badi' endured these tortures for three successive days with a fortitude that astonished the officials who were watching him. They saw him utterly joyous while being tortured. It seemed to them that he was not feeling the pain; he often seemed to be laughing. This in spite of the fact that at times the smoke and smell created by the burning flesh was so intense that some officials could not stand it and had to leave the tent. The Shah, who was usually eager to see the photographs of prisoners, ordered a photograph to be taken of Badi', especially when he had heard the stories of his fortitude under torture. This photograph shows the brazier of fire containing the rods of iron in the foreground and is the best testimony to the spirit of steadfastness and resignation, of calm and assurance which Badi''s face portrays.
As the three successive days of torture by branding yielded no information about the identity of other believers, the Chief Officer, Kazim Khan, threatened Badi' with death unless he cooperated. Badi' smiled at this threat and, as he did not reveal any name, his head was beaten to a pulp with a butt of a rifle. <p187> His body was thrown into a pit and earth and stones heaped upon it. This was in July 1869.
In 1913 when 'Abdu'l-Baha visited Paris, a high-ranking Persian officer by the name of Muhammad-Vali Khan, a Field Marshal (Sipah-Salar-i-A'zam), was staying in Paris for medical treatment. Mme. Dreyfus-Barney, a devoted American believer, met this man. Mme. Barney had in earlier years attained the presence of 'Abdu'l-Baha in the Holy Land and had asked many questions of Him. 'Abdu'l-Baha's answers were written down and later compiled by her and published under the title Some Answered Questions.
In Paris Mme. Dreyfus-Barney, having met the above-named Persian officer, presented him with a copy of that book. When Muhammad-Vali Khan read the account given by 'Abdu'l-Baha of Baha'u'llah's Tablets to the kings including Nasiri'd-Din Shah, he took up his pen and wrote in the margin some first-hand information he had personally heard from the fore-mentioned Kazim Khan, the officer in charge who tortured and eventually martyred Badi'. This is a translation of his notes:

6 Rabi'u'l-Avval 1331
26 February AD 1913
Paris, Hotel d'Albe, Avenue Champs Elysee
That year, when this letter [Baha'u'llah's Tablet] was sent,
the messenger came to the Shah in the summer resort of Lar,
and this is the full account of what happened.

The late Nasiri'd-Din Shah was very fond of the summer
resorts of Lar, Nur[1] and Kujur. He ordered my father,
Sa'idu'd-Dawlih the Sardar [Sirdar], and myself (then a
youth with the rank of Sarhang [Colonel]) to go to Kujur
and find provisions and victuals or the royal camp.[2] 'I am <p188>
coming', he said, 'to the summer resort of Lar and from
there to the resort of Baladih of Nur and thence to Kujur.'
These resorts adjoin each other and are contiguous. My
father and I were in the environs of Manjil-i-Kujur when
news reached us that the Shah had arrived at Lar, and that
there he had put someone to death, by having him strangled.
Then it was reported that this man [who was put to death]
was a messenger of the Babis. At that time the word 'Baha'i'
was not known and we had never heard it. All the people
rejoiced over the slaying of that messenger. Then the Shah
came to Baladih of Nur. My father and I went forth to greet
him. Near the village of Baladih, where a large river flows,
they had set up the Shah's pavilion, but the Shah had not yet
arrived. Kazim Khan-i-Turk, the Farrash-Bashi of the Shah,
had brought the advance equipage.[3] We wanted to pass
by. My father, who had the rank of Mir-Panj [General] and
had not yet received the title of Sa'idu'd-Dawlih, was
acquainted with this Kazim Khan. He told me, 'Let us go
and Visit this Farrash-Bashi.' We rode up to the pavilion and
dismounted. Kazim Khan was seated with much pomp in
his tent. We entered the tent. He received my father
respectfully and showed me great kindness. We sat down
and tea was served. The talk was about the journey. Then
my father said, 'Your Honour the Farrash-Bashi, who was
this Babi and how was he put to death?' He replied, 'O Mir-Panj!
let me tell you a tale. This man was a strange creature.
At Safid-Ab-i-Lar, the Shah mounted to go hunting. As it
happened I had not mounted. Suddenly I saw two cavalrymen
galloping towards me. The Shah had sent for me. I
immediately mounted, and when I reached the Shah, he told
me that a Babi had brought a letter. "I ordered his arrest,"
the Shah said, "and he is now in the custody of Kishikchi-Bashi
[Head of the Sentries]. Go and take him to the
Farrash-Khanih. Deal with him gently at first, but if not <p189>
successful use every manner of force to make him confess
and reveal who his friends are and where they are to be
found--until I return from the hunt." I went, took him
from the Kishikchi-Bashi and brought him away, hands and
arms tied. But let me tell you something of the sagacity and
the alertness of the Shah. This man was unmounted in that
plain and as soon as he raised his paper to say that he had a
letter to deliver, the Shah sensed that he must be a Babi and
ordered his arrest and the removal of any letter he had. He
was then detained but had not given his letter to anyone and
had it in his pocket. I took this messenger home. At first I
spoke to him kindly and gently; "Give me a full account of
all this. Who gave you this letter? From where have you
brought it? How long ago was it? Who are your comrades?"
He said, "This letter was given to me in 'Akka by Hadrat-i-Baha'u'llah.[4]
He told me: 'You will have to go to Iran, all
alone, and somehow deliver this letter to the Shah of Iran.
But your life may be endangered. If you accept that, go;
otherwise I will send another messenger.' I accepted the
task. It is now three months since I left. I have been looking
for an opportunity to give this letter into the hands of the
Shah and bring it to his notice. And thanks be to God that
today I rendered my service. If you want Baha'is, they are
numerous in Iran, and if you want my comrades, I was all
alone and have none." I pressed him to tell me the names of
his comrades and the names of the Baha'is of Iran,
particularly those of Tihran. And he persisted with his
denial: "I have no comrade and I do not know the Baha'is of
Iran. I swore to him: "If you tell me these names I will
obtain your release from the Shah and save you from
death." His reply to me was: "I am longing to be put to
death. Do you think that you frighten me?" Then I sent for
the bastinado,[5] and farrashes (six at a time) started to beat
him. No matter how much he was beaten he never cried out,
nor did he implore. When I saw how it was I had him
released from the bastinado and brought him to sit beside <p190>
me and told him once again: "Give me the names of your
comrades." He did not answer me at all and began to laugh.
It seemed as if all that beating had not harmed him in any
way. This made me angry. I ordered a branding-iron to be
brought and a lighted brazier.[6] While they were preparing
the brazier I said: "Come and speak the truth, else I will
have you branded"; and at that I noticed that his laughter
increased. Then I had him bastinadoed again. Beating him
that much tired out the farrashes. I myself was also tired out.
So I had him untied and taken to the back of another tent,
and told the farrashes that by dint of branding they ought to
get a confession from him. They applied red-hot iron
several times to his back and chest. I could hear the sizzling
noise of the burning flesh and smell it too. But no matter
how hard we tried we could get nothing out of him. It was
about sunset that the Shah returned from hunting and
summoned me. I went to him and related all that had
happened. The Shah insisted that I should make him confess
and then put him to death. So I went back and had him
branded once again. He laughed under the impact of the
red-hot iron and never implored. I even consented that this
fellow should say that what he had brought was a petition
and make no mention of a letter. Even to that he did not
consent. Then I lost my temper and ordered a plank to be
brought. A farrash, who wielded a pounder used for
ramming in iron pegs, put this man's head on the plank, and
stood over him with the raised pounder. I told him: "If you
divulge the names of your comrades you will be released,
otherwise I will order them to bring that pounder down on
your head." He began to laugh and give thanks for having
gained his object. I consented that he should say it was a
petition he had brought, not a letter. He even would not say
that. And all those red-hot rods applied to his flesh caused
him no anguish. So, in the end, I gave a sign to the farrash,
and he brought down the pounder on this fellow's head. His <p191>
skull was smashed and his brain oozed through his nostrils.
Then I went myself and reported it all to the Shah.'
[1 Baha'u'llah's ancestral home is in the district of Nur (Nur means light). (A.T.)]
[2 When Nasiri'd-Din Shah went on a hunting expedition or touring in the summer he took a large entourage with him. They included his ministers, thousands of troops with their officers, servants and executioners. (A.T.)]
[3 He is the same Kazim Khan-i-Qarachih-Daghi whose father, Isma'il Khan, was a son-in-law of Fath-'Ali Shah and was present at the conference in Tabriz when the Bab formally proclaimed his prophetic mission to the company of divines and Nasiri'd-Din Mirza, heir to the throne. (A.T.)]
[4 His Holiness Baha'u'llah. (H.M.B.)]
[5The victim is made to lie on his back while his feet, inserted in a loop are raised and the soles beaten with a cane or a whip. (A.T.)]
[6 Branding a person was a common form of torture in those days in Persia. Rods of iron were placed in a brazier full of burning coal. When the rod, became red hot they were placed on the naked body of a person and kept in that position until they got cold. (A.T.)]
This Kazim Khan-i-Farrash-Bashi was astounded by that
man's behaviour and endurance, astonished that all the
beatings and application of red-hot metal to his body had no
effect on him, causing him no distress... That same letter
the Shah sent to Tihran for Mulla 'Aliy-i-Kani and other
mullas to read and to answer. But they said that there was
nothing to answer; and Haji Mulla 'Ali wrote to
Mustawfiyu'l-Mamalik (who was the Premier at the time)
to tell the Shah that, 'If, God forbid, you should have any
doubts regarding Islam and your belief is not firm enough, I
ought to take action to dispel your doubts. Otherwise such
letters have no answer. The answer was exactly what you
did to his messenger. Now you must write to the Ottoman
Sultan to be very strict with him and prevent all
communications.' Sultan 'Abdu'l-'Aziz was living then. It
was during his reign.

27 Rabi'u'l-Avval 1331, 2 March AD 1913
Written at the Hotel d'Albe in Paris.
Tonight I could not sleep. Mme. Dreyfus had sent me this
book and I had not yet read it. It is early morning. I opened
the book and read on till I reached the theme of Letters to
the Kings, and to Nasiri'd-Din Shah. Because I had been
there on that journey and had heard this account personally
from Kazim Khan-i-Farrash-Bashi, I wrote it down.

A year and a half later, on the journey to Karbila, this
Kazim Khan went mad. The Shah had him chained and he
died miserably. The year I went to Tabriz, as the Governor-General
of Adharbayjan, I found a grandson of his, begging.
'Take heed, O people of insight and understanding.'
Muhammad-Vali, Sipahdar-i-A'zam.(10)
The Shah is reported to have been immensely displeased with the attitude of the divines in refusing to meet the challenge and write an answer to Baha'u'llah, but he could do nothing to change their decision. <p192>
The Fortitude of the Martyrs
That Badi' endured such unbearable tortures with joy and seemed not to feel the pain during those sessions of torture is no unique event in the history of the Faith. Numerous were other martyrs during the Dispensations of the Bab and Baha'u'llah who gave their lives willingly and demonstrated to the public in no uncertain terms that they were longing to attain the crown of martyrdom in the path of their Lord. They demonstrated a heroism and a self-sacrifice unprecedented in the annals of mankind. There are many who endured agonizing tortures and did not appear to feel the pain. A notable example is Mulla Muhammad-Riday-i-Muhammad-Abadi otherwise known as Shaykh Riday-i-Yazdi.
The story of Mulla Rida in prison is recounted in a previous volume.[1] The gaoler and his men flogged his bare back most brutally for a considerable time. And yet he raised not the faintest cry and showed not the slightest expression of agony on his face. At the end of the ordeal he confided to his fellow Baha'i prisoner that he had never felt the slightest pain and that during the beating he was in the presence of Baha'u'llah, communing with Him.
[1 See vol. 1, p. 88. For a similar story, when Mulla Rida was bastinadoed see vol. 1, pp. 85-6.]
Mulla Rida and Badi' were not the only ones who showed this extraordinary fortitude. The history of the Faith is replete with similar stories. The power of faith is such that, as Christ affirmed, it can move mountains. In the Writings of Baha'u'llah we can find similar statements affirming that when man acquires faith, he can accomplish great tasks consistent with the measure of his faith.
Let us try to discover, through the study of the Writings as well a s the history of the Cause, the reason for this extraordinary fortitude shown by many martyrs of the Faith. History confirms that any time a believer has been conducted to the scene of his martyrdom by his would-be executioners or <p193> has been savagely tortured prior to his death, he has been faced with making a choice between giving his life in the path of God, or recanting his faith as a result of which he would be set free.
If at that moment of decision he is unable to sever himself from the things of the world, from its delights and pleasures, or from the joys and contentment of life at home where he could continue to live among his loved ones, then such a person remains fully attached to this world and consequently severs his connection with Baha'u'llah. It is at this point under the threat of death that the individual becomes deprived of the sustaining power of Baha'u'llah, and as a result becomes filled with such fear that he will recant his faith in order to save his own life. Although counted as one of the believers before he was confronted with these severe tests and trials; yet because he has not been able to detach himself from worldly affections, he succumbs under the pressure of tests, and like a man who has been standing on the summit of a lofty mountain, falls into the abyss.
We have already discussed in great detail the idea that the only barrier which separates man from the Manifestation of God is attachment to this world. It is this barrier that stops the flow of divine power to the human soul and denudes the individual of the mantle of courage and faith.
On the other hand, if the believer at the hour of his gravest test decides not to barter the precious gift of his faith for this transitory life, such a person reaches the pinnacle of detachment. This is the absolute limit, for there can be no greater detachment than to give one's life. The moment that this decision is made, by virtue of becoming completely detached from this world, he becomes filled with such powers from on high as to become a spiritual giant. The confirmations of Baha'u'llah will instantly descend on him and will surround and strengthen him.
Although he still tarries among men, in reality he is transported into another world. Fear will completely <p194> disappear from his being. Instead his face will radiate such joy and strength that it bewilders the onlookers as they see him give his life.
Baha'u'llah confirms in many of His Tablets that great powers will descend upon a soul who becomes detached from the things of this world. To cite an example, in one of His Tablets[11] He states that if a believer becomes detached from all save God, He will be enabled to influence the realities of all created things, and to do anything he desires. Such a person will not observe anything but the face of his Beloved and will be afraid of no one even if all the peoples of the world arise against him.
Those few such as Badi' or Mulla Rida who have ascended the pinnacle of faith, were possessed of extraordinary powers including superhuman fortitude. They were so drawn to Baha'u'llah that physical separation from Him did not sever the link of the true communion with Him. That they considered themselves in the presence of Baha'u'llah was not a mere expression of words or an illusion. It must have been a real experience for them. Badi', for example, at the time of his martyrdom or during those many hours of torture, was so closely linked with Baha'u'llah and saw himself so truly in the presence of his Beloved that he was not affected by any affliction whatsoever.
To appreciate such a state of being is not possible for anyone who has not reached to the loftiest summit of faith. But thousands of men and women who went to the field of martyrdom and joyously laid down their lives in the path of God must have experienced the presence of Baha'u'llah so vividly and with such real feeling that the giving of life became a Joy instead of torture. To cite an example, the following is a story which Haji Muhammad-Tahir-i-Malmiri[12] has recounted about Mirza Aqay-i-Halabi Saz who was a devoted believer and had had the privilege of attaining the presence of Baha'u'llah. He was a tinsmith and had a shop in one of the bazaars of Yazd. In 1891, seven Baha'is were put to death by <p195> the order of Mahmud Mirza, the Jalalu'd-Dawlih, the Governor of Yazd. They are known as the first seven martyrs of Yazd, the story of whose martyrdom Baha'u'llah wrote to The Times of London.[1] The seven were chained together and conducted towards the bazaar amid scenes of jubilation, and at each major crossroads one of them was executed in a most barbaric fashion. The other believers who were shopkeepers or merchants were ordered to stay at their premises and were forced to join others in decorating their shops to celebrate the event.
[1 An account of this will appear in the next volume.]
Haji Mirza was sitting in his shop, his heart filled with grief owing to the tragic turn of events. Then came the tense moment when the few remaining of the seven, chained together, passed in front of his shop. The next junction where one of them was to be beheaded was not far away and could be easily sighted. Haji Muhammad-Tahir-i-Malmiri has recounted that Haji Mirza used to tell the believers in Yazd of his unusual experience on that occasion. He saw to his great surprise that Baha'u'llah Himself passed in front of his shop only a few hundred paces behind the martyrs-to-be and was walking quickly in order to reach them. Haji Mirza immediately stepped out of his shop to follow Baha'u'llah, who signalled him with the movement of His hand that he should return to the shop. From there, Haji Mirza looked out and saw that Baha'u'llah reached the party at the junction and at that very moment the executioner removed the chain from one man and executed him.
Of course, Haji Mirza knew that Baha'u'llah was in 'Akka and not in Yazd, but he had no doubt that it was Baha'u'llah whom he saw in the bazaar. From this amazing vision he realized that the martyrs were not alone at the time of martyrdom, that their unparalleled courage and heroism was not entirely due to themselves, that Baha'u'llah strengthened them with His unfailing power and that those who had reached the pinnacle of faith and assurance were bound to feel the <p196> presence of Baha'u'llah at their side. It is interesting to note that some years later, Haji Mirza himself was martyred in Yazd.[1]
[1 For a story of his life see vol. 2, pp. 358-68.]
What Haji Mirza witnessed in the bazaar, although there is no way of proving it, was not mere imagination. The Revelation of Baha'u'llah is not a man-made, man-inspired cult. Any cult which the minds of men have created can only be expressed within the bounds of man's experience by virtue of its limitations. On the contrary, the Revelation of Baha'u'llah has originated from God, it has released unimaginable potentialities, both material and spiritual, within human society and like other religions it has brought forth mysteries which human beings can in no wise fathom. The history of the Faith shows episodes similar to that experienced by Haji Mirza.
To cite one example: when the Bab was imprisoned in the castle of Mah-Ku, the warden of the Castle was a man named 'All-Khan, who discharged his functions with the utmost severity and refused to allow any of the followers of the Bab to gain admittance into His presence. Shaykh Hasan-i-Zunuzi, one of the ardent disciples of the Bab, came to Mah-Ku, but was refused admission. Nabil-i-A'zam has recounted the following story as related by Siyyid Husayn-i-Yazdi, the amanuensis of the Bab:
'For the first two weeks,' Siyyid Husayn further related, 'no
one was permitted to visit the Bab. My brother and I alone
were admitted to His presence. Siyyid Hasan would, every
day, accompanied by one of the guards, descend to the town
and purchase our daily necessities. Shaykh Hasan-i-Zunuzi,
who had arrived at Mah-Ku, spent the nights in a masjid
outside the gate of the town. He acted as an intermediary
between those of the followers of the Bab who occasionally
visited Mah-Ku and Siyyid Hasan, my brother, who would
in turn submit the petitions of the believers to their Master
and would acquaint Shaykh Hasan with His reply. <p197>

'One day the Bab charged my brother to inform Shaykh
Hasan that He would Himself request 'Ali Khan to alter his
attitude towards the believers who visited Mah-Ku and to
abandon his severity. "Tell him," He added, "I will
tomorrow instruct the warden to conduct him to this
place." I was greatly surprised at such a message. How
could the domineering and self-willed 'Ali Khan, I thought
to myself, be induced to relax the severity of his discipline?
Early the next day, the gate of the castle being still closed,
we were surprised by a sudden knock at the door, knowing
full well that orders had been given that no one was to be
admitted before the hour of sunrise. We recognised the
voice of 'Ali Khan, who seemed to be expostulating with the
guards, one of whom presently came in and informed me
that the warden of the castle insisted on being allowed
admittance into the presence of the Bab. I conveyed his
message and was commanded to usher him at once into His
presence. As I was stepping out of the door of His
antechamber, I found 'Ali Khan standing at the threshold in
an attitude of complete submission, his face betraying an
expression of unusual humility and wonder. His self-assertiveness
and pride seemed to have entirely vanished.
Humbly and with extreme courtesy, he returned my salute
and begged me to allow him to enter the presence of the Bab.
I conducted him to the room which my Master occupied
His limbs trembled as he followed me. An inner agitation
which he could not conceal brooded over his face. The Bab
arose from His seat and welcomed him. Bowing reverently,
'Ali Khan approached and flung himself at His feet.
"Deliver me," he pleaded, "from my perplexity. I adjure
You, by the Prophet of God, Your illustrious Ancestor, to
dissipate my doubts, for their weight has well-nigh crushed
my heart. I was riding through the wilderness and was
approaching the gate of the town, when, it being the hour of
dawn, my eyes suddenly beheld You standing by the side of
the river engaged in offering Your prayer. With
outstretched arms and upraised eyes, You were invoking
the name of God. I stood still and watched You. I was
waiting for You to terminate Your devotions that I might <p198>
approach and rebuke You for having ventured to leave the
castle without my leave. In Your communion with God,
You seemed so wrapt in worship that You were utterly
forgetful of Yourself. I quietly approached You; in Your
state of rapture, You remained wholly unaware of my
presence. I was suddenly seized with great fear and recoiled
at the thought of awakening You from Your ecstasy. I
decided to leave You, to proceed to the guards and to
reprove them for their negligent conduct. I soon found out,
to my amazement, that both the outer and inner gates were
closed. They were opened at my request, I was ushered into
your presence, and now find You, to my wonder, seated
before me. I am utterly confounded. I know not whether
my reason has deserted me." The Bab answered and said:
"What you have witnessed is true and undeniable. You
belittled this Revelation and have contemptuously
disdained its Author. God, the All-Merciful, desiring not to
afflict you with His punishment, has willed to reveal to your
eyes the Truth. By His Divine interposition, He has
instilled into your heart the love of His chosen One, and
caused you to recognize the unconquerable power of His
Faith."'

This marvellous experience completely changed the heart
of 'All Khan. Those words had calmed his agitation and
subdued the fierceness of his animosity. By every means in
his power, he determined to atone for his past behaviour. 'A
poor man, a shaykh,' he hastily informed the Bab, 'is
yearning to attain Your presence. He lives in a masjid
outside the gate of Mah-Ku. I pray You that I myself be
allowed to bring him to this place that he may meet You. By
this act I hope that my evil deeds may be forgiven, that I may
be enabled to wash away the stains of my cruel behaviour
toward Your friends.' His request was granted, whereupon
he went straightway to Shaykh Hasan-i-Zunuzi and
conducted him into the presence of his Master.(13)
The Station of Badi'
Returning to the story of Badi': after his martyrdom, the Pen <p199> of Baha'u'llah lamented his sufferings, extolled his act of self-sacrifice and heroism and referred to him as the 'Pride of Martyrs' (Fakhru'sh-Shuhada). In almost every Tablet revealed in a space of three years, He referred to Badi' in glowing terms, recalling his martyrdom and his indomitable faith. And these Tablets He designated as the 'Salt of My Tablets '.
In these Tablets, Baha'u'llah not only glorifies the station of Badi', but also attaches great importance to the proclamation of His message to the Shah of Persia. In one of these Tablets(l4) He states in referring to Badi' that He had offered up the life of one of His servants after having created him anew with the hands of might and power, and sent him straight into the mouth of a serpent, so that the peoples of the world might become assured that the Almighty God stands transcendent and supreme over His creation. Baha'u'llah further states that He sent Badi' with a Book in which He had proclaimed His Cause and declared conclusively His proofs to all humanity: He affirms that He had removed from the person of Badi' every trace of fear, adorned him with the ornament of faith and power, fired his soul with the utterance of a Word and sent him out as a ball of fire to proclaim His Cause.
Statements such as these may be found in numerous Tablets which flowed from the Pen of Baha'u'llah during these three years.
The proclamation of the Cause of Baha'u'llah to the Shah of Persia had a special significance. This momentous Tablet,[1] handed to the person of the sovereign himself, was meant to introduce the Faith of Baha'u'llah in its true perspective to the inhabitants of Persia. The people in that country knew a good deal about the Babi Faith and the majority were antagonistic to it. For over two decades the people of Persia had witnessed memorable acts of heroism performed by that small band of God-intoxicated heroes whose devotion and self-sacrifice had lit a great conflagration throughout the country.
[1 The main topics of the Lawh-i-Sultan (Tablet to the Shah) are briefly described in vol. 2, pp. 337-57.] <p200>
The Message of the Bab, the accounts of His martyrdom and the transforming power of His Cause had already reached every corner of that land and from there its reverberations had echoed to the western world. But the people of Persia did not differentiate between the Revelation of Baha'u'llah and that of the Bab. Most people considered the Baha'i Faith to be the same as the Babi Faith and did not appreciate the vast differences in the teachings of the two.
As attested by Baha'u'llah in a Tablet,(15) not until this momentous epistle was delivered to the King had the nature of the Cause of God, or the claims of its Founder, or its principles and teachings, been clearly enunciated to those who held the reins of power in their hands. He mentions in the same Tablet that before Badi' had delivered that weighty epistle to the King, God's testimony had not been fulfilled and the conclusive proofs of His Faith had not been declared. But after the proclamation of His Message, there was no remaining excuse for anyone to arise against His Cause. And, since the people of Persia did not respond to the Call of God, which was clearly raised in that Message, sufferings and tribulations which had already been prophesied by the Pen of Baha'u'llah descended upon them as a punishment from God.
Divine Chastisement
In one instance this took the form of a famine which soon after the martyrdom of Badi' claimed the lives of a great many people in that land. The effect of the famine was so devastating that Haji Mulla 'Ali-Akbar-i-Shahmirzadi, known as Haji Akhund,[1] wrote a letter to Baha'u'llah, begged forgiveness for the people of Persia and asked for relief in their sufferings. In a Tablet to him,[16] Baha'u'llah affirms that the famine was God's punishment for the martyrdom of Badi', declares that prior to <p201> that He had prophesied in His Tablets impending afflictions and tribulations, and states that were it not for the sake of the believers, the whole nation would have been struck down by God. He then responds favourably to Haji Akhund's intercession and assures him that soon the situation would change and God would grant them relief.
[1 One of the four Hands of the Cause whom Baha'u'llah appointed a few years before the end of His life. We shall write about this in the next volume.]
In one of the forementioned Tablets,(17) Baha'u'llah states that after the proclamation of His Message to the Shah of Persia, and through Him to the public, there was no excuse left for anyone. He then makes an interesting comment about the inevitability of God's punishment and states that the believers ought to meditate as to why the wrath of God, which afflicted the people so promptly, had allowed the Shah himself a period of respite.
This is a point which had puzzled many believers in relation to Nasiri'd-Din Shah, stigmatized by Baha'u'llah as the 'Prince of Oppressors', one who had inflicted so much persecution on the followers of the Bab and Baha'u'llah. Yet in spite of all his cruel acts he reigned for fifty years, whereas Napoleon's downfall was precipitated so soon after Baha'u'llah's warning was issued.
Baha'u'llah has explained this point in different ways. In one of His Tablets[18] He describes the perversity of the divines in Persia and their continual attacks on the Cause of God from the pulpits and states that if it were not for the mercy of God which pervades all created things, the entire company of the enemies of the Cause of God would have perished. There were two reasons why they were being spared. One was God's forgiveness, and the other, the misdeeds of some who confessed allegiance to His Faith.
In order to appreciate the second reason, let us look at the relationship of the believers and Baha'u'llah. The Author of the Faith regards the believers as the 'loved ones' of God. To the non-Baha'i public too, the believers, individually as well as collectively, are so closely linked with Baha'u'llah that their behaviour, whether good or bad, is attributed to Him. <p202> Therefore, every misdeed of a follower of Baha'u'llah could be looked upon by the public as coming from Him. According to Baha'u'llah's statement, the application of God's justice is impeded when someone who deserves punishment has been grievously wronged by those who profess allegiance to His Cause and are associated with His Name. For how can God punish a person for rising up against His Faith, when some of His 'loved ones' have ill-treated him?
Haji Mirza Habib'u'llah-i-Afnan, who, in company with his illustrious father, Mirza Aqa, entitled Nur'u'd-Din (light of faith),[1] attained the presence of Baha'u'llah in Haifa and 'Akka in 1891, has recorded the following in his memoirs:
[1 He was one of the distinguished members of the family of the Bab. He was the only son of the sister of the wife of the Bab, a devoted follower of Baha'u'llah and one whose services to the Cause were valued by Him. We shall give a brief account of his life in the next volume.]
The late Haji Abu'l-Hasan-i-Shirazi... was present. He
submitted to Baha'u'llah that the reign of Yazid[1] came to an
end three years after the martyrdom of Imam Husayn,
whereas it is almost fifty years since the Martyrdom of the
Bab, and Nasiri'd-Din Shah is still reigning with undiminished
power. Day and night he is trying his best to
oppose the Cause, and yet God has not seized him, instead
he had been given such a long period of respite.
Baha'u'llah's reply was that this delay was due to an attack
by some ignorant believers who in the early days of the
Faith made an attempt on his life. Baha'u'llah assured him
that his turn would also come.(19)
[1 Yazid I, one of the Umayyad Caliphs of Islam, responsible for the martyrdom of Imam Husayn.]
In the forementioned Tablet[20] to Haji 'Abdu'l-Majid, the father of Badi', Baha'u'llah states that the Temple of the Cause of God was adorned by Badi' and that his station was so exalted that no pen could describe it. Through him, Baha'u'llah affirms, the pillars of tyranny were shaken and the countenance of victory unveiled itself. He had attained to such <p203> heights in the worlds above that no mention could be made of it.
In this Tablet Baha'u'llah reiterates one of the basic teachings of God. He states that he has prescribed unto every son[1] to serve his father and that this is a commandment in the Book of God. He calls upon Haji 'Abdu'l-Majid not only to forgive his son for his failure to serve him during his life, but to be pleased with him.
[1 This obviously applies to a daughter as well.]
Haji 'Abdu'l-Majid became one of the proudest fathers when he heard the news of Badi' and the story of his martyrdom. In 1876 he travelled to 'Akka where he attained the presence of Baha'u'llah. Here are his own words:
One day I had the honour to be in the presence of the
Blessed Beauty when He was talking about Badi' who had
attained His presence, carried His Blessed Tablet to Tihran
[for Nasiri'd-Din Shah] and won the crown of martyrdom.
As He was speaking, my tears were flowing profusely and
my beard became wet. Baha'u'llah turned to me and said
'Aba Badi'! A person who has already spent three-quarters
of his life should offer up the remainder in the path of God
...' I asked 'Is it possible that my beard which is now
soaked in my tears may one day be dyed crimson with my
blood?' The Blessed Beauty replied 'God willing...'[21][1]
[1 The words attributed to Baha'u'llah are not necessarily His exact words.]
And so it happened: the father of Badi' too became a martyr His story is told in a previous volume.[1]
[2 Vol. 2, pp. 129-36.] <p204>
The Death of The Purest Branch
A little under two years had passed since Baha'u'llah's confinement in the barracks, when suddenly a most tragic event occurred. It was the untimely death of Mirza Mihdi, entitled the Purest Branch, the younger brother of 'Abdu'l-Baha, who was fatally wounded when he fell from the roof of the barracks.
In 1848, at a time when the followers of the Bab were engulfed by sufferings and persecutions, a son had been born in Tihran to Baha'u'llah and His illustrious wife Asiyih Khanum, entitled Navvab.[1] He was four years younger than 'Abdu'l-Baha and was given the name 'Mihdi', after a brother of Baha'u'llah who was dear to Him and had died a year before. Later the Pen of the Most High bestowed upon this son the title 'Ghusnu'llahu'l-Athar' (The Purest Branch).
[1 See vol. 1, p. 15.]
Unlike 'Abdu'l-Baha, Mirza Mihdi could not remember much of a life of luxury in Tihran, for when he was just over four y ears of age His father had been imprisoned in the Siyah-Chal, and all His possessions plundered and seized by the enemies of the Cause. During the four months that Baha'u'llah lay in that horrible dungeon, the Holy Family spent their days in anguish and fear, not knowing what would happen to Him Often frightened and anxious, this child, tender in age and delicate by nature, found his only shelter and refuge within the arms of a loving and devoted mother. But Providence deprived him of this also. As the journey to Baghdad, undertaken in the severe cold of the winter, was laden with hardships and dangers unbearable for a child as delicate as Mirza Mihdi, he had to be left behind in Tihran in the care of relatives. For about seven years he tasted the agony and heartbreak of separation from his beloved parents. It seems that at this early age, his soul was being prepared by the Almighty through pain and suffering to play a major part in the arena of sacrifice and to shed an imperishable lustre upon the Cause of his heavenly Father.
[Illustrations appearing between pages 204 and 205:]

MIRZA MIHDI, THE PUREST BRANCH
Baha'u'llah's cherished son whose death in the barracks
of 'Akka released enormous forces for the unity of the
human race <p205>
Mirza Mihdi was taken to Baghdad to join the Family in the year AH 1276 (circa AD 1860). It was in that city that this pure and holy youth, noted for his meekness, came in touch with the Divine Spirit and was magnetized by the energizing forces of Baha'u'llah's Revelation. From that time on, he devoted every moment of his life to the service of his heavenly Father. He was Baha'u'llah's companion in Baghdad, Adrianople and 'Akka, and served Him as an amanuensis[1] towards the end of his life, leaving to posterity some Tablets in his handwriting. The last ten years of his life were filled with the hardship and suffering inflicted on Baha'u'llah and His companions in the course of the three successive banishments from Baghdad to 'Akka.
[1 It must be noted that although Mirza Aqa Jan was Baha'u'llah's amanuensis, there were also others who were engaged in this task from time to time.]
The Purest Branch resembled 'Abdu'l-Baha, and throughout his short and eventful life he displayed the same spiritual qualities which distinguished his illustrious Brother. The believers loved and venerated him as they did 'Abdu'l-Baha.
In 'Akka, the Purest Branch lived in the barracks near his Father. Often he attained the presence of Baha'u'llah late in the afternoon to act as His amanuensis. On 22 June 1870, early in the evening, Baha'u'llah informed His son that he was not needed that day to write and that instead he could go up on the roof for prayer and meditation as was his custom. It was a normal practice of the prisoners to go on the roof for fresh air in the evening of a hot summer day. The Purest Branch had <p206> often paced up and down that roof chanting prayers and meditating. But on that fateful evening as he chanted the verses of the Qasidiy-i-Varqa'iyyih, one of Baha'u'llah's most moving poems revealed in Kurdistan,[1] he was carried away in a state of utter detachment and joy. As he paced along that familiar space wrapped in his customary meditations with his eyes closed, he fell through an open skylight on to an open crate Lying on the floor below. He was badly wounded, and bled profusely. He was so terribly injured that they had to remove his clothes by tearing them from him. The following is a summary of an account given by Husayn-i-Ashchi, the cook in Baha'u'llah's household, and a devoted believer. In this he describes the tragic circumstances of the fall and death of the Purest Branch:
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 62-4.]
It is not possible for anyone to visualize the measure of
humility and self-effacement and the intensity of devotion
and meekness which the Purest Branch evinced in his life.
He was a few years younger than the Master, but slightly
taller than him. He used to act as Baha'u'llah's amanuensis
and was engaged in transcribing the Writings... When he
had finished writing he was in the habit of going on to the
roof of the barracks for prayers. There was a skylight, an
opening in the middle of the roof near where the kitchen
was situated. As he was pacing in a state of prayer, attracted
to the Kingdom of Abha, with his head turned upwards, he
fell through the skylight down on some hard objects. The
terrific loud sound of the impact made us all run to the scene
of the tragedy where we beheld in astonishment what had
happened as decreed by God, and were so shocked as to beat
upon our heads. Then the Ancient Beauty came out of his
room and asked what he had done which caused his fall. The
Purest Branch said that he knew the whereabouts of the
skylight and in the past had been careful not to come near it,
but this time it was his fate to forget about it.
We carried his precious person to his room and called a
doctor who was an Italian, but he could not help... In spite <p207>
of much pain and agony, and being weak, he warmly
greeted those who came to his bedside, showered an
abundance of love and favours upon them and apologized to
everyone, saying he was ashamed that while they were all
sitting, he had to lie down in their presence...(1)
Members of the Holy Family and some of the companions gathered around him and all were so distressed and grief-stricken that 'Abdu'l-Baha with tearful eyes entered the presence of Baha'u'llah, prostrated Himself at His feet and begged for healing. Baha'u'llah is reported to have said 'O my Greatest Branch,[1] leave him in the hands of his God.' He then proceeded to the bedside of his injured son, dismissed everyone from His presence and stayed beside him for some time. Although no one knows what took place in that precious hour between the lover and the Beloved, we can be sure that this son of Baha'u'llah, whose devotion and love for the Cause of His Father knew no bounds, must have been exhilarated by the outpouring of bounties and love from his Lord.
[1 'Abdu'l-Baha.]
It must be remembered that the relationship of Baha'u'llah and the members of His family who remained faithful to the Cause was not identical to the relationship which exists between members of other families. Normally, a father and a son at home have a very intimate and informal attitude towards each other. But in the case of Baha'u'llah and His faithful children, it was very different indeed, although that intimate relationship of father and son did indeed exist. However, the station of Baha'u'llah as a Manifestation of God completely overshadowed His position as a physical father. 'Abdu'l-Baha, the Greatest Holy Leaf and the Purest Branch looked upon Baha'u'llah not merely as their father, but as their Lord. And because they had truly recognized His station, they acted at all times as most humble servants at His threshold. 'Abdu'l-Baha always entered the presence of Baha'u'llah with such genuine humbleness and reverence that no one among His followers <p208> could manifest the spirit of lowliness and utter self-effacement as He did. The humility of 'Abdu'l-Baha as He bowed before His Father, or prostrated Himself at His feet or dismounted His steed when He approached the Mansion in which Baha'u'llah resided, demonstrates this unique relationship which existed between this Father and His faithful sons and daughter.
In the light of all this we can appreciate how the Purest Branch must have felt when his Father went to his bedside. What expressions of devotion, love and thanksgiving must have passed through his lips on that occasion, we cannot imagine. All we know is that Baha'u'llah, having the power of life and death in His hands, asked His dying son whether he wished to live. He assured him that if this was his wish God would enable him to recover and grant him good health. But the Purest Branch begged Baha'u'llah to accept his life as a ransom for the opening of the gates of the prison to the face of the many believers who were longing to come and enter the presence of their Lord. Baha'u'llah accepted his sacrifice and he died on 23 June 1870, twenty-two hours after his fall.
Thus ended the life of one of whom Baha'u'llah states that he 'was created of the light of Baha', whose birth had taken place during some of the darkest hours in the history of the Faith, whose infancy had been spent within the cradle of adversity, whose soul at an early age had been set aglow with the fire of ordeal and separation, whose days of joy had been spent in exile and within the walls of a prison, and whose tragic death had clothed him with the crimson vesture of sacrifice, shedding thereby an imperishable lustre upon the Cause of his glorious Father.
The death of the Purest Branch within the confines of the prison created a bitter commotion among the companions who lamented the loss of one of the most illustrious among the family of Baha'u'llah. The following is a summary of Husayn-i-Ashchi's notes: <p209>
When the Purest Branch passed away, Shaykh Mahmud[1]
begged the Master to allow him to have the honour of
washing the body and not to let anyone[2] from the city of
'Akka perform this service. The Master gave permission. A
tent was pitched in the middle of the barracks. We placed his
blessed body upon a table in the middle of the tent and
Shaykh Mahmud began the task of washing it.[3] The loved
ones of God were wailing and lamenting with tearful eyes
and, like unto moths, were circling around that candle
which the hands of God had lighted. I brought water in and
was involved in washing the body. The Master was pacing
up and down outside the tent. His face betrayed signs of
deep sorrow...
[1 See pp. 65-7.]
[2 In Islamic countries the body of the dead is washed before being wrapped in a shroud. There are men in every city whose profession is to wash the dead. (A.T.)]
[3 Another person who took part in washing the body was Mirza Hasan-i-Mazindarani, Baha'u'llah's cousin. See p. 216.]
The body after being washed and shrouded was placed
inside a new casket. At this moment the cry of weeping and
mourning and sore lamentation rose up to the heavens. The
casket was carried high on the shoulders of men out of the
barracks with utmost serenity and majesty. It was laid to
rest outside 'Akka in the graveyard of Nabi Salih... At the
time of returning to the barracks an earth tremor shook the
area and we all knew that it was the effect of the interment of
that holy being.[2]
Nabil-i-A'zam has said that he, Siyyid Mihdiy-i-Dahaji[1] and Nabil-i-Qa'ini[2] were in Nazareth when the earth tremor occurred. It lasted for about three minutes and people were frightened. Later when they heard the news of the death of the Purest Branch they realized that it coincided with the timing of his burial and then they knew the reason for it. Baha'u'llah, in one of His Tablets referring to the Purest Branch, confirms the <p210> cause of the earth tremor in these words:
[1 See vol. 2.]
[2 See pp. 57-8.]
Blessed art thou and blessed he that turneth unto thee, and
visiteth thy grave, and draweth nigh, through thee, unto
God, the Lord of all that was and shall be... I testify that
thou didst return in meekness unto thine abode. Great is thy
blessedness and the blessedness of them that hold fast unto
the hem of thy outspread robe... Thou art, verily, the trust
of God and His treasure in this land. Erelong will God
reveal through thee that which He hath desired. He, verily,
is the Truth, the Knower of things unseen. When thou wast
laid to rest in the earth, the earth itself trembled in its
longing to meet thee. Thus hath it been decreed, and yet the
people perceive not... Were We to recount the mysteries
of thine ascension, they that are asleep would waken, and all
beings would be set ablaze with the fire of the remembrance
of My Name, the Mighty, the Loving.(3)
After his tragic death the saintly mother of the Purest Branch mourned the passing of her beloved son and wept almost incessantly. When Baha'u'llah assured her that God had accepted her son as a ransom, that the believers might attain the presence of their Beloved and that mankind as a whole be quickened, that noble mother was consoled and her weeping ceased.
The blood-stained clothes of the Purest Branch are among the precious relics gathered by the hands of his devoted sister, the Greatest Holy Leaf, and left to posterity as a silent witness to this great sacrifice.
Soon after the martyrdom of the Purest Branch many restrictions in the barracks were relaxed and several believers who were longing to attain the presence of Baha'u'llah did so. And about four months after this tragic event, Baha'u'llah and His companions left the prison barracks altogether. As we shall see later, Baha'u'llah resided in a house in 'Akka, and soon many pilgrims from Persia came and attained His presence.
In December 1939 Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Faith, in the face of great dangers and difficulties and in the <p211> company of a few friends, with great care and with his own hands, removed the rernains of the Purest Branch, together with those of his illustrious mother, from two different cemeteries in 'Akka, and at a profoundly moving ceremony on Christmas Day in the presence of a few believers, carried the caskets on his own shoulders and buried those sacred remains on the slope of Mount Carmel, adjacent to the resting place of the Greatest Holy Leaf and in the vicinity of the Shrine of the Bab.[1]
[1 See Appendix III. ]
The death of the Purest Branch must be viewed as Baha'u'llah's own sacrifice, a sacrifice on the same level as the crucifixion of Christ and the martyrdom of the Bab. Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Faith, states that Baha'u'llah has exalted the death of the Purest Branch to the 'rank of those great acts of atonement associated with Abraham's intended sacrifice of His son, with the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the martyrdom of the Imam Husayn...'(4) In another instance, Shoghi Effendi states(5) that in the Babi Dispensation, it was the Bab himself who sacrificed His life for the redemption and purification of mankind. In the Dispensation of Baha'u'llah, it was the Purest Branch who gave his life releasing thereby all the forces necessary for bringing about the unity of mankind.
Although we will not be able to fully understand the mystery of sacrifice in this world, we can find through the Writings that there is a tremendous power released when man sacrifices something in the path of God. We have already discussed this theme in volume 2. In one of His Tablets, 'Abdu'l-Baha explains that not until a seed completely disintegrates under the soil can it produce a tree. It is then that an object as insignificant as a seed, by sacrificing itself completely, will be transformed into a mighty tree with branches, fruits and flowers. It is the same when man sacrifices something of his own.
A human being has two opposite forces working within <p212> him, the animal and the spiritual. The animal nature inclines man to the material world. The Manifestations of God have exhorted their followers to detach themselves from material inclinations so that their spiritual side may dominate over the physical. As we have already stated in this and previous volumes,[1] by detachment is not meant renunciation of the world, mendicancy or asceticism. In a nutshell, detachment is to submit one's will to the will of God and to seek His good pleasure above one's own. Therefore, the challenge to every believer in this life is detachment from all else save God. To become detached from something of this world is often a painful process and this is where sacrifice becomes necessary, because man is attracted to the material world and to his own self by nature. When the believer sacrifices something of this world, an act which entails pain and suffering or deprivation of material benefits, he will attain to a higher spiritual status, depending on the measure of sacrifice.
[1 For more discussion on this important subject see vols. 1 and 2.]
And when he gives up something dear to him for the sake of the Cause of God, as testified by Baha'u'llah in His writings mysterious forces will be released which will enable the Faith to grow. To offer up one's time, to labour for the establishment of the Faith in a locality, to give up the comforts of home and to go as a Baha'i pioneer to foreign lands, to offer up one's substance for the promotion of the Cause, to be persecuted for one's faith, all these sacrifices are meritorious in the sight of God and will undoubtedly bring victory to the Cause of Baha'u'llah, provided one's motives are pure and sincere. But to lay down one's life in the path of God when circumstances demand it is the ultimate in the realm of sacrifice. It is like a seed which sacrifices its all to the soil. Thousands of martyrs in Persia, faced with the challenge of either relinquishing their Faith or dying, have released enormous spiritual forces for the promotion and consolidation of the Cause of Baha'u'llah by their sacrifice. For two things are primarily responsible for the spreading of the Faith and its <p213> penetration into the hearts of men. One is the outpouring of the world-vivifying, soul-stirring energies of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah which like the rays of the sun in spring give new life to all created things, the other is the blood of the martyr which waters the tree of His Cause. In one of his letters(6) to the believers of the East, Shoghi Effendi has attributed all the great victories of the Cause in the western world, including the conversion to the Faith of Queen Marie of Rumania,[1] to the mysterious forces released by the blood of countless martyrs in Persia. However, in this Dispensation Baha'u'llah has exhorted His followers not to seek martyrdom. He has instead decreed that the believers should live to teach the Faith, and has exalted the reward of teaching to that of martyrdom.[2]
[1 For further information see God Passes By, pp. 389-95.]
[2 See vol. 2, p. 94.]
Being the sacrifice of Baha'u'llah Himself, the Purest Branch by offering his life as a ransom for the opening of the gates of the prison, released incalculable spiritual energies within human society, energies which in the fullness of time, according to Baha'u'llah, will bring about the unity of the human race. In a prayer revealed by Baha'u'llah on the day that the Purest Branch died, Baha'u'llah has made the following statement which Shoghi Effendi described as 'astounding'.
Glorified art Thou, O Lord, my God! Thou seest me in the
hands of Mine enemies, and My son bloodstained before
Thy face, O Thou in Whose hands is the kingdom of all
names. I have, O my Lord, offered up that which Thou hast
given Me, that Thy servants may be quickened and all that
dwell on earth be united.(7)
Without these utterances by Baha'u'llah, revealing the tremendous potentialities of this sacrifice, probably no one among His followers could have visualized the significance of the death of this noble son. Quoting the above passages, Shoghi Effendi in a letter addressed to the believers in the East(8) <p214> on the occasion of the transfer of the remains of the Purest Branch and his illustrious mother to their glorious resting places on Mount Carmel, has made it clear that the quickening of the peoples of the world, the unity of the nations on this planet, and the oneness of mankind--which are the primary objectives of this Revelation--will be all realized through the mysterious forces released by the sacrifice of the Purest Branch.
How befitting, therefore, that the buildings intended to house the international administrative institutions of the Faith--the vehicle through which the world-redeeming, world-embracing Order of Baha'u'llah is to be established on the surface of this planet, thereby achieving the unity of the human race--are to be situated on the slopes of Mount Carmel around an arc in whose very centre lie not only the remains of the illustrious daughter of Baha'u'llah, the Greatest Holy Leaf, and of her mother, but also those of a noble son sacrificed by his Almighty Father so that we, his servants, 'may be quickened and all that dwell on earth may be united'.
Elaborating on the future unfoldment of the World Centre of the Faith, and its spiritual links with these three members of Baha'u'llah's family, Shoghi Effendi, as far back as 1939, wrote these highly illuminating words:
For it must be clearly understood, nor can it be sufficiently
emphasized, that the conjunction of the resting-place of the
Greatest Holy Leaf with those of her brother and mother
incalculably reinforces the spiritual potencies of that
consecrated Spot which, under the wings of the Bab's
overshadowing Sepulchre, and in the vicinity of the future
Mashriqu'l-Adhkar,[1] which will be reared on its flank, is
destined to evolve into the focal centre of those world-shaking,
world-embracing, world-directing administrative
institutions, ordained by Baha'u'llah and anticipated by
'Abdu'l-Baha, and which are to function in consonance with <p215>
the principles that govern the twin institutions of the
Guardianship and the Universal House of Justice. Then,
and then only, will this momentous prophecy which
illuminates the concluding passages of the Tablet of
Carmel[2] be fulfilled: 'Ere long will God sail His Ark upon
thee (Carmel), and will manifest the people of Baha who
have been mentioned in the Book of Names.'
[1 Literally 'the dawning-place of the mention of God', a Baha'i House of Worship. See below, pp. 345-8. (A.T.)]
[2 The Tablet of Carmel revealed by Baha'u'llah may be considered as the
Charter for building the World Centre of the Faith. We shall refer to this
Tablet in the next volume. (A.T.)]
To attempt to visualize, even in its barest outline, the
glory that must envelop these institutions, to essay even a
tentative and partial description of their character or the
manner of their operation, or to trace however inadequately
the course of events leading to their rise and eventual
establishment is far beyond my own capacity and power.
Suffice it to say that at this troubled stage in world history
the association of these three incomparably precious souls
who, next to the three Central Figures of our Faith, tower in
rank above the vast multitude of the heroes, Letters,
martyrs, hands, teachers and administrators of the Cause of
Baha'u'llah, in such a potentially powerful spiritual and
administrative Centre, is in itself an event which will release
forces that are bound to hasten the emergence in a land
which, geographically, spiritually and administratively,
constitutes the heart of the entire planet, of some of the
brightest gems of that World Order now shaping in the
womb of this travailing age.(9)
The Pen of the Most High did not stop revealing the words of God because of that mournful event, the death of the Purest Branch. The Manifestation of God is never preoccupied with one matter at a time and nothing of this world can thwart Him from His all-encompassing vision. He is not limited, as human beings are, in His dealings with things. We have already discussed this aspect of the Manifestation of God in previous volumes.[1] On the same day when the spirit of the Purest <p216> Branch ascended to the Realms above, Baha'u'llah revealed a Tablet in honour of one of the believers in Qazvin. In it He pays glowing tribute to His son and bestows upon him His benedictions. This is part of the Tablet:
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 262-3; vol. 2, pp. 416-17.]
At this very moment My son is being washed before My
face, after Our having sacrificed him in the Most Great
Prison. Thereat have the dwellers of the Abha Tabernacle
wept with a great weeping, and such as have suffered
imprisonment with this Youth in the path of God, the Lord
of the promised Day, lamented. Under such conditions My
Pen hath not been prevented from remembering its Lord,
the Lord of all nations. It summoneth the people unto God,
the Almighty, the All-Bountiful. This is the day whereon
he that was created by the light of Baha has suffered martyrdom,
at a time when he lay imprisoned at the hands of his
enemies.

Upon thee, O Branch of God! be the remembrance of
God and His praise, and the praise of all that dwell in the
Realm of Immortality, and of all the denizens of the
Kingdom of Names. Happy art thou in that thou hast been
faithful to the Covenant of God and His Testament, until
Thou didst sacrifice thyself before the face of thy Lord, the
Almighty, the Unconstrained. Thou, in truth, hast been
wronged, and to this testifieth the Beauty of Him, the Self-Subsisting.
Thou didst, in the first days of thy life, bear that
which hath caused all things to groan; and made every pillar
to tremble. Happy is the one that remembereth thee, and
draweth nigh, through thee, unto God, the Creator of the
Morn.(10)
Lawh-i-Pisar-'Amm (Tablet to the Cousin)
This Tablet was revealed in the barracks of 'Akka in honour of Mirza Hasan-i-Mazindarani, a cousin of Baha'u'llah. We have already stated that Mirza Hasan managed to enter the barracks and remained there for some time. He was present when the Purest Branch passed away and assisted Shaykh Mahmud in <p217> washing his body. This Tablet was revealed when Baha'u'llah directed Mirza Hasan to return home. This kinsman of Baha'u'llah was very dear to Him. It was Baha'u'llah Himself who, in the early days of the ministry of the Bab, had converted his father Mulla Zaynu'l-'Abidin (a paternal uncle of Baha'u'llah) to the Faith. His son Mirza Hasan was devoted to the Cause and had dedicated himself to the service of its Author.
In the opening passages of this Tablet, Baha'u'llah urges Mirza Hasan to offer thanks to God for having enabled him to enter the presence of His Lord, being the first among Baha'u'llah's relatives to do so in the Holy Land. Also, to treasure His gracious favours through which the ties of kinship were not severed. He affirms that the bounty of retaining this family tie was so precious that nothing in this world could equal it.
As already stated in previous volumes,[1] a number of Baha'u'llah's relatives including uncles and cousins, as well as brothers and sisters, fully recognized the station of Baha'u'llah and became his devoted followers. In His sight they were distinguished from the rest, for they had strengthened their physical relationship with spiritual ties of faith. Since the primary mission of the Manifestation of God is to confer spiritual life upon the souls, those who become deprived of this are therefore reckoned as dead in His estimation. In the Writings of Baha'u'llah and in the Holy Books of other religions, the word 'dead' is often used to refer to those devoid of faith and spiritual life. In the light of this, it becomes clear that those among Baha'u'llah's relatives who were not illumined with the light of faith had, indeed, severed their relationship with Him.
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 8, 12-16, 49-51, 122-3; vol. 2, p. 205n.]
In this Tablet Baha'u'llah exhorts Mirza Hasan to make mention of his Lord and to conduct himself in such wise that people might inhale from him the fragrances of the Beloved, and witness the purity and excellence of his deeds, deeds which <p218> were praiseworthy in the sight of God. He counsels him to detach himself from the world and its transitory vanities. Instead he should endeavour to adorn himself with the glory of His Name which is imperishable and everlasting.
The rest of the Tablet consists of exhortations to other people. First, there is a long message which appears to be addressed to Baha'u'llah's half-brother Mirza Rida-Quli. He does not mention his name in this Tablet, but from the tone and contents of Baha'u'llah's words, one may deduce that it is probably for him. In a previous volume[1] we have referred to this brother briefly. Although his wife Maryam,[2] a cousin of Baha'u'llah, was a devoted believer, Mirza Rida-Quli himself was not touched sufficiently by the light of the Faith to enter into the fold. He remained distant from Baha'u'llah and there is a suggestion in this Tablet that at one stage he had requested Baha'u'llah not to write to him. It must be noted that from time to time Baha'u'llah had maintained communication with this brother and urged him to open his inner eyes so that he might behold his Lord and embrace His Faith. In this Tablet Baha'u'llah expresses His grief and deep sorrow for a brother who remained aloof from the Cause of God, and with loving-kindness exhorts him to arise and make amends.
[1 See vol. 1, p. 12.]
[2 See vol. 1, pp. 12-13.]
Mirza Rida-Quli was held in high esteem in Tihran. The following account by Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali throws some light on his attitude towards Baha'u'llah. The story relates to Mirza Husayn-Khan-i-Mushiru'd-Dawlih[1] who was the Persian Ambassador in Turkey for ten years. He was recalled to Tihran and in 1871 was made Prime Minister:
[1 See vol. 2, passim.]
And when he [the Mushiru'd-Dawlih] went to Tihran, the
Ministers, leaders and dignitaries came to visit him. Among
them was the late Haji Mirza Rida-Quli, a half-brother of
the Ancient Beauty. He was introduced as a brother of <p219>
Baha'u'llah. Due to embarrassment and fear he said, 'I have
a father, why can't you introduce me through him?' On
hearing this the Mushiru'd-Dawlih exclaimed in a rebuking
tone: 'You ought to pride yourself on and glory in being a
brother of Baha'u'llah. It is a very great honour and a source
of pride for Persia and the people of Persia that Baha'u'llah
is a native of this country. Every Prince, minister or ruler
who went from Persia to Istanbul at any time, became, in
various ways, the cause of disgrace and humiliation for the
government and the people of Persia... Although exiled by
the government, Baha'u'llah conducted Himself with such
firmness and dignity and manifested such an ascendancy
and glory that He truly revived Persia and her peoples...(11)
That such a glowing tribute should be paid by Mirza Husayn-Khan, the Mushiru'd-Dawlih,[1] who in earlier years as Persian Ambassador in Turkey had assiduously worked against Baha'u'llah, but who later changed his attitude, is a proof that nothing can be as effective as pure and holy deeds in convincing people of the truth of the Cause of God. We find in the Writings of Baha'u'llah numerous exhortations concerning this. In the Ishraqat (Splendours) Baha'u'llah states:
[1 For further information about him and the change that took place in his attitude towards Baha'u'llah see vol. 2, pp. 399-401.]
In this Revelation the hosts that can render it victorious are
the hosts of praiseworthy deeds and upright character.(12)
In another Tablet He declares:
Man is like unto a tree. If he be adorned with fruit, he hath
been and will ever be worthy of praise and commendation
Otherwise a fruitless tree is but fit for fire. The fruits of the
human tree are exquisite, highly desired and dearly
cherished. Among them are upright character, virtuous
deeds and a goodly utterance. The springtime for earthly
trees occurreth once every year, while the one for human
trees appeareth in the Days of God--exalted be His glory. <p220>
Were the trees of men's lives to be adorned in this divine
Springtime with the fruits that have been mentioned, the
effulgence of the light of Justice, would, of a certainty,
illumine all the dwellers of the earth and everyone would
abide in tranquillity and contentment beneath the sheltering
shadow of Him Who is the Object of all mankind.(13)
And in the Lawh-i-Dunya (Tablet of the World) Baha'u'llah declares:
This Wronged One hath forbidden the people of God to
engage in contention or conflict and hath exhorted them to
righteous deeds and praiseworthy character. In this day the
hosts that can ensure the victory of the Cause are those of
goodly conduct and saintly character. Blessed are they who
firmly adhere unto them and woe betide such as turn away
therefrom.(14) <p221>
The Wronged One of the World
The Prison Gates Open
About four months had passed since the death of the Purest Branch when, as he had wished on his death-bed, the gates of the prison of 'Akka were opened. Baha'u'llah, His family and companions left the barracks after being confined there for a period of two years, two months and five days. This transfer, which took place in the autumn of 1870, became necessary as the barracks were needed to accommodate Turkish troops. Baha'u'llah and His family were confined in a house while some of His companions took residence in other houses and the rest were consigned to the caravanserai, named the Khan-i-'Avamid.
Baha'u'llah resided in a number of houses, staying a few months in each. First He moved to the house of Malik, and later the nearby house of Mansur Khavvam was added to it. From there He moved to the house of Rabi'ih. Eventually His residence was transferred to the house of 'Udi Khammar. This house was attached to the house of 'Abbud; the partition between the two houses was later removed, and the two houses became one, the whole becoming known as the house of 'Abbud. The eastern section was the house of Khammar and the western, facing the sea, was that of 'Abbud. 'Udi Khammar was a Christian, so was 'Abbud, and they were close relatives. The house of 'Udi Khammar was very inadequate for the needs of Baha'u'llah and His household. Baha'u'llah occupied the small upstairs room in the eastern side of the house. The other room upstairs was overcrowded--at one time thirteen people <p222> of both sexes had to sleep in that room in rows. It is a well-known story that one night the person who used to sleep on a shelf in that room fell down on the top of others while asleep!
As for the Khan-i-'Avamid (Inn of the Pillars), it was a caravanserai unfit for a dwelling-place. Most of the companions of Baha'u'llah were consigned to this place, occupying rooms on the upper floor mostly in the western and southern wings of the building. 'Abdu'l-Baha occupied one room Himself and for some time this was the room in which He entertained guests. The pilgrims arriving from Persia were first received by 'Abdu'l-Baha in this room. He saw to it that they were ready to attain the presence of Baha'u'llah. Not only did the pilgrims learn from Him, through His courtesy and utter selflessness, lessons of humility before Baha'u'llah, but also they were helped to improve their outward appearance-- for example by putting on new clothes when they were to attain His presence.
The rooms in the Khan-i-'Avamid were damp and filthy. 'Abdu'l-Baha sold a certain gift which had been given to Him in Baghdad and with the proceeds began to repair the rooms for the companions of Baha'u'llah. He left the repair of His own room to the last. The money ran out and as a result His room remained unrepaired and in very bad condition. Not only were its walls damp but the roof leaked and the floor was covered with dust. He sat and slept on a mat in that room. His bed cover was a sheepskin. The room was infested with fleas and when He slept under the sheepskin, fleas gathered and began biting. 'Abdu'l-Baha had worked out a tactic of defeating the fleas by turning over his sheepskin at intervals. He would sleep for a while before the fleas found their way again to the inner side. He would then turn the sheepskin over again. Every night He had to resort to this tactic eight to ten times.
These companions of Baha'u'llah had to live in an austerity similar to that when they were in the barracks. Food was scarce and rations far from adequate for each person. Yet they spent <p223> their time in the utmost joy. Their greatest longing was to be called to the presence of their Lord. Their attachment to Baha'u'llah was the source of their strength. It enabled them to live in the utmost happiness in spite of all the hardships which were heaped upon them in those gloomy surroundings. As time went on, however, the situation changed, the companions of Baha'u'llah were able to find other accommodation in town and managed to engage in some humble professions. The Khan-i-'Avamid then became the first Baha'i Pilgrim House in the Holy Land. Some individuals remained there and had the task of serving the pilgrims, who stayed for months--and some for years. Notable among those who lived there for a long time were Zaynu'l-Muqarribin and Mishkin-Qalam to whom reference has been made in volume I.
Lawh-i-Ru'ya (Tablet of Vision)
The Lawh-i-Ru'ya in Arabic, similar in style to the Lawh-i-Huriyyih,[1] was revealed in 1873 in the house of 'Udi Khammar on the eve of the anniversary of the birth of the Bab which in that year fell on 1 March.[2] Baha'u'llah revealed this Tablet for one of the believers in order to show him a glimpse of the world of the spirit in this dark world, stating that if it were His will, He could make manifest from an atom the lights of the sun, and from a drop the waves of an ocean. This Tablet, remarkable for its allusive language, portrays a spiritual vision beautiful in its concept and descriptive in its style of imagery. Its perusal uplifts the heart and fascinates the mind.
[1 See vol. 1, p. 125.]
[2 The birth of the Bab and Baha'u'llah are celebrated in the East according to the lunar calendar.]
Baha'u'llah portrays His vision of the appearance of the Maid of Heaven before Him, a vision which is beyond the comprehension of mortals and cannot be understood in its reality. The 'Maiden' has sometimes been described symbolically as the personification of the 'Most Great Spirit', <p224> which descended upon Baha'u'llah. The descent of the Holy Spirit in other Dispensations upon the Manifestations of God has been described figuratively in the form of the Burning Bush, the Sacred Fire, the Dove or the Angel Gabriel.
In the Lawh-i-Ru'ya Baha'u'llah describes His vision of a Maiden dressed in white and illumined with the light of God. She entered the room in which Baha'u'llah was seated upon His throne of Lordship. She displayed an indescribable enthusiasm and devotion, circled around Him, was enraptured by the inebriation of His Presence, was thunderstruck at His Glory. And when she recovered, she remained in a state of bewilderment. She longed to offer up her life for her Beloved and finding Him captive in the hands of the unfaithful, she bade Him leave 'Akka to its inhabitants and repair to His other dominions 'whereon the eyes of the people of names have never fallen', words which found their fulfilment nineteen years later with the ascension of Baha'u'llah. In the absence of a translation it is not possible to convey the beauty of the verses and the mystery of the subject revealed in the Lawh-i-Ru'ya. The theme of this Tablet is as enchanting as it is unfathomable and mysterious.
Soon after Baha'u'llah moved to the house of 'Udi Khammar, a serious crisis which had been growing within the community suddenly erupted into a major catastrophe which engulfed Baha'u'llah, 'Abdu'l-Baha and other companions. This was the murder by seven believers of Siyyid Muhammad-i-Isfahani,[1] Aqa Jan-i-Kaj-Kulah[2] and Mirza Rida-Quliy-i-Tafrishi, all of whom claimed to be followers of Mirza Yahya. This heinous act, contrary to all the principles and to the spirit of the teachings of Baha'u'llah, brought the greatest sorrow to His heart and tarnished the good name of the Faith for a considerable time.
[1 See p. 56; also vols. 1 and 2. ]
[2 See p. 56; also vol. 2, pp. 326, 402.]
It will be remembered that soon after their arrival in the <p225> barracks, Siyyid Muhammad and Aqa Jan had been transferred to quarters overlooking the city gate where they could spy on all Baha'is trying to enter 'Akka. In this way many of the pilgrims had been expelled from the city. Siyyid Muhammad had adopted the name 'Quddus Effendi' (Holy One) and Aqa Jan began to use the name 'Sayfu'l-Haqq' (The Sword of Truth), a title bestowed on him by Mirza Yahya. They then began to do everything in their power to misrepresent Baha'u'llah. One of their comrades was the above-named Mirza Rida-Quli who had been used to associate freely with the companions of Baha'u'llah. But he lived a life contrary to the teachings of the Faith, and committed some shameful deeds in the company of some Christians in the city. Through his reprehensible conduct, he brought public disgrace upon the Faith and Baha'u'llah finally expelled him from the community.
Having been disgracefully dismissed, Mirza Rida-Quli and his sister Badri Jan,[*] an estranged wife of Mirza Yahya, joined hands with Siyyid Muhammad and Aqa Jan in a campaign of calumnies against Baha'u'llah designed to discredit Him in the eyes of the people, who had been beginning to unbend towards the company of exiles. The effect of this campaign of lies and misrepresentations was that the mind of the public was poisoned against Baha'u'llah and His faithful companions. The fire of sedition and strife which these four ignited in the hearts of the people of 'Akka began to engulf the community of the Most Great Name. People began to show open enmity and malice towards the believers. It was at this time that Baha'u'llah decided to close the door of His house to the faces of friends and foes alike. He did not allow anyone to attain His presence. 'Abdu'l-Baha also left the Khan-i-'Avamid and stayed close to His Father in the house of 'Udi Khammar. The seclusion of Baha'u'llah in His house, reminiscent of the time <p226> when He had retired to the house of Rida Big in Adrianople, isolated Him from everyone, and brought grief to the hearts of His companions.
[1 She had left Mirza Yahya in the Adrianople days and taken refuge in the house of Aqay-i-Kalim; the faithful brother of Baha'u'llah. She and her brother had journeyed with the companions to 'Akka.]
Lawh-i-Qad Ihtaraqa'l-Mukhlisun (The Fire Tablet)
Towards the end of 1871 Baha'u'llah received a letter from one of His devoted followers in Persia, Haji Siyyid 'Ali-Akbar-i-Dahaji, a nephew of Siyyid Mihdi, the Ismu'llah.[1] In answer to his letter, Baha'u'llah revealed the Lawh-i-Qad Ihtaraqa'l-Mukhlisun, or the Lawh-i-ihtiraq, translated into English and known in the west as the Fire Tablet. In the previous volume reference has been made to Haji Siyyid 'Ali-Akbar, the recipient of this Tablet, and a brief account of his life and services to the Cause is given there.[2] He was so much loved by Baha'u'llah that when he passed away Baha'u'llah gave his uncle the name 'Ali-Akbar, in memory of that devoted believer.
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 118-19, 272-4, 290.]
[2 Vol. 2, pp. 274-5.]
The Lawh-i-Qad Ihtaraqa'l-Mukhlisun is one of Baha'u'llah's most celebrated Tablets; it is possessed of great powers, and the believers often recite it at times of difficulties and suffering. Of this Tablet Baha'u'llah states: 'Should all the servants read and ponder this, there shall be kindled in their veins a fire that shall set aflame the worlds.'(1) The Fire Tablet is in Arabic rhyming verse; it moves the heart when chanted in the original language. It was revealed at a time when great afflictions and sorrows had surrounded Baha'u'llah as a result of the hostility, betrayal and acts of infamy perpetrated by those few individuals who had once claimed to be the helpers of the Cause of God. Baha'u'llah pours out His heart in this Tablet and expatiates on His afflictions. For nothing brings more sorrow to the heart of the Manifestation of God than unfaithfulness and treachery from within the community. Imprisonment and all manner of persecution by the outside <p227> enemy can do no harm to the Cause. What harms it are the actions of those who bear His name and yet commit deeds contrary to His good-pleasure. These few breakers of the Covenant of the Bab, who followed Mirza Yahya and rose up against Baha'u'llah from within, created such havoc in the community and among the inhabitants of 'Akka that the Pen of Baha'u'llah lamented in this Tablet in a manner unprecedented in all His Writings.
When this Tablet was revealed the followers of Baha'u'llah became aware of the immensity of His sufferings at the hands of the wicked and ungodly. He addresses Haji Siyyid 'Ali-Akbar, its recipient, in these words: 'O 'Ali-Akbar, thank thy Lord for this Tablet whence thou canst breathe the fragrance of My meekness, and know what hath beset Us in the path of God, the Adored of all the worlds.'(2)
In a passage (untranslated) addressed to the aforementioned Siyyid Mihdiy-i-Dahaji, Baha'u'llah states that He revealed the Fire Tablet for the Siyyid's nephew so that it might create in him feelings of joy as well as igniting in his heart the fire of the love of God.
In order that the mind of man, limited and finite as it is, may be able to reflect and meditate on the sufferings heaped upon the Manifestation, and at the same time see a glimpse of His All-Glorious Being, Baha'u'llah has revealed this Tablet in a special way. It seems as if it is His human Person, as distinct from the Manifestation of God, that recounts His afflictions and dwells on the iniquities perpetrated by His enemies. Then comes the voice of God and Baha'u'llah's response to it. But in reality, Baha'u'llah, the Supreme Manifestation of God, cannot be divided into two. His human nature and divine spirit are so mingled together that at no time can He be regarded as a man devoid of the Most Great Spirit which always animated Him. It cannot be assumed that at times a Manifestation of God ceases to be a Manifestation and becomes purely a man. On the contrary, He is always a Manifestation of God, <p228> although He often hides His glory[1] and appears to be like an ordinary human being. To appreciate this indivisibility, let us consider man with his two natures. We observe that whereas man combines within himself the animal and the spiritual natures, yet he is always a man and at no time can he be considered to be a pure animal devoid of the human spirit or temporarily become robbed of his powers as a man. Similarly, the Manifestation of God can never be divided into separate parts.
[1 See p. 2.]
Probably the basic reason that Baha'u'llah in the Fire Tablet has spoken with the voice of man is to enable the believers to appreciate how grievous were the attacks launched against Him, and how much His companions suffered when they were unable to attain His presence. In the opening passages, Baha'u'llah refers to this separation between Him and His loved ones and invokes the Almighty to succour and comfort them.
Indeed the hearts of the sincere are consumed in the fire of separation:
Where is the gleaming of the light of Thy Countenance,
O Beloved of the worlds?
Those who are near unto Thee have been abandoned in the
darkness of desolation:
Where is the shining of the morn of Thy reunion, O
Desire of the worlds?
The bodies of Thy chosen ones lie quivering on distant
sands:
Where is the ocean of Thy presence, O Enchanter of the
worlds?
In other passages Baha'u'llah alludes to His withdrawal from everyone, such as when he refers to Himself being 'veiled by evil suggestions', or when He states that the 'sea of grace is stilled', and 'the door leading to the Divine Presence is locked'.
In this Tablet one comes across statements clearly referring to the evil doings of Siyyid Muhammad and his henchmen. He <p229> refers to them as the 'infidels' who 'have arisen in tyranny', describes their activities as the 'barking of dogs', the 'whisperings of Satan', states that through their deeds 'the lamps of truth and purity, of loyalty and honour, have been put out', and affirms that through their evil spirit 'the leaves are yellowed by the poisoning winds of sedition'.
Baha'u'llah expatiates on His sufferings in this Tablet. He makes mention of 'abasement' and 'sorrows' which have afflicted Him, states that His 'Face is hidden in the dust of slander' and that His 'robe of sanctity is sullied by the people of deceit'. These heart-rending passages are clear references to the effects of the vast campaign of misrepresentation and slander carried out by Siyyid Muhammad against Baha'u'llah in public, and bear ample testimony to the harrowing afflictions which had been heaped upon Him.
Having dwelt on His sufferings, Baha'u'llah then, as the 'Tongue of Grandeur', replies to Himself. These are among His utterances:
We have made abasement the garment of glory,
And affliction the adornment of Thy temple, O Pride of
the worlds.

Thou seest the hearts are filled with hate,
And to overlook is Thine, O Thou Concealer of the sins
of the worlds.

When the swords flash, go forward!
When the shafts fly, press onward! O Thou Sacrifice of
the worlds.
In this Tablet Baha'u'llah invokes the wrath of God for His enemies, when He asks, 'Where is the lion of the forest of Thy might?' 'Where is the meteor of Thy fire?' or 'Where are the signs of Thy avenging wrath?' God is loving and forgiving, but occasionally He appears in His wrath. One of these occasions is when some individual opposes His Manifestation while knowing who He is and the station He occupies. Whereas the Manifestation of God can invoke the wrath of God upon such <p230> people, man has no right to do so. In this Dispensation Baha'u'llah has forbidden His followers to condemn other men.
In one of His Tablets[3] revealed in 'Akka, Baha'u'llah refers to this subject. He quotes the following passage from the Fire Tablet: 'The necks of men are stretched out in malice; Where are the swords of Thy vengeance...', and states that although outwardly these words seem to contradict the teaching of God for this age and invoke His wrath and vengeance, they are not meant to advocate contention and strife. Rather, such statements were made in order to convey the enormity of the sufferings caused by a few wicked people. Their transgressions reached such proportions that the Pen of the Most High was made to lament in the way it did.
Having clarified the reasons for invoking the wrath of God, Baha'u'llah in this Tablet warns the believers against using such terms as a pretext for creating strife and sedition. He exhorts them to unity, love and compassion toward all the peoples of the world, states that the hosts which can render the Cause of God victorious are praiseworthy deeds and an upright character and asserts that the commander of these hosts is the fear of God.[1]
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 94-6.]
As we survey the Writings of Baha'u'llah and those of the other Central Figures of the Faith, we observe that the greatest portion of these consists of exhortations and commandments on living a life based on the spiritual teachings of God. In most of His Tablets, Baha'u'llah exhorts His followers to goodly character, pure deeds, and praiseworthy conduct. He calls on them to foster the spirit of fellowship and unity among the peoples of the world and become the embodiments of loving kindness to all who dwell on earth.
Exhorting Badi'u'llah, one of His sons, to live the life of servitude, Baha'u'llah has revealed the following passage. His counsels in this Tablet may be said to epitomize His teachings on the question of individual conduct in this life. <p231>
Be generous in prosperity, and thankful in adversity. Be
worthy of the trust of thy neighbour, and look upon him
with a bright and friendly face. Be a treasure to the poor, an
admonisher to the rich, an answerer of the cry of the needy,
a preserver of the sanctity of thy pledge. Be fair in thy
judgment, and guarded in thy speech. Be unjust to no man,
and show all meekness to all men. Be as a lamp unto them
that walk in darkness, a joy to the sorrowful, a sea for the
thirsty, a haven for the distressed, an upholder and defender
of the victim of oppression. Let integrity and uprightness
distinguish all thine acts. Be a home for the stranger, a balm
to the suffering, a tower of strength for the fugitive. Be eyes
to the blind, and a guiding light unto the feet of the erring.
Be an ornament to the countenance of truth, a crown to the
brow of fidelity, a pillar of the temple of righteousness, a
breath of life to the body of mankind, an ensign of the hosts
of justice, a luminary above the horizon of virtue, a dew to
the soil of the human heart, an ark on the ocean of
knowledge, a sun in the heaven of bounty, a gem on the
diadem of wisdom, a shining light in the firmament of thy
generation, a fruit upon the tree of humility.(4)
Submission of the Manifestation of God to Trials
In the Fire Tablet we observe two different features of Baha'u'llah. The first is the station of sovereignty and lordship, a station exalted above the world of man. In this station He is not affected by the tumult and conflicts of this life, because He is animated by the Most Great Spirit which makes Him independent of all things except God. The other station is that of meekness and submission to God. This is a station in which Baha'u'llah is referred to in many of His Tablets as the 'Wronged One of the World'. In this station He submits Himself to His enemies, welcomes sufferings and accepts bondage and imprisonment so that mankind in this Dispensation may become freed from the fetters of tyranny and oppression and attain the light of unity. <p232>
In the Lawh-i-Sultan (Tablet to Nasiri'd-Din Shah)
Baha'u'llah makes these thought-provoking remarks:
By God, Though weariness lay Me low, and hunger
consume me and the bare rock be My bed, and My fellows
the beasts of the field, I will not complain, but will endure
patiently as those endued with constancy and firmness have
endured patiently, through the power of God, the eternal
King and Creator of the nations, and will render thanks
unto God under all conditions. We pray that, out of His
bounty--exalted be He--He may release, through this
imprisonment, the necks of men from chains and fetters,
and cause them to turn, with sincere faces, towards His
Face, Who is the Mighty, the Bounteous.(5)
In another Tablet, Baha'u'llah makes it clear that He has accepted suffering for the sake of the redemption of human kind. These are His exalted words:
The whole earth is now in a state of pregnancy. The day is
approaching when it will have yielded its noblest fruits,
when from it will have sprung forth the loftiest trees, the
most enchanting blossoms, the most heavenly blessings.
Immeasurably exalted is the breeze that wafteth from the
garment of thy Lord, the Glorified! For lo, it hath breathed
its fragrance and made all things new! Well it is with them
that comprehend. It is indubitably clear and evident that in
these things He Who is the Lord of Revelation hath sought
nothing for Himself. Though aware that they would lead to
tribulations, and be the cause of troubles and afflictive trials,
He, solely as a token of His loving-kindness and favour, and
for the purpose of quickening the dead and of redeeming all
who are on earth, hath closed His eyes to His own well-being
and borne that which no other person hath borne or
will bear.(6)
Here and in many other Tablets Baha'u'llah has stated that no one on earth has been, or will be, subjected to so much suffering as He. It may be difficult for those who are not fully <p233> familiar with the Faith of Baha'u'llah to accept such a statement. They may argue that there have been many people who were afflicted with unbearable tortures and life-long sufferings. In order to appreciate the words of Baha'u'llah let us suppose that there was a community somewhere in the world whose people were savage, barbarous and brutally cruel. Those born and brought up within such a community, who had lived there all their lives and had never been in touch with civilization would find life to be normal. Although to the outsider the standard would seem to be very cruel, yet for the members of that community every event that took place in their midst would be a natural happening and accepted as such. As in every other community, there must be moments of joy and comfort as well as sadness and suffering for the people who belonged to this society. However, should a noble person who had lived in a highly civilized society be forced to join this uncivilized community, it is only natural that he would suffer much more than the rest. Because he had been used to a far superior standard in his life, it could be said of him that he had undergone such cruelties and hardships, both mental and physical, that no one else in that community had experienced.
It is the same with a Manifestation of God who is sent to live among men. There is a vast contrast between the world of man and the world of the Manifestation of God. The former is limited and full of imperfections while the latter is the realm of perfections far exalted above the comprehension of human beings. Coming from such a realm, possessing all the Divine virtues and embodying God's attributes, these exalted Beings descend into this world and become prisoners among human beings. Man's ignorance, his cruelty, his ungodliness, his selfishness, his insincerity and all his sins and shortcomings act as tools of torture inflicting painful wounds upon the soul of the Manifestation of God who has no alternative but to bear them in silence with resignation and submissiveness. One act of unfaithfulness--even a glance betraying the insincerity of the individual or an unworthy thought emanating from his <p234> mind--is as painful torture to Him. But He seldom reveals the shortcomings of men, or dwells on His own pain and suffering. Like a teacher who has to descend to the level of a child and act as if he does not know, the Manifestation of God comes as a man appearing to be the same as others.[1] He has the sin-covering eye to such an extent that some may think that He does not know.
[1 See pp. 2-3.]
Throughout the forty years of His ministry, Baha'u'llah
treated people in this way. He submitted Himself to His
enemies and bore life-long hardships and persecutions with
resignation; He always closed His eyes to the shortcomings of
the believers unless someone was harming the Faith or
bringing disgrace upon it. He poured upon His followers
loving encouragement for whatever service they rendered.
Even in the case of proud and conceited followers such as
Jamal-i-Burujirdi or Siyyid Mihdiy-i-Dahaji[1] who were
actively engaged in teaching the Faith, He always showered his
bounties and favours upon them, at the same time counselling
them to rectitude of conduct and purity of motive. His sin-covering
eye was so all-encompassing that these and many
other people believed that Baha'u'llah did not know what was
hidden in their hearts!
[1 These two men, who ranked foremost among teachers of the Faith were only cast out of the community when they became Covenant-breakers. For further details see vol. 2.]
Murder of Three Azalis
Now, when Baha'u'llah retired to the house of 'Udi Khammar and allowed no one to attain His presence, Siyyid Muhammad and his associates took advantage of this. On the one hand, they began to mix with some of the faithful followers of Baha'u'llah, and on the other, they intensified their campaign to misrepresent the Author of the Faith. Mirza Rida-Quli had some Tablets of Baha'u'llah in his possession. He and Siyyid <p235> Muhammad interpolated these Writings with passages designed to arouse the animosity of the populace, and distributed the falsified texts widely. Mirza Rida-Quli and his sister Badri Jan, who had been cast out of the community by, Baha'u'llah, publicly claimed that they had left the Baha'is voluntarily and were now Muslims. Siyyid Muhammad and Aqa Jan did likewise.
Not long after the revelation of the Fire Tablet Baha'u'llah revealed another significant Tablet(7) in which He clearly prophesied the appearance of a great affliction. He described it as the ocean of tribulation surging and its billowing waves surrounding the Ark of the Cause of God. It took only one day for Baha'u'llah's prophecies to be fulfilled. For in the afternoon troops surrounded His house, summoned Him to the office of the Governor (Mutasarrif) and kept Him in custody there. The reason was that Siyyid Muhammad, Aqa Jan and Rida-Quli had been slain by seven of Baha'u'llah's followers. This frightful act, so contrary to Baha'u'llah's admonitions, unleashed the anger and hatred of the inhabitants of 'Akka against the community and its leader.
It was Badri Jan, the sister of the murdered Mirza Rida-Quli, who went to Government House and shamelessly accused Baha'u'llah of ordering the death of these men. This she did in spite of the fact that she knew well that Baha'u'llah always exhorted His followers to avoid any act which might inflict the slightest hurt upon a fellow human being, how much more such an odious act. She knew that Baha'u'llah had expressly forbidden those of his followers who had asked permission to deal with the offenders themselves, from taking any action in the matter. She also knew that He Himself had cut off His association with the believers.
Indeed, Siyyid Muhammad himself had written several letters to the friends in Persia telling them that Baha'u'llah had completely dissociated Himself from all His companions.
The seven believers who, against the advice of Baha'u'llah and without His knowledge, perpetrated such a ghastly crime, <p236> knew well that their action would invoke the wrath of Baha'u'llah. They knew that He who had expelled Mirza Rida-Quli from the community merely on the grounds of misbehaviour in public, would disown them and drive them out of His presence for ever, if they carried out their intention which was far more reprehensible than the misdeeds of Mirza Rida-Quli. Indeed, some of them had concluded that by committing such a crime and dishonouring the good name of the Faith, they would never be forgiven by God and their souls would be damned in all the worlds of God. But they could not bear to see Baha'u'llah and His loved ones being so mercilessly attacked with slanders and false accusations. They decided that they would rather sacrifice their spiritual existence by committing this reprehensible crime than allow their Lord to suffer in this way.
Baha'u'llah Himself has described the details of His imprisonment in a Tablet revealed in the words of Mirza Aqa Jan, His amanuensis. Shoghi Effendi, writing about this tragic episode, has based part of his narrative on this Tablet. These are his words:
Their[1] strict confinement had hardly been mitigated, and
the guards who had kept watch over them been dismissed,
when an internal crisis, which had been brewing in the
midst of the community, was brought to a sudden and
catastrophic climax. Such had been the conduct of two of
the exiles,[2] who had been included in the party that accompanied
Baha'u'llah to 'Akka, that He was eventually
forced to expel them, an act of which Siyyid Muhammad did
not hesitate to take the fullest advantage. Reinforced by
these recruits, he, together with his old associates, acting as
spies, embarked on a campaign of abuse, calumny and
Intrigue, even more pernicious than that which had been
launched by him in Constantinople, calculated to arouse an
already prejudiced and suspicious populace to a new pitch
of animosity and excitement. A fresh danger now clearly
threatened the life of Baha'u'llah. Though He Himself had
stringently forbidden His followers, on several occasions,
both verbally and in writing, any retaliatory acts against
their tormentors, and had even sent back to Beirut an
irresponsible Arab convert, who had meditated avenging
the wrongs suffered by his beloved Leader, seven of the
companions clandestinely sought out and slew three of their
persecutors, among whom were Siyyid Muhammad and
Aqa Jan.
[1 Baha'u'llah and His fellow-exiles. (A.T.)]
[2 Mirza Rida-Quli and his sister Badri Jan. (A.T.)]
[Illustrations appearing between pages 236 and 237:]

THE GOVERNORATE
A modern view looking across to the room where
Baha'u'llah was interrogated. The building is now used
as a school.

THE KHAN-I-SHAVIRDI
A caravanserai in 'Akka where Baha'u'llah was kept in
custody for one night during the interrogation. <p237>
The consternation that seized an already oppressed community was indescribable. Baha'u'llah's indignation knew no bounds. 'Were We,' He thus voices His emotions, in a Tablet revealed shortly after this act had been committed, 'to make mention of what befell Us, the heavens would be rent asunder and the mountains would crumble.' 'My captivity,' he wrote on another occasion, 'cannot harm Me. That which can harm Me is the conduct of those who love Me, who claim to be related to Me, and yet perpetrate what causeth my heart and My pen to groan.' And again: 'My captivity can bring on Me no shame. Nay, by My life, it conferreth on Me glory. That which can make Me ashamed is the conduct of such of My followers as profess to love Me, yet in fact follow the Evil One.'
He was dictating His Tablets to His amanuensis when the governor, at the head of his troops, with drawn swords, surrounded His house. The entire populace, as well as the military authorities, were in a state of great agitation. The shouts and clamour of the people could be heard on all sides. Baha'u'llah was peremptorily summoned to the Governorate, interrogated, kept in custody the first night, with one of His sons, in a chamber in the Khan-i-Shavirdi, transferred for the following two nights to better quarters in that neighbourhood, and allowed only after the lapse of seventy hours to regain His home. 'Abdu'l-Baha was thrown into prison and chained during the first night, after which He was permitted to join His Father. Twenty-five of the companions were cast into another prison and shackled, all of whom, except those responsible for that odious deed, <p238> whose imprisonment lasted several years, were, after six days, moved to the Khan-i-Shavirdi, and there placed, for six months, under confinement.
'Is it proper,' the Commandant of the city, turning to Baha'u'llah, after He had arrived at the Governorate, boldly inquired, 'that some of your followers should act in such a manner?' 'If one of your soldiers,' was the swift rejoinder, 'were to commit a reprehensible act, would you be held responsible, and be punished in his place?' When interrogated, He was asked to state His name and that of the country from which He came. 'It is more manifest than the sun,' He answered. The same question was put to Him again, to which He gave the following reply: 'I deem it not proper to mention it. Refer to the farman of the government which is in your possession.' Once again they, with marked deference, reiterated their request, whereupon Baha'u'llah spoke with majesty and power these words. 'My name is Baha'u'llah (Light of God), and My country is Nur (Light). Be ye apprized of it.' Turning then, to the Mufti, he addressed him words of veiled rebuke, after which He spoke to the entire gathering, in such vehement and exalted language that none made bold to answer Him. Having quoted verses from the Suriy-i-Muluk, He, afterwards, arose and left the gathering. The Governor, soon after, sent word that He was at liberty to return to His home, and apologized for what had occurred.
A population, already ill-disposed towards the exiles, was, after such an incident, fired with uncontrollable animosity for all those who bore the name of the Faith which those exiles professed. The charges of impiety, atheism, terrorism and heresy were openly and without restraint flung into their faces. 'Abbud, who lived next door to Baha'u'llah, reinforced the partition that separated his house from the dwelling of his now much-feared and suspected Neighbour. Even the children of the imprisoned exiles, whenever they ventured to show themselves in the streets during those days, would be pursued, vilified and pelted with stones.(8) <p239>
The perpetrators of the crime were sentenced to long imprisonment by the authorities. Others were kept in confinement for six months and were released as it gradually became apparent that they had not been involved. As time went on it became clear to everyone that Baha'u'llah Himself could never have had anything to do with such an odious act, let alone being the motivating force behind it.
Problems of Historical Evaluation
One of the tragic aspects of the life of Baha'u'llah is that the majority of people who came into contact with the Faith failed utterly to appreciate Him and His claims. The above incident provides some examples of this. Of course, it is to be expected that those who were His avowed enemies should misrepresent Him. Similarly some non-Baha'i historians, orientalists and missionaries--those who were biased or prejudiced--gave false impressions of Him also. Yet even those who were unbiased or friendly could never succeed in making the right Judgment, because they did not know the true nature of Baha'u'llah's claims or His station.
Baha'u'llah had strictly forbidden His followers to teach His Faith within the Ottoman Empire. This is why even some important personalities who were His well-wishers and admirers regarded Him as merely a religious leader or the head of a sect, One who was very great, whose majesty and authority overwhelmed them, but whose station they did not fully understand. For this reason we find that most non-Baha'i contemporary historians and writers have left to posterity accounts which are either totally false and full of prejudice, or which contain a great deal of misinformation.
There is no way by which a scholar, however unbiased and objective he is, can write a true version of the history of the life of Baha'u'llah, or submit an authentic appreciation of His mission, unless he be a believer in His Faith. Just as a layman can never evaluate the work of a scientist except in a superficial <p240> way--he has to be a scientist himself to understand the true significance of a scientific discovery--so he who writes the history of a religion has to relate historical events to the truth of God's Revelation which is enshrined in that religion. This is not possible for the sceptic. The art of writing any history lies not merely in describing events, but in relating them to each other and putting them into their proper context. And in religious history the Revelation itself is obviously central--it cannot be left out. The Founders of religions receive their teachings through divine revelation, an experience which man can never have. This makes it beyond scientific enquiry.
The only work of history that can portray, to a limited degree, the true image of Baha'u'llah and His Revelation is one written by a believer devoted to Him and well-versed in His writings--one who understands His claims and can interpret His actions and utterances in the light of His teachings. But even such a person can never hope to evaluate fully the events associated with the life of the Manifestation of God, for the simple reason that it is beyond man to fully understand Him. In the Kitab-i-Aqdas (The Most Holy Book) Baha'u'llah states:
Say: O leaders of religion! Weigh not the Book of God with
such standards and sciences as are current amongst you, for
the Book itself is the unerring balance established amongst
men. In this most perfect balance whatsoever the peoples
and kindreds of the earth possess must be weighed, while
the measure of its weight should be tested according to its
own standard, did ye but know it.(9)
Several disciples of Baha'u'llah have written their accounts of Him, and each one in accordance with his spiritual capacity has recorded some aspects of the history of the Faith. Nabil-i-A'zam has written a detailed narrative, a part of which is edited and published as The Dawn-Breakers. His narratives are considered by the Baha'is to be among the most authentic histories of the ministries of the Bab and Baha'u'llah. <p241>
No account of the history of the Faith would be complete without mentioning God Passes By by Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Faith. This book deals with the historical events associated with the ministries of the Bab, Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha, as well as the birth and development of the Administrative Order. It is a masterpiece of history--concise yet filled with vivid detail of the most significant events of the first Baha'i century. Shoghi Effendi in his masterly style has condensed volumes of material within the compass of a few hundred pages. Almost every line of this book is laden with much information, superbly gleaned, without appearing to be, from numerous narratives and historical documents as well as profuse quotations from the vast reservoir of the writings of the Central Figures of the Faith.
Being the Guardian of the Faith, Shoghi Effendi was more qualified than anyone else to write such a book on Baha'i history. As the unerring interpreter of Baha'u'llah's Writings, he was, next to 'Abdu'l-Baha, endowed with a unique capacity to understand and appreciate the Revelation of Baha'u'llah to an extent that no other human being can ever hope to achieve. He elucidates every major event in the light of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah and injects into every subject a measure of the truth of the Faith. In the course of writing the accounts of the lives of the Central Figures of the Cause and their disciples, he explains the true motive behind their actions, calculates the effects of these actions, puts into the right perspective the heroism and self-sacrifice of the Babi and Baha'i martyrs, enumerates the victories and crises that the Faith has encountered, recounts the downfall of its enemies, demonstrates the unfoldment of its world-embracing institutions and foreshadows its future destiny.
In contrast to the writings of Shoghi Effendi, one who had truly understood the station of Baha'u'llah and was in a position to explain His actions, we come across the writings of those who had very little knowledge of the Faith and have left behind much erroneous information. How can a man who is <p242> either full of prejudice or, if unbiased, is blind to the reality of the Manifestation of God, write a correct account of His life and be able to interpret His words and actions? How could the unbelieving contemporaries of Jesus, including the Jews in His days, be expected to render a true appreciation of His life and teachings? They could not do this because they were veiled from His glory. The same is true in Baha'u'llah's day.
One example is the incident of the slaying of the three men in 'Akka. Many people, both high and low in the city, in the early stages considered Baha'u'llah as the instigator of this odious deed. But as time went on most of them realized their mistake and began to see the loftiness of His virtues and the purity of His deeds. Some Western writers heard biased stories and distorted versions of His interrogation, and wrote these down in their dispatches and memoirs. What these men did not realize was that those who heard Baha'u'llah speaking to the officials at the time of enquiry were not familiar with His claims, nor did they understand the terminology He used in His utterances.
For instance, while in the seat of honour and in the presence of officials and dignitaries of the city including the Mufti of 'Akka, Baha'u'llah recited, in a vibrant voice, some passages from the Suriy-i-Muluk (Surih of the Kings) and some other Tablets. Those who are familiar with these Writings know that unless one is well versed in Baha'u'llah's teachings and utterances, one will not be able to appreciate the significance of the various allusions He has made in these Tablets, allusions which were clear to the believers, but almost incomprehensible to others. The outcome of all this is gross misunderstanding by those non-Baha'i authors who have written an account of Baha'u'llah's interrogation.
To cite one example: Laurence Oliphant, a traveller of note in his book Haifa, or Life in the Holy Land, alleged that Baha'u'llah after being interrogated was set free as He had 'with an enormous bribe... purchased an exemption for all further attendance at Court'.(10) Had Oliphant been interested <p243> to learn a little more about Baha'u'llah, who had for almost thirty years submitted Himself unconditionally to His enemies, he could not have made such a gross misrepresentation. If Baha'u'llah had been interested in freeing Himself from imprisonment in the manner alleged, He could easily have freed Himself from the Siyah-Chal of Tihran, twenty years before, or from the sufferings of Adrianople or the barracks of 'Akka. If the writer of this account had been able to investigate, however summarily, the teachings of this Faith and the Divine perfections and virtues with which its Author was invested, he could have discerned that the story reported to him was a lie aimed at damaging the integrity of Baha'u'llah. Moreover, had he known about the life of austerity which Baha'u'llah and His family had lived and were living at the time, he would have written a different account altogether.
It is not the aim of this book to engage in refuting the misrepresentations of various non-Baha'i writers. However, in this case it is interesting to look further into Oliphant's report which contains other untrue allegations. For instance, it is alleged that when Baha'u'llah was asked by the interrogating officer about His profession, He replied, '... I am not a camel driver... nor am I the Son of a carpenter'-- allusions to the Prophet Muhammad and Jesus Christ respectively. Here again the person who had made this malicious statement to Oliphant intended to introduce Baha'u'llah as a proud man and a heretic who had no regard for other Prophets.
Those who are familiar with Baha'u'llah and His teachings know that nothing could be further from the truth. In innumerable Tablets Baha'u'llah has paid glowing tributes to Muhammad and Christ. None of the followers of these two religions have ever written about their respective founders in a way which could match the sincerity, the power, the beauty, the profundity and eloquence of Baha'u'llah's utterances when He extols and glorifies the station of these two Manifestations <p244> of God and pays homage to them. To cite one example: in the course of a Tablet revealed in answer to some questions by a certain Christian Bishop residing in Constantinople, Baha'u'llah pays the following tribute to Jesus Christ.
Know thou that when the Son of Man yielded up His breath
to God, the whole creation wept with a great weeping. By
sacrificing Himself, however, a fresh capacity was infused
into all created things. Its evidences, as witnessed in all the
peoples of the earth, are now manifest before thee. The
deepest wisdom which the sages have uttered, the
profoundest learning which any mind hath unfolded, the
arts which the ablest hands have produced, the influence
exerted by the most potent of rulers, are but manifestations
of the quickening power released by His transcendent, His
all-pervasive, and resplendent Spirit.

We testify that when He came into the world, He shed the
splendour of His glory upon all created things. Through
Him the leper recovered from the leprosy of perversity and
ignorance. Through Him, the unchaste and wayward were
healed. Through His power, born of Almighty God, the
eyes of the blind were opened, and the soul of the sinner
sanctified.

Leprosy may be interpreted as any veil that interveneth
between man and the recognition of the Lord, his God.
Whoso alloweth himself to be shut out from Him is indeed a
leper, who shall not be remembered in the Kingdom of
God, the Mighty, the All-Praised. We bear witness that
through the power of the Word of God every leper was
cleansed, every sickness was healed, every human infirmity
was banished. He it is Who purified the world. Blessed is the
man who, with a face beaming with light, hath turned
towards Him.'(11)
There are also many Tablets in which Baha'u'llah has paid exalted tribute to the Prophet of Islam. Moreover, there are numerous laudatory passages in His writings concerning the Manifestations of God in general. The perusal of the Kitab-i-Iqan, for example, will enable the reader to observe the <p245> profoundly respectful language with which He refers to God's Chosen Ones on earth and extols their station. All these bear ample testimony to Baha'u'llah's noble vision of the Prophets of the past, and how He held them in high esteem and honour. Indeed, He would not tolerate it if anyone in His presence belittled their station or spoke of them in a discourteous manner.
The following story demonstrates this point. It concerns Mirza Taqi Khan-i-Amir Nizam, who for many years was Persia's Prime Minister during the reign of Nasiri'd-Din Shah. It was he who ordered the execution of the Bab, and committed great atrocities against the Babi community.
'Abdu'l-Baha recounts(12) that one day Mirza Taqi Khan attended a gathering (presumably in Tihran) at which Baha'u'llah was present. He was referring to some verses of the Qur'an in a disrespectful manner and mockingly questioned the truth of the following verse:

He knoweth that which is on the dry land and in the sea;
there falleth no leaf, but he knoweth it; neither is there a
single grain in the dark parts of the earth, neither a green
thing, nor a dry thing, but it is written in the perspicuous
book [Qur'an].(13)
Baha'u'llah's immediate response was to disapprove the attitude of Mirza Taqi Khan and to affirm that the above verse was undoubtedly true. When he asked for further explanation, Baha'u'llah told him that it meant that the Qur'an was the repository of the Word of God; it contained various subjects such as history, commentaries, prophecies and so on. Within its pages were enshrined verities of great significance and indeed one might discover that everything was mentioned in this Book.
'Am I mentioned in it?' asked Mirza Taqi Khan arrogantly.
'Yes, you are,' was Baha'u'llah's prompt response.
'Am I alluded to or referred to clearly by name?' he asked.
'Clearly by name,' Baha'u'llah stated. <p246>
'It is strange', Mirza Taqi Khan retorted with some degree of sarcasm, 'that I have not yet found a reference to myself in the Qur'an!'
'The reference to your name', Baha'u'llah said, 'is in this verse: "She said, I fly for refuge unto the merciful from thee if thou art Taqi."'[1] (14)
[1 Naturally, those who rendered the Qur'an into English have translated the word 'Taqi', which means 'fearful'.]
On hearing such a disparaging reference attributed to him by Baha'u'llah, Mirza Taqi Khan became extremely angry, but did not reveal his anger. Instead he made a further attempt to ridicule the verse of the Qur'an in question and discredit Baha'u'llah. He asked, 'What about my father, Qurban, is there a reference to him in the Qur'an also?'
'Yes, there is,' Baha'u'llah affirmed.
'Is he alluded to or referred to by name?' he asked.
'He is referred to by name in this verse,' responded Baha'u'llah,
"'... come unto us with the Qurban[1] consumed by
fire."'(15)
[1 Translated as 'sacrifice'.]
Another story which demonstrates that Baha'u'llah always defended the Prophets of the past is the following recounted by Mirza Abu'l-Fadl.[1] It relates to the time when Baha'u'llah was a youth in Tihran, before the birth of the Babi Faith:
[1 See p. 91.]
Although He [Baha'u'llah] had not entered any of the
schools[1] in Persia and had not acquired knowledge in any
institutions of learning, nevertheless from His early youth
signs of greatness and majesty, of good judgement and keen
intelligence were strikingly apparent in His countenance.
When He was in their gatherings, great men of learning
were unable to speak because of His vigorous and awe-inspiring
utterances which have always been the early signs <p247>
of the truth of the Manifestations of God.
[1 Baha'u'llah received the modest education customary for the people of His class. He did not attend the schools of higher learning which were set aside for theologians and divines. See vol. 1, pp. 18-20.]
A leading figure of the Muslim community recounted the
following story. 'One day I was present at a meeting in
which a number of state dignitaries and high-ranking
government personalities were gathered in the presence of
the celebrated religious philosopher, Mirza Nazar-'Aliy-i-Hakim-i-Qazvini.
He was a leader and a spiritual guide to
Muhammad-Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and one to whom
all the sages and devout mystics of the time turned for
guidance.
'This famous philosopher, talking in terms of knowledge
current at the time, was expounding the subject of man's
attainment to the highest level of spiritual perfection. He
talked in this vein until the dormant passion of egotism and
sensuality was aroused in him, and it then took over the
reins of speech. He diverted from his topic and turned his
attention to his own accomplishments. Speaking of his own
attainments and perfections, he said: "For example, if at this
moment my servant arrived and informed me that Jesus
Christ was standing outside the door and was asking for
permission to attain my presence, I would find myself in no
need of Him and would not deign to meet Him."

'A few of those present remained silent and the majority,
as is customary among flatterers, agreed with him.
Baha'u'llah was present at that meeting. Such a disparaging
remark about Christ... prompted Him to voice his
objection. He could not bear to hear the Manifestation of
God treated with insolence. His face showing signs of
emotion, Baha'u'llah asked the learned philosopher
whether he would be willing to answer a question. When he
agreed, Baha'u'llah said, "In spite of the fact that the King is
an ardent admirer of yours, suppose that right now the chief
executioner arrived here with ten soldiers to arrest you and
take you to the King. Would you, in these circumstances, be
frightened and disturbed or would you respond to his
orders calmly and without fear?" After a little pause the <p248>
learned man replied, "To be honest, I should be very
frightened, would not be able to remain calm and even my
tongue would be powerless to move." Baha'u'llah said, "A
person who is in such a weak position ought not to utter
such a claim!" Those present were awestruck at the firmness
of His speech and amazed by the strength of His
argument.(16)
The Majesty of Baha'u'llah
Some of the disciples of Baha'u'llah who attained His presence have referred to the transcendental majesty of His person. This was such a striking feature of Baha'u'llah that people who came face to face with Him were awed by His presence and often became speechless. Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali in the course of recounting the stories of his own pilgrimage to 'Akka has commented on this in these words:
Outwardly He was a Prisoner, condemned and wronged,
but in reality He was the Sun of Glory, the Manifestation of
grandeur and majesty, the King of the Kingdom of poise
and dignity. Although he showed much compassion and
loving-kindness, and approached anyone who came to His
presence with tender care and humbleness, and often used
to make humorous remarks to put them at ease, yet in spite
of these, no one, whether faithful or disbelieving, learned or
unlettered, wise or foolish, was able to utter ten words in
His presence in the usual everyday manner. Indeed, many
would find themselves to be tremulous with an impediment
in their speech.

Some people asked permission to attain His presence
for the sole purpose of conducting arguments and engaging
in controversies. As a favour on His part, and in order
to fulfil the testimony and to declare conclusively the
proofs, He gave these permission to enter the court of
His majesty and glory. As they entered the room, heard
His voice welcoming them in, and gazed at His countenance
beaming with the light of grandeur, they could <p249>
not help but prostrate themselves at His door. They would
then enter and sit down. When He showed them where
to sit, they would find themselves unable to utter a word
or put forward their questions. When they left they would
bow to Him involuntarily. Some would be transformed
through the influence of meeting Him and would leave
with the utmost sincerity and devotion, some would
depart as admirers, while others would leave His presence,
ignorant and heedless, attributing their experience to pure
sorcery.

When a believer describes what he has experienced in the
presence of Baha'u'llah, his impressions may be interpreted
as being formed through his attitude of self-effacement and
a feeling of utter nothingness in relation to Him. But to
what can it be attributed when one enters into His presence
as an antagonist and leaves as a believer, or comes in as an
enemy but goes out as a friend, or comes to raise controversial
arguments, but departs without saying anything and,
due to wilful blindness, attributing this to magic? To be
brief, the bounties which were vouchsafed to a person as a
result of attaining His presence were indescribable and unknowable.
The proof of the sun is the sun itself.(17)
To cite one example: although in 'Akka Baha'u'llah occasionally allowed certain non-Baha'is to attain His presence, this was the exception rather than the rule and as the years went by He was less inclined to give audiences to people. There was a time when one of the Governors of the City of 'Akka wanted to attain the presence of Baha'u'llah and for years He would not give him permission to do so. Instead, he was to see 'Abdu'l-Baha. Some years passed, and in spite of repeated requests permission was not granted, until the Central Government in Syria required the Governor to visit Baha'u'llah. This being so, he, in the company of a European General, was admitted into His presence. No sooner had they entered the room than they were both struck by His majestic presence. So much were they awed by His person that they <p250> knelt at the door. Although Baha'u'llah had indicated seats for them, they did not change their position. It was unbearably difficult for the General to sit in that posture, especially as he was a stout man. Since Baha'u'llah had nothing to say to them and they remained silent throughout the audience, after about ten minutes they asked permission to leave.
As has already been stated in a previous volume,[1] Baha'u'llah used to associate freely with the public when in Baghdad and to a lesser extent in Adrianople. Now in 'Akka He almost completely dissociated Himself from the people of the city and left it to 'Abdu'l-Baha to keep in touch with the public. The contrast between His days in Baghdad and those in 'Akka was great indeed. When in Baghdad, Baha'u'llah had not yet declared His mission. Officially, He and His companions were regarded by the public as the followers of the Bab. He had freedom and so He moved among the people. At one time in Baghdad, His typical engagements during the day were as follows:
[1 See vol. 2, p. 63.]
After having breakfast in the inner section[1] of His house, He went to the outer apartment set aside for the reception of visitors. The friends used to gather in that room where they attained His presence for about a half to one hour. During this time He used to either sit or pace up and down the room. He then proceeded to an oriental inn (coffee house) in the old part of the city, accompanied by at least two believers. The inn was owned by a certain Siyyid Habib, an Arab, who was not a Babi, but a great admirer of Baha'u'llah and one who showed extraordinary reverence towards Him. Many people, both high and low, attained His presence in this inn. Baha'u'llah often used to speak to them about the Faith of the Bab and expound some verities of the Cause of God. After the meeting in the inn, which usually lasted over an hour, He used to return <p251> to His house, where in the afternoon the believers were able to attain His presence again. He then went back to the inn and returned home about the time of sunset. Then, some evenings, the believers used to come to His house and attain His presence there. Also at times, some eminent personalities, civil and religious dignitaries, Persian princes, and others, came to His presence to seek guidance and sit at His feet, but Baha'u'llah never went to their houses although sometimes He visited the homes of the believers.
[1 Houses in the Middle East had inner and outer sections. The outer apartments were always set aside for visitors and guests. The inner apartment was private.]
In Adrianople Baha'u'llah did not appear in public as much as He had done in Baghdad. Occasionally He visited mosques and sometimes received important guests such as the Governor of the city. But as we have already stated, as the years went by in 'Akka, He seldom received anybody outside the circle of the believers. Of course, there were always exceptional cases. For instance, a short time after the slaying of the three Azalis, the Governor, Salih Pasha, who was ill-disposed towards Baha'u'llah, was dismissed and replaced by Ahmad Big Tawfiq, who was much more sagacious than his predecessor. Soon after he was installed as Governor, Badri Jan, the sister of the murdered Mirza Rida-Quli, went to see him intent upon discrediting Baha'u'llah. In an attempt to completely poison the mind of the Governor, she brought false and slanderous accusations against Baha'u'llah, representing Him as One who was aspiring to rule over all men, the kings included. To prove her allegations she left him a copy of the Suriy-i-Muluk (Surih of the Kings) and some other Tablets.
The reading of this Epistle had the opposite effect on the Governor. According to Baha'u'llah's own testimony in a Tablet[18] revealed in the words of His amanuensis, Mirza Aqa Jan, the Governor himself took the Surih and other Tablets to 'Abdu'l-Baha and told Him that as a result of reading those, he had been convinced of the truth of the Cause, and he begged to be allowed to meet Baha'u'llah. After some time, 'Abbud came to Baha'u'llah and requested that permission be given for the <p252> Governor to attain His presence, a request to which Baha'u'llah gave His consent. It was in the course of that meeting that the heart of the Governor was touched with love for Baha'u'llah and was deeply impressed with His spiritual powers. He begged to be allowed to perform a service for Him. Baha'u'llah declined the offer of a personal service, and instead suggested the restoration of a disused aqueduct for the benefit of the inhabitants of the city, a suggestion to which the Governor responded positively.[1]
[1 For further details of this episode see pp. 24-5.]
It was this same Governor who had recognized the distinguishing qualities of 'Abdu'l-Baha and had become His ardent admirer. He often came to the Master for guidance on difficult matters which he faced in the course of his duties. And it was he who raised no objection to the inflow of pilgrims from Persia, although he knew he was acting contrary to the provisions of the edict of the Sultan in this regard.
Although in 'Akka Baha'u'llah did not associate with the public generally, the outpourings of His grace and bounty upon the people did not cease. For 'Abdu'l-Baha, on behalf of His Father, spread His wings of loving-kindness and protection over the inhabitants of 'Akka and its neighbouring lands. To him came for advice and help both high and low. The governors, religious leaders, business men, tourists, the ordinary people of 'Akka and its poor came to either seek His help or to sit at His feet and receive enlightenment from His person. During the lifetime of Baha'u'llah, the modest room in which 'Abdu'l-Baha received people was always open till the early hours of the morning. He attended to the peoples' needs with such genuine love and care that He earned the title 'Father of the Poor' and some referred to Him as the 'Master of 'Akka'. His all-embracing love a
First Converts Outside the Muslim Community
It was mainly through 'Abdu'l-Baha's labours and the influence of His magnetic personality that the animosity of the people of 'Akka towards Baha'u'llah and the company of exiles began to change gradually into understanding and, eventually, respect. The door of Baha'u'llah's house which had been closed to the faces of friends and foes alike was now opened, and some believers travelled from Persia and were able to attain His presence in the house of 'Udi Khammar.
The Story of Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq
Notable among the visitors was Mulla Sadiq-i-Khurasani.[1] 'Sadiq' meaning 'truthful', Baha'u'llah entitled him Ismu'-llahu'l-Asdaq (the Name of God, the Most Truthful). As we shall see, he was instrumental in confirming the first Jewish convert to the Faith of Baha'u'llah.
[1 See also vol. 1, pp. 92-3; vol. 2, pp. 110, 293n, 388.]
It was Baha'u'llah who, unasked, had sent a Tablet to Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq in Khurasan and invited him to travel to 'Akka for the purpose of attaining His presence. He was one of the most outstanding and devoted believers in this Dispensation. He was a man of learning. Prior to his conversion to the Faith of the Bab he had been a Muslim divine esteemed for his uprightness and dignity, and renowned throughout the province of Khurasan for his piety and truthfulness. A Shaykhi, he had had the unique privilege of <p254> meeting the Bab several times in the city of Karbila prior to His declaration. He had been deeply impressed by the radiance and gentleness mingled with majesty which the youthful Bab evinced as He prayed most tearfully at the Shrine of Imam Husayn. Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq is reported to have exclaimed when his eyes first fell on Him, 'Glorified be our Lord, the Most High!' He had become a devoted admirer of that Youth while in Karbila, in spite of the fact that the Ismu'llah was a learned divine, one who was held in high esteem by the people, while the Bab was a youth with little education. He had also witnessed the extraordinary reverence shown to that Youth by Siyyid Kazim-i-Rashti,[1] the celebrated leader of the Shaykhi community, who knew that He was none other than the Qa'im Himself, the Promised One of Islam.
[1 See Nabil-i-A'zam, The Dawn-Breakers, for further information.]
Soon after the Declaration of the Bab in 1844, when Mulla Husayn was on his way to Tihran, he met Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq in the city of Isfahan, informed him of the advent of the Bab and gave him some of His Writings to read. Upon reading a few pages he became an ardent believer. But Mulla Husayn, as bidden by the Bab, was not allowed to reveal the identity of the Bab as yet.
In his narratives, Nabil-i-A'zam records the circumstances in which the Ismu'llah became an ardent believer:
Mulla Sadiq-Khurasani, formerly known as Muqaddas, and
surnamed by Baha'u'llah, Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq, who
according to the instructions of Siyyid Kazim, had during
the last five years been residing in Isfahan and had been
preparing the way for the advent of the new Revelation, was
also among the first believers who identified themselves
with the Message proclaimed by the Bab. As soon as he
learned of the arrival of Mulla Husayn in Isfahan, he
hastened to meet him. He gives the following account of his
first interview, which took place at night in the home of
Mirza Muhammad-'Aliy-i-Nahri: 'I asked Mulla Husayn
to divulge the name of Him who claimed to be the promised <p255>
Manifestation. He replied, "To enquire about that name and
to divulge it are alike forbidden." "Would it, then, be
possible," I asked, "for me, even as the Letters of the Living,
to seek independently the grace of the All-Merciful and,
through prayer, to discover His identity?" "The door of His
grace," he replied, "is never closed before the face of him
who seeks to find Him." I immediately retired from his
presence, and requested his host to allow me the privacy of a
room in his house where, alone and undisturbed, I could
commune with God. In the midst of my contemplation, I
suddenly remembered the face of a Youth whom I had often
observed while in Karbila, standing in an attitude of prayer,
with His face bathed in tears at the entrance of the shrine of
Imam Husayn. That same countenance now reappeared
before my eyes. In my vision I seemed to behold that same
face, those same features, expressive of such joy as I could
never describe. He smiled as He gazed at me. I went towards
Him, ready to throw myself at His feet. I was bending
towards the ground, when, lo! that radiant figure vanished
from before me. Overpowered with joy and gladness, I ran
out to meet Mulla Husayn, who with transport received me
and assured me that I had, at last, attained the object of my
desire. He bade me, however, repress my feelings. "Declare
not your vision to anyone," he urged me; "the time for it has
not yet arrived. You have reaped the fruit of your patient
waiting in Isfahan. You should now proceed to Kirman, and
there acquaint Haji Mirza Karim Khan[1] with this Message.
From that place you should travel to Shiraz and endeavour
to rouse the people of that city from their heedlessness. I
hope to join you in Shiraz and share with you the blessings
of a joyous reunion with our Beloved."'(1)
[1 See vol. 1, Appendix IV.]
Soon after he embraced the Faith of the Bab, persecutions and sufferings descended upon the Ismu'llah and he bore them with exemplary patience and joy. He was one of the three believers who were severely tortured for the first time in the history of the Faith in Persia. The other two were Quddus[1] <p256> and Mulla 'Ali-Akbar-i-Ardistani. The scene of these harrowing persecutions was the city of Shiraz. Nabil recounts the following story concerning Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq, whom he refers to as Mulla Sadiq:
[1 The last but the greatest of the company of the Bab's disciples. See The Dawn-Breakers.]
An eye-witness of this revolting episode, an unbeliever
residing in Shiraz, related to me the following: 'I was
present when Mulla Sadiq was being scourged. I watched
his persecutors each in turn apply the lash to his bleeding
shoulders, and continue the strokes until he became
exhausted. No one believed that Mulla Sadiq, so advanced
in age and so frail in body, could possibly survive fifty such
savage strokes. We marvelled at his fortitude when we
found that, although the number of the strokes of the
scourge he had received had already exceeded nine hundred,
his face still retained its original serenity and calm. A smile
was upon his face, as he held his hand before his mouth. He
seemed utterly indifferent to the blows that were being
showered upon him. When he was being expelled from the
city, I succeeded in approaching him, and asked him why he
held his hand before his mouth. I expressed surprise at the
smile upon his countenance. He emphatically replied: "The
first seven strokes were severely painful; to the rest I seemed
to have grown indifferent. I was wondering whether the
strokes that followed were being actually applied to my
own body. A feeling of joyous exultation had invaded my
soul. I was trying to repress my feelings and to restrain my
laughter. I can now realise how the almighty Deliverer is
able, in the twinkling of an eye, to turn pain into ease, and
sorrow into gladness. Immensely exalted is His power
above and beyond the idle fancy of His mortal creatures."'
Mulla Sadiq, whom I met years after, confirmed every detail
of this moving episode.(2)
This episode may be considered only as a prelude to many more agonizing persecutions that this man of God went through till the end of his life. Many times in the course of his travels throughout the length and breadth of Persia where he was engaged in teaching the Faith, he was surrounded by the enemies who inflicted all kinds of tortures and afflictions upon <p257> him and were intent on taking his life. He was one of the companions of Quddus and Mulla Husayn in the Fortress of Shaykh Tabarsi.[1] After going through harrowing experiences of pain and suffering in that fortress, his life was providentially spared so as to manifest, at a later time, yet greater heroism and self-sacrifice in the path of the One who was the object of the adoration of the Bab and His disciples.
[1 See The Dawn-Breakers.]
Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq recognized the station of Baha'u'llah as readily as he had the Bab's. He attained the presence of Baha'u'llah in Baghdad and became fully convinced of His exalted station as 'Him Whom God shall make manifest' long before Baha'u'llah made His Declaration in the Garden of Ridvan. For about fourteen months he basked in the sunshine of Baha'u'llah's loving-kindness in that city, and then, as bidden by Him, returned to Persia, ablaze with the love of his new-found Master. He stood out as a tower of strength among the believers and became an instrument for guiding countless souls into the Cause of God. Among them were many people who became renowned in the Faith, such as Ahmad-i-Yazdi, the recipient of the celebrated Tablet of Ahmad, and Haji Mirza Hasan-Ali, the youngest uncle of the Bab.
The journey to 'Akka, the scene of his second pilgrimage, was undertaken at an advanced age. The sufferings and hardships of well-nigh thirty years had taken their toll and left him frail, laden with infirmities and weakness. When Baha'u'llah summoned him to 'Akka, He instructed him to leave his son[1] at home and travel in the company of a believer who could take care of him throughout the journey. He arrived in 'Akka probably in the early part of 1874, because Shaykh Kazim-i-Samandar[2] states that when he, together with two of his companions, Haji Nasir-i-Qazvini[3] and Mansur-i-Usku'i, <p258> arrived in 'Akka, Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq was present there. Shaykh Kazim arrived in 'Akka on 1 March 1874. This pilgrimage to the presence of his Lord was the crowning glory of the life of Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq. After staying several months in 'Akka, during which he was ushered into the presence of Baha'u'llah many times, he was bidden, in a Tablet revealed for him in 'Akka, to return home.
[1 He was 'Ali-Muhammad, known as Ibn-i-Asdaq, later appointed by Baha'u'llah as a Hand of the Cause of God.]
[2 See pp. 88-91.]
[3 See vol. 2, pp. 245-7.]
In this Tablet(3) Baha'u'llah showers His blessings upon him and affirms that in both this visit and his previous one to Baghdad, he had drunk deep of the waters of everlasting life from the hands of his Lord. He then commands him to convey His counsels to the friends so that they may be enabled to adorn themselves with the ornament of goodly character and live a saintly life. He states that the most meritorious of all deeds in this day is to remain steadfast in the Cause of God in such wise that the vain imaginings of the people may be powerless to influence them.
Lawh-i-Ahbab (Tablet of the Friends)
Baha'u'llah has revealed many Tablets in honour of Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq. Among them is the Lawh-i-Ahbab. This is one of Baha'u'llah's well-known Tablets revealed in Arabic and contains many passages of loving encouragement addressed to various individuals. This Tablet appears to have been revealed when Baha'u'llah was still in the barracks of 'Akka or soon after He had left it. For in it He mentions that He had written Tablets to some of the kings and also pays glowing tribute to Badi'. It is one of those Writings referred to as the 'Salt of His Tablets'.
In the Lawh-i-Ahbab, Baha'u'llah showers praises upon Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq in such profusion that it is not possible to describe them all. He refers to him as the one who recognized the Promised One as soon as he heard His call--a reference to his meeting Mulla Husayn and reading some passages from the Writings of the Bab. It is clear from the utterances of <p259> Baha'u'llah in this and other Tablets that Baha'u'llah regarded him as one of His most devoted followers and a true believer in every sense of the word, one who would be worthy of emulation by all.
Most of the Lawh-i-Ahbab contains passages addressed to the friends. Baha'u'llah's counsels in this Tablet are many and cannot be summarized. They are revealed in such terms that no pen can describe them. The power and beauty of the words of the Manifestation of God can be felt only in their own utterances, and not through man's explanation of them. Nevertheless, here is an attempt, however inadequate, to refer to a few of His teachings in this Tablet.
Baha'u'llah exhorts the believers to steadfastness in His Cause and to detachment from everything beside God, and to unity among themselves. He reminds them that He has accepted sufferings and tribulations so that mankind might become united. He warns them never, therefore, to allow differences to enter their midst. He gives them a commandment: first to live their lives in accordance with His teachings and then to conquer the hearts of men in His Name by holy deeds and exalted character. He enjoins on them to teach the Cause with wisdom, counsels them to arise for the triumph of His Faith in such wise that no earthly power can deter them from executing their purpose, assures them that the glances of His loving-kindness are directed towards them, and prophesies the advent of a day when the banners of victory will be planted in every city, when the peoples of the world will glory in the believers' names and lament over all the sufferings they have borne in the path of their Lord.
The following words of 'Abdu'l-Baha paying tribute to this noble and outstanding believer, Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq, upon whom He conferred posthumously the rank of Hand of the Cause of God, stand out as a eulogy to his cherished memory:
He was like a surging sea, a falcon that soared high. His
visage shone, his tongue was eloquent, his strength and <p260>
steadfastness astounding. When he opened his lips to teach,
the proofs would stream out; when he chanted or prayed,
his eyes shed tears like a spring cloud. His face was
luminous, his life spiritual, his knowledge both acquired
and innate; and celestial was his ardour, his detachment
from the world, his righteousness, his piety and fear of
God.(4)
No story of Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq would be complete without referring to his imprisonment in the Siyah-Chal of Tihran where he succeeded in confirming the faith of the first believer of Jewish background. Soon after this historic conversion, a great many of the Jewish people in Persia recognized Baha'u'llah as the promised Lord and became ardent and active believers. To appreciate the story, it is essential to understand the circumstances prevailing at the time in Persia concerning the religious minorities and their attitude to the new-born Faith .
Religious Minorities in Persia
At the time of the coming of the Bab, there were three religious minorities in Persia--the Zoroastrians, the Jews and the Christians. The great majority of the nation consisted of Shi'ah Muslims. Of the three minorities, the Jews and, to a lesser extent, the Zoroastrians were treated with contempt and at times were persecuted by the fanatic mob, often at the instigation of the Muslim clergy. The Christians, mostly of Armenian and Assyrian background, enjoyed greater freedom and respect. This was mainly due to their religious ties with European governments which exercised great influence in Persia at the time.
The Zoroastrians, and more especially the Jews, were the underprivileged people. They lived in ghettos and always went in fear of persecution. In their relationship to Muslims, they had to observe certain rules, such as showing respect to a Muslim in the street, and never having an argument with him. <p261> If accompanying him, never to walk alongside him but to be one or two steps behind. Not to touch his garments as otherwise they would become defiled. The money which a Jew or a Zoroastrian handed to a devout Muslim would have to be washed before he could put it in his pocket.
Haji Muhammad-Tahir-i-Malmiri has recorded some of the incidents that used to occur daily in a certain area of Yazd and which often sparked off disturbances involving the large Zoroastrian community there. The following is a summary of his notes:
The Muslim clergy wielded great power and the
government was weak. Every day, they would find a pretext
and invent a story against the Zoroastrians. For instance,
they would inform the public that a certain Zoroastrian was
seen to be riding his donkey in the presence of Muslims.[1] It
was understood that such an act was an offence, because it
was not considered courteous to ride if a Muslim was
walking. This accusation would result in the corporal
punishment of the victim. Or, they would claim that the
color of the head-dress of a certain Zoroastrian merchant
was dark and somewhat resembled the color of the headdress
of the Siyyids.[2] The color ought to have been bright
yellow. The mass hysteria created as a result of such an
incident was so powerful that almost instantly it could bring
about an upheaval in the city.
[1 A great part of the Zoroastrian community in Persia lived in Yazd and surrounding villages. Those in the villages often had to ride on donkeys to come to the city, but once in the bazaars they had to dismount as a sign of respect to the Muslims.]
[2 The descendants of the Prophet Muhammad. Theirs was the exclusive right to wear green turbans.]
On another day, they would accuse a certain Zoroastrian
that he had passed a Muslim in the street but failed to salute
him. Or that a certain Muslim had reason to beat up a
Zoroastrian, but in the course of being beaten up, the poor
Zoroastrian had mustered such audacity as to raise his hand
as if intending to defend himself. Such a person would then
be punished by the authorities. It was an established ruling <p262>
that every Zoroastrian who came out of his house had to
carry a piece of cloth with him. This was needed if he had to
sit somewhere, for he would not be allowed to sit[1] unless he
spread the cloth and sat on it, as otherwise he would have
defiled the earth.(5)
[1 In those days people did not use chairs in shops, business premises and homes, and it was common to sit on the floor.]
Being ill-treated during centuries of Islamic rule, the Jews and Zoroastrians immensely disliked the Muslims and had developed some defensive tactics. The most effective one was to keep their distance from Islamic peoples and institutions. They despised the culture, the Arabic language and anything to do with Islam.
The Bab and Baha'u'llah appeared within such a society. Both were from Islamic background. The Bab was a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. Like Jesus Christ, who was from Jewish background and practised that Faith, the Bab and Baha'u'llah before the birth of the New Faith were practising Muslims. And when they revealed themselves as the Manifestations of God, their words and teachings, especially those of the Bab, had such strong links with the religion of Islam that in the early days the new Faith appeared to the minority religions in Persia to be a sect of Islam. For this reason it was very natural for Jews and Zoroastrians to avoid the Babis and Baha'is at all costs. Another disadvantage was that a great part of the Writings of the Bab and Baha'u'llah were revealed in Arabic which was not only incomprehensible to them, but despised and hated because it was the language of Islam.
It will be readily seen that the conversion of Jews and Zoroastrians to the Faith of Baha'u'llah which to all outward appearances was the extension of Islam, whose literature was in the Arabic language and whose followers were exclusively from Muslim background, was one of the miracles of the time. It also demonstrates the creative power of the Revelation of <p263> Baha'u'llah which, in spite of so many barriers, exerted a tremendous influence upon these people, vivified their souls, granted them a new vision, enrolled them under the banner of His Cause and enabled them to render meritorious services in spreading His message, first among their own communities and later the whole nation.
There can be no greater proof of the universality of the message of Baha'u'llah and the authenticity of His claim to be the Promised One of all ages, than the Jews and Zoroastrians of Persia embracing His Faith in the nineteenth century. Their conversion was not superficial, nor was it an expedient measure to free themselves from the yoke of suppression and tyranny. Rather, when these people joined the ranks of the Baha'is, their sufferings were multiplied. Not only would they become fresh targets for attack by the Muslims who abhorred their conversion to the Faith of Baha'u'llah, but also their own communities often persecuted them, and in some instances they were martyred by their own people. For instance, in Yazd the Zoroastrian priests rose up against a number of people in that community who had become Baha'is. The fierce persecutions which started within the Zoroastrian enclave by the Zoroastrian people and often in alliance with the Muslim clergy and fanatics against the newly converted followers of Baha'u'llah are reminiscent of the cruelties perpetrated by the Muslims, the chief adversaries of the Faith in Persia. Thus, in the villages surrounding Yazd, a couple of Baha'is of Zoroastrian background were martyred. In the city an outstanding personality within the community was done to death because of his genuine interest and sympathy towards the newly emerging Faith.
The fate of the Jews who had embraced the Cause of Baha'u'llah was no brighter. They too were subjected to harassment and persecution from within their ghettos as well as from outside. The conversion of Jews and Zoroastrians to the Cause of Baha'u'llah was a genuine act of faith. They fully recognized Him as the Promised One of their own Holy <p264> Books, One who is described by Shoghi Effendi in these words:
He Who in such dramatic circumstances was made to
sustain the overpowering weight of so glorious a Mission
was none other than the One Whom posterity will acclaim,
and Whom innumerable followers already recognize, as the
Judge, the Lawgiver and Redeemer of all mankind, as the
Organizer of the entire planet, as the Unifier of the children
of men, as the Inaugurator of the long-awaited millennium,
as the Originator of a new 'Universal Cycle', as the
Establisher of the Most Great Peace, as the Fountain of the
Most Great Justice, as the Proclaimer of the coming of age
of the entire human race, as the Creator of a new World
Order, and as the Inspirer and Founder of a world
civilization.

To Israel He was neither more nor less than the
incarnation of the 'Everlasting Father,' the 'Lord of Hosts'
come down 'with ten thousands of saints'; to Christendom
Christ returned 'in the glory of the Father,' to Shi'ah Islam
the return of the Imam Husayn; to Sunni Islam the descent
of the 'Spirit of God' (Jesus Christ); to the Zoroastrians the
promised Shah-Bahram; to the Hindus the reincarnation of
Krishna; to the Buddhists the fifth Buddha.(6)
The entry into the Faith by members of these two religious minorities in Persia during its early days demonstrated to the people of that country that the Cause of Baha'u'llah was an independent religion. It silenced and discomfited the enemies who, in order to undermine the new Faith, had dismissed it as the outcome of an irresponsible adventure by its Founders who were of Muslim extraction, and had falsely introduced it to the public as a sect of Islam.
It also demonstrated the power of Baha'u'llah's creative Word in that once they accepted Baha'u'llah, the followers of these two religions also acknowledged the authenticity and the divine origin of the Messages of all the Prophets, the Founders of the world's major religions, including Christ and <p265> Muhammad. A great many Muslims in the early days of the Faith were amazed to hear words of praise and glorification of the Prophet Muhammad and proofs of the truth of His Mission coming from the Baha'is who had once belonged to the Jewish or Zoroastrian communities. This angered the fanatic Muslims very much. For they knew that for over one thousand years very few, if any, Muslims had succeeded in making the Jews or Zoroastrians acknowledge the truth of Islam, and now, through the words of Baha'u'llah, thousands had been converted. But there were others among the Muslims who were pure-hearted and were deeply moved when they heard these people had accepted the truth of Islam; consequently some were led to investigate the Faith of Baha'u'llah and eventually become Baha'is.
The Baha'i community in Persia consisted from the early days of believers who had come from the three major religious backgrounds. The majority were from the Islamic and the rest from the Jewish and Zoroastrian Faiths. But the Faith did not make much headway among the Christians in Persia. The majority of the Christians who entered the Faith came from countries of the Western world. This process started during the early years of 'Abdu'l-Baha's ministry.
The Story of Hakim Masih, the First Jewish Believer
The first of the Jewish community to recognize the truth of the Mission of Baha'u'llah in Persia was a notable physician named Masih. (Messiah) referred to as Hakim Masih.[1] Being highly skilled in his profession, he was appointed as a physician to the court of Muhammad Shah, and when the Shah made a journey to 'Iraq, Hakim Masih. accompanied him. When in Baghdad, he learnt that Tahirih was staying in the home of one of the early believers, and was holding discussions with the divines in the city. He went there to see what was being said. No sooner <p266> had he heard the utterances of Tahirih addressed to the company of divines, and witnessed their helplessness to refute her proofs in support of her newly found Faith, than he was captivated by her powerful arguments and sheer personality. Although he was not allowed to enter into any discussions, Hakim Masih was very curious to find out how Tahirih had acquired such eloquence and powers which bordered on the supernatural.
[1 The title of Hakim was given to people who were skilled physicians and were endowed with wisdom and divine knowledge.]
Shaykh Kazim-i-Samandar[1] has recorded the following in his memoirs:
[1 See pp. 88, 257.]
I met Hakim Masih who was of Jewish descent. He was the
first among the Jews to enter the community of the friends
(i.e. Baha'is). It surprised me when I discovered that he was
friendly, faithful, full of enthusiasm and love; and so said to
him, 'There is a large gap between the Faith of Moses and
this great Cause, how did you make this long and glorious
journey and arrive at this abode?' He said, 'My visit to
Baghdad coincided with the time that Tahirih was in that
city. Through some circumstances I was present at some of
the meetings where she conversed with the divines. I was
astonished and awestruck by the way she talked, by the
manner in which she conducted her conversations, and by
the power of her utterances. I became attracted and began to
meditate and decided to investigate this Cause and deepen
my knowledge of it. I made some enquiries in Baghdad and
later in other places, until I attained my heart's desire.(7)
Some years after meeting Tahirih in Baghdad, Hakim Masih met Ismu'llahu'l-Asdaq, a meeting brought about by Providence. The Ismu'llah had been arrested because of his allegiance to the Faith, put in chains and brought to Tihran under escort. This cruel act was carried out by order of the Governor of Khurasan who was enforcing an edict issued by no less than eighteen divines of Islam in that province. The Ismu'llah was forced to take with him his youngest son, Ibn-i-Asdaq, who was a mere child at the time. Two other believers <p267> were also chained and taken to Tihran with him.
The intention was to execute them in the capital city. Instead, the Government ordered that they be imprisoned in the Siyah-Chal. Father and child were chained together and kept in that terrible dungeon for about two years and four months.
The hardships of prison life took their toll and the young child became seriously ill. The chief gaoler, a certain Mashhadi 'Ali, was a kind person and he sent for a physician. But no physician could be found who would be willing to treat a patient who was a Babi. In desperation he called on Hakim Masih who was Jewish. He accepted and immediately went to the prison.
For a period of two months he regularly attended the child until he recovered from his illness. At the same time, having been so deeply impressed by Tahirih, this gave him the opportunity to learn about the Faith from an illustrious believer. Even after his patient had fully recovered he used to spend hours in the prison, sitting at the Ismu'llah's feet and learning about the Faith. Soon after, he became a believer fully aware that the Promised One of the Old Testament, the 'Everlasting Father', the Lord of Hosts, had manifested Himself. When Baha'u'llah was informed of His conversion, He revealed an exalted Tablet in his honour. He has revealed other Tablets for him too, but unfortunately most of these were destroyed. This is because in those days the believers used to protect their Baha'i materials by hiding them underground or inside the walls, so that they might not fall into the hands of the enemy. Sadly, when unearthed, the Tablets of Hakim Masih. were found to have been destroyed by moisture.
In one of these Tablets,(8) Baha'u'llah urges Hakim Masih to be steadfast in the Cause of God so that he may not be shaken by the winds of opposition which were blowing from the direction of the enemies. He states that the people were following the dictates of their passions and corrupt desires, <p268> and directs him to counsel such people to abandon their evil ways and turn to their God. Baha'u'llah, in this Tablet, showers His favours upon Hakim Masih and affirms that He has bestowed upon him a great station. Hakim Masih taught the Faith to his family who became ardent believers. Notable among his descendants was Dr Lutfu'llah Hakim, his youngest grandson, who served the Master and Shoghi Effendi with exemplary devotion and was elected to the Universal House of Justice in 1963 when that Supreme Body of the Faith came into being for the first time.
The light of the new Faith of God which shone forth in the heart of Hakim Masih illumined many more among his co-religionists in Persia. At first, a few embraced the Cause of Baha'u'llah in Hamadan and Kashan and soon great numbers from the Jewish community joined the Faith and swelled the ranks of the believers in Persia. There are many Tablets revealed by Baha'u'llah in honour of the believers of Jewish background.
Zoroastrians Enter the Faith
The introduction and growth of the Cause among the followers of Zoroaster was no less spectacular and far-reaching. The following story is related by 'Abdu'l-Baha:
... they relate that the possessions of a certain Babi in
Kashan were plundered, and his household scattered and
dispersed. They stripped him naked and scourged him,
defiled his beard, mounted him face backwards on an ass
and paraded him through the streets and bazaars with the
utmost cruelty, to the sound of drums, trumpets, guitars
and tambourines. A certain guebre[1] who knew absolutely
naught of the world or its denizens chanced to be seated
apart in a corner of a caravansaray. When the clamour of the
people rose high he hastened into the street, and, becoming <p269>
cognizant of the offence and the offender, and the cause of
his public disgrace and punishment in full detail, he fell to
making search, and that very day entered the society of the
Babis, saying, 'This very ill-usage and public humiliation is
a proof of truth and the very best of arguments. Had it not
been thus it might have been that a thousand years would
have passed ere one like me became informed.'(9)
[1 Zoroastrian. (A.T.)]
[Illustrations appearing between pages 268 and 269:]

HAKIM MASIH
The first believer converted to the Faith from the
Jewish community of Persia

KAY-KHUSRAW-I-KHUDADAD
Believed to be the first to embrace the Faith of
Baha'u'llah from the Zoroastrian community
Haji Mu'inu's-Saltanih, a historian from Tabriz, has stated that the believer who was persecuted in the above account was a certain Haji Muhammad-Rida, a merchant of Kashan, and that the Zoroastrian who acknowledged the truth of the Faith of the Bab was Suhrab-i-Pur-Kavus. Unfortunately, there is not much information available about him.
The first to believe among the Zoroastrians during the ministry of Baha'u'llah is reputed to be Kay-Khusraw-i-Khudadad and the story of his becoming aware of the truth of the Faith is similar to that of Suhrab-i-Pur-Kavus. Kay-Khusraw, a native of Yazd, was also living in Kashan as a merchant. He saw one of the believers tortured and put to death. This harrowing scene evoked in him an urge to investigate the Cause and as a result he became a follower. Some early believers among the Zoroastrians who came in contact with him in Kashan owe their allegiance to the Cause through his teaching work.
Kay-Khusraw-i-Khudadad was well-known in the Zoroastrian community. He was a member of a special 'Council of Zoroastrians' set up by Manikchi Sahib. The latter went from India to Persia with a view to helping his co-religionists in that country and obtaining more freedom for them He met Nasiri'd-Din Shah and succeeded in securing a royal decree absolving the Zoroastrians from payment of a certain religious tax which for years had been imposed upon religious minorities in Persia. He also invited a number of prominent Zoroastrians to serve on the above Council which was recognized by the Shah. <p270>
Lawh-i-Manikchi Sahib
Manikchi passed through Baghdad on his way to Persia when Baha'u'llah was in that city. He attained His presence there and became His admirer. In later years he maintained friendly contact with Baha'u'llah through correspondence. He was assisted in this by Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, who after embracing the Faith worked as a secretary for Manikchi for some years. In answer to a letter, Baha'u'llah revealed a Tablet for him known as the Lawh-i-Manikchi Sahib.(10) This is mainly revealed in pure Persian,[1] for the latter was keen to promote the Persian language in its original form. Although Manikchi did not become a Baha'i, he remained a sympathetic friend.
[1 When Islam became the main religion of Persia, Arabic words were introduced into the Persian language. The present Persian language incorporates many Arabic words, which have become part of the Persian vocabulary. As against this, there is the 'pure Persian' which is not commonly spoken, but is occasionally written. Some scholars have excelled themselves in this field: Mirza Abu'l-Fadl was one. But pure Persian is not in general use. In most of Baha'u'llah's Writings in Persian
Arabic and Persian words are used together. Only a small number of Baha'u'llah's Writings, those addressed to Zoroastrian believers, are mainly revealed in pure Persian.]
From the literary point of view, the Tablet of Baha'u'llah to Manikchi Sahib is a masterpiece of the pure Persian language. In its lucidity and eloquence, its richness and beauty, it is no less outstanding than other celebrated Tablets revealed either in Arabic or Persian. This Tablet contains some of the choicest utterances of Baha'u'llah. The celebrated passage, 'Ye are the fruits of one tree and the leaves of one branch', was revealed in this Tablet.[1] Baha'u'llah here invites the peoples of the world to enter the portals to freedom which have been opened wide through His Revelation, and to drink deep from the springs of knowledge which have welled forth from His utterances. He uses the analogy of an eyelid, a small shutter, which can obstruct the vision, to illustrate that the veil of covetousness can likewise obscure the light of the soul. He likens harsh <p271> words to a deadly sword, and a kindly tongue to refreshing food, states that God, the Creator, approves of any process through which the individual may be enabled to shed some of his ignorance and increase his knowledge and understanding, affirms that man will experience peace and tranquillity when he becomes the well-wisher of all that dwell on earth and exhorts the peoples to leave the darkness of enmity and enter the light of unity.
[1 This famous passage is to be found also in the Ishraqat.]
The following is a small portion of the Tablet to Manikchi which has been translated into English by Shoghi Effendi:
The All-Knowing Physician hath His finger on the pulse of
mankind. He perceiveth the disease, and prescribeth, in His
unerring wisdom, the remedy. Every age hath its own
problem, and every soul its particular aspiration. The
remedy the world needeth in its present-day afflictions can
never be the same as that which a subsequent age may
require. Be anxiously concerned with the needs of the age ye
live in, and centre your deliberations in its exigencies and
requirements.

We can well perceive how the whole human race is
encompassed with great, with incalculable afflictions. We
see it languishing on its bed of sickness, sore-tried and
disillusioned. They that are intoxicated by self-conceit have
interposed themselves between it and the Divine and
infallible Physician. Witness how they have entangled all
men, themselves included, in the mesh of their devices.
They can neither discover the cause of the disease, nor have
they any knowledge of the remedy. They have conceived
the straight to be crooked, and have imagined their friend an
enemy.

Incline your ears to the sweet melody of this Prisoner.
Arise, and lift up your voices, that haply they that are fast
asleep may be awakened. Say: O ye who are as dead! The
Hand of Divine bounty proffereth unto you the Water of
Life. Hasten and drink your fill. Whoso hath been re-born
in this Day, shall never die; whoso remaineth dead, shall
never live.(11) <p272>
Lawh-i-Haft Pursish (Tablet of Seven Questions)
The Council of Zoroastrians which was set up by Manikchi Sahib consisted of the most prominent Zoroastrians of Yazd. At one time there were nineteen councillors, six of whom became Baha'is. As we have already mentioned, Kay-Khusraw-i-Khudadad, the first believer, was among them. Others who joined the Faith were men of learning or people held in high esteem by the community. Notable among them was the renowned Ustad Javan-Mard, the Secretary of the Council. He was a teacher by profession and became a devoted believer. He wrote a letter to Baha'u'llah and asked some questions. The Lawh-i-Haft Pursish, in pure Persian, was revealed in his honour. Baha'u'llah in this Tablet calls him by a new name, Shir-Mard (Lion of a man). The following is a short extract from the Lawh-i-Haft Pursish, translated by Shoghi Effendi:
O high priests! Ears have been given you that they ma
hearken unto the mystery of Him Who is the Self-Dependent,
and eyes that they may behold Him. Wherefore
flee ye? The Incomparable Friend is manifest. He speaketh
that wherein lieth salvation. Were ye, O high priests, to
discover the perfume of the rose-garden of understanding,
ye would seek none other but Him, and would recognize, in
His new vesture, the All-Wise and Peerless One, and would
turn your eyes from the world and all who seek it, and
would arise to help Him... Whatsoever hath been
announced in the Books hath been revealed and made clear.
From every direction the signs have been manifested. The
Omnipotent One is calling, in this Day, and announcing the
appearance of the Supreme Heaven.(12)
Shir-Mard was the first Zoroastrian Baha'i to be buried instead of having his body disposed of in the Dakhmih[1] as was <p273> the custom among his people. Other Baha'is from the Zoroastrian background followed his example and built a special Baha'i Cemetery. This action provoked fierce opposition from the community. The Baha'i Cemetery was attacked and some of the graves were desecrated.
[1 An open tower, usually built outside the city in which the dead bodies of Zoroastrians are placed and exposed to nature. After the flesh has been devoured by vultures, the bones are thrown into a deep well.]
This opposition was not over the issue of burials only. The mere act of conversion to a new Faith, something which had never happened to Zoroastrians since the early days of Islam, provoked the wrath of the high priests against the newly converted Baha'is who openly proclaimed to the community that the Shah-Bahram, the Promised One of the Zoroastrians, had been manifested in the person of Baha'u'llah. Soon persecutions began, sometimes with the tacit approval of the Muslim clergy. A certain Master Khudabakhsh, a distinguished member of the Council of Zoroastrians and a school teacher of wide repute, although not officially a Baha'i, was shot dead because of his sympathy and generous support for the Baha'is. Others were persecuted in different ways. But soon the number of converts to the Faith of Baha'u'llah grew, and to the astonishment of both Muslims and Zoroastrians, a great many families acknowledged the station of Baha'u'llah and swelled the ranks of the believers especially in Yazd and its surrounding villages.
The conversion of Muslims, Jews and Zoroastrians to the Faith of Baha'u'llah in Persia in the early days of the ministries of the Bab and Baha'u'llah was followed by the conversion of adherents of other Faiths in other parts of the world. Within a short period of time, the followers of all religions, creeds and ideologies as well as pagans, agnostics and atheists, representing peoples of all colours, races and tribes, embraced the Faith, and began to build unitedly the foundations of the Baha'i world community. So dynamic has been the process of entry into the Faith by the peoples of the world that within less than a hundred years since Baha'u'llah's Declaration in the Garden of Ridvan, an army of pioneers and travelling teachers <p274> from every conceivable background has arisen to circle the globe for the spreading of the Cause of Baha'u'llah and the diffusion of the light of His Faith to the world's multitudes. This process which began in the early days of the Faith is now gathering momentum and will continue to forge ahead until the goals of the unification of the entire human race and universal allegiance to the Cause of Baha'u'llah are totally fulfilled.
[Illustrations appearing between pages 274 and 275:]

THE ROOM WHERE THE KITAB-I-AQDAS WAS REVEALED
The room where the Kitab-i-Aqdas was revealed is at
the upper left. <p275>
Kitab-i-Aqdas.
1. The Law of God
In the early part of 1873, almost five years after His arrival in 'Akka, Baha'u'llah, then confined in the house of 'Udi Khammar, revealed the Kitab-i-Aqdas, the Most Holy Book, regarded as the Mother Book of this Dispensation, a Book unique and incomparable among the world's sacred scriptures, designated by Himself as the 'Source of true felicity', the 'unerring Balance', the 'Straight path', the 'quickener of mankind', the 'river of mercy', the 'Ark of His laws'. To it the Prophets of the past have alluded as the 'new heaven', the 'new earth', the 'Tabernacle of God', the 'Holy City', the 'Bride' and the 'New Jerusalem coming down from God'. Shoghi Effendi has acclaimed it as the charter of Baha'u'llah's new world order and of future world civilization.
This book, written in Arabic, the brightest emanation from the Pen of the Most High, stands out from among all Baha'u'llah's writings as the 'Mother Book' of His Dispensation. Next to it in rank is the Kitab-i-Iqan (Book of Certitude).[1] Of the Kitab-i-Aqdas, Baha'u'llah states, 'this Book is a heaven which We have adorned with the stars of Our commandments and prohibitions', and again, 'verily, it is My weightiest testimony unto all people, and the proof of the All-Merciful unto all who are in heaven and all who are on earth'(1)
[1 See vol. 1, ch. 10.]
As well as being the mightiest and most exalted of Baha'u'llah's writings, the Kitab-i-Aqdas is from the literary point of view one of the most beautiful. It is matchless in its eloquence, unsurpassed in its lucidity, enchanting in its style, superb in its composition and varied in its theme. Every <p276> sentence is simple and easily intelligible to the reader: it is impossible to suggest a better or more eloquent construction. It is the masterpiece of Baha'u'llah's utterances. Though basically a book of laws and ordinances, it is so revealed that its laws are interwoven with passages of spiritual counsel and exhortation, of weighty pronouncements and divine guidance. The manner in which this is done is unique and original. It fascinates the reader with its beauty and enchantment. Of it Baha'u'llah speaks, 'By My life! It hath been sent down in a manner that amazeth the minds of men.' And in another passage He states:
By God! such is the majesty of what hath been revealed
therein, and so tremendous the revelation of its veiled
allusions that the loins of utterance shake when attempting
their description.(2)
In revealing the Kitab-i-Aqdas, Baha'u'llah may be likened to a celestial bird whose habitation is in the realm of the spirit far above the ken of men, soaring in the spiritual heights of glory. In that station, Baha'u'llah speaks about spiritual matters, reveals the verities of His Cause and unveils the glory of His Revelation to mankind. From such a lofty horizon this immortal Bird of the Spirit suddenly and unexpectedly descends upon the world of dust. In this station, Baha'u'llah announces and expounds laws. Then the Bird takes its flight back into the spiritual domains. Here the Tongue of Grandeur speaks again with majesty and authority, revealing some of the choicest passages treasured in the Kitab-i-Aqdas. Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baha'i Faith, translated a considerable number of these passages into superb English and included most of them in Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah.[1]
[1 The following passages in Gleanings are from the Kitab-i-Aqdas XXXVII, LVI, LXX, LXXI, LXXII, XCVIII, CV, CLV, CLIX and
CLXV.]
This ascent and descent, the revelation of spiritual teachings <p277> on the one hand, and the giving of laws on the other, follow one another throughout the Book. There seems to be no visible pattern for the interweaving of the two, nor is there any apparent connection between them. Baha'u'llah, after expounding some of His choicest teachings or revealing some of His counsels and exhortations, abruptly changes the subject and gives one or more laws which outwardly seem not to have any relevance to the previous subject.
Every major religion has had laws given by its Founder. These laws have played an important part in governing community affairs and guiding the lives of the individual believers; Judaism and Islam are the best examples. In the' Christian Faith, however, there are not many laws given by Christ, and because of this, it may be difficult for people of Christian background to appreciate the significance of religious laws and the vital role they play in the life of the community. Probably the reason why Christ did not reveal many laws for His followers is that His Message was mainly directed towards individual salvation, and left no major guidelines for community affairs. He laid emphasis on the spiritual health of the individual as epitomized in His Sermon on the Mount, but left no laws to govern the activities of communities and nations and to define their relationship to each other.
The laws of every religion are valid and applicable until the next Manifestation of God appears. After that they become out of date and lose their effectiveness; people do not feel the urge to follow them. For instance, the laws of Moses were in accord with the spirit of the age until the appearance of Christ when they became out of date. There are many laws in the Old Testament which were good for the age they were designed for and which were practised for over a thousand years, but they are not applicable any longer. The laws of Islam which were given by the Prophet Muhammad were valid up to the time of the coming of the Bab. These laws were operative among the Islamic nations for about thirteen hundred lunar years. Ever <p278> since the revelation of the Kitab-i-Aqdas, in which the laws of the new age were formulated, most of the laws of Islam have become inoperative. Not only have some of the Islamic governments been forced to abandon the application of Islamic laws in favour of civil laws which they themselves have enacted, but the spirit of the new age, manifesting itself both through constructive and destructive processes, has so radically changed social circumstances that in many instances it has become impossible to implement the laws of Islam.
The laws revealed in the Bayan by the Bab were designed to be short-lived. Some of them were incomplete, being either directly or by implication dependent upon the advent of 'Him Whom God shall make Manifest'.[1] The laws of the Babi religion were abrogated by the revelation of the Kitab-i-Aqdas. Only a few of the laws given by the Bab were confirmed by Baha'u'llah and these were reinstated in that same book. 'Abdu'l-Baha has declared that those laws of the Bab which were not confirmed in the Kitab-i-Aqdas are to be considered as abrogated.(3) In another Tablet He sates that any law revealed elsewhere in the Writings of Baha'u'llah, if contrary to the laws of the Aqdas, is invalid. But those which are not contrary, or are not mentioned in the Kitab-i-Aqdas, are valid and binding.
[1 Baha'u'llah. See vol. 1, ch. 18.]
Indeed, as we survey the Writings of Baha'u'llah, we come across many Tablets which contain some laws or deal with the elucidation and application of laws. Such Tablets are regarded as supplementary to the Kitab-i-Aqdas. It is therefore clear that the Kitab-i-Aqdas on its own does not contain all the laws of Baha'u'llah. After its revelation Baha'u'llah permitted Zaynu'l-Muqarribin,[1] one of His devoted companions, who was formerly a mujtahid (Doctor of Islamic law) and highly experienced in the application of Islamic law, to ask any questions he might have regarding the application of the laws of Baha'u'llah. The answers given by Him are contained in a <p279> book known as Questions and Answers which is to be regarded as an appendix to the Kitab-i-Aqdas.
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 25-6.]
In a Tablet[4] written by Mirza Aqa Jan, Baha'u'llah's amanuensis, dated 15th of Jamadiyu'l-Awal 1290 (11 July 1873), it is stated that the Kitab-i-Aqdas was revealed around that time. It also refers to the circumstances which led to its revelation. For some years, the believers had been asking questions about the laws of the Faith, but Baha'u'llah did not find it timely to respond to them. While in Adrianople He revealed a number of laws in His Persian writings, but did not release them to the believers. Questions continued to come to him while in 'Akka, and when the time was propitious, Baha'u'llah revealed the Kitab-i-Aqdas. But from the beginning He stressed to His followers the need to be discreet and wise in the implementation of its laws. He advised them not to practise any of its provisions which might prove to be untimely or could cause agitation or disturbance among the people.
Shortly after the revelation of the Kitab-i-Aqdas, Haji Siyyid Javad-i-Karbila'i,[1] a distinguished believer who was held in high esteem by the community, was anxious for the Baha'is to implement the laws of that Book. In a Tablet addressed to him, Baha'u'llah discloses the pre-eminent position which the Kitab-i-Aqdas occupies, refers to it as the most great magnet through which the hearts of the peoples of the world will be attracted, and prophesies that through it the majesty and sovereignty of God will, ere long, be made manifest. But He counsels Haji Siyyid Javad to exercise caution and wisdom in the implementation of its laws at that time. The following is an extract from the above-mentioned Tablet to Haji Siyyid Javad:
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 221-4.]
For a number of years, petitions reached the Most Holy
Presence from various lands begging for the laws of God,
but We held back the Pen ere the appointed time had come. <p280>
Thereupon the Day-Star of the laws and ordinances shone
forth from above the horizon of the Will of God, as a token
of His grace unto the peoples of the world. He, verily, is the
Ever-Forgiving, the Most Generous... Indeed the laws of
God are like unto the ocean and the children of men as fish,
did they but know it. However, in observing them one must
exercise tact and wisdom... Since most people are feeble
and far-removed from the purpose of God, therefore one
must observe tact and prudence under all conditions, so that
nothing might happen that could cause disturbance and
dissension or raise clamour among the heedless. Verily, His
bounty hath surpassed the whole universe and His
bestowals encompassed all that dwell on earth. One must
guide mankind to the ocean of true understanding in a spirit
of love and tolerance. The Kitab-i-Aqdas itself beareth
eloquent testimony to the loving providence of God.(5)

In the same year that the Kitab-i-Aqdas was revealed Baha'u'llah allowed Jamal-i-Burujirdi,[1] who was then in 'Akka, to copy certain parts of it and share it with the friends in Persia. But again He emphasized wisdom and discretion in the application of its laws. It has already been explained in the previous volume that through their mercy and compassion the Manifestations of God do not announce all their new laws to their followers suddenly. Knowing man's strong attachment to old laws and customs, they introduce their new laws gradually over a period of time during which their followers become enlightened and ready to receive them.[2]
[1 It is interesting to note that this proud and egotistical Jamal asked
Baha'u'llah to make him exempt from obedience to the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas.
Baha'u'llah granted him his wish and conveyed to him that he
was free and did not have to obey any of the laws of that Book. For further
information on this notorious person who eventually became a
Covenant-breaker, see vol. 2.]
[2 For further information on this subject see vol. 2, pp. 353-4.]
The study of the Writings of Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha makes it clear that most of the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas, apart from those which are of a spiritual nature, or in conformity <p281> with the conditions prevailing at the time, are designed for the future when the Baha'i Faith becomes the religion of the land It is then that these laws will be fully implemented within the framework of a new civilization which is to emerge later from amidst the chaos and confusion of present-day society.
Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Faith, has described the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas as the 'warp and woof' of Baha'u'llah's World Order. Without these laws, mankind will not be able to take part in the establishment of the promised Kingdom of God on earth. The World Order of Baha'u'llah, however, is still growing in its embryonic form. In the fullness of time it will be born and will usher in an age the glories of which we in this day cannot fully visualize, an age in which the teachings of Baha'u'llah will guide and govern the life of man on this planet. Then and only then will the wisdom and significance of all the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas become manifest, their relevance to the needs of the age become apparent and their application become a vital necessity.
Within the compass of three pages in God Passes By Shoghi Effendi has summarized the Kitab-i-Aqdas in such a masterly fashion that if studied carefully, the reader will know all the basic subjects that are contained in this exalted Book. The following is part of his summary enumerating some of the fundamental laws of this Dispensation:
In this Book He, moreover, prescribes the obligatory
prayers; designates the time and period of fasting; prohibits
congregational prayer except for the dead; fixes the Qiblih;
institutes the Huququ'llah (Right of God); formulates the
law of inheritance; ordains the institution of the
Mashriqu'l-Adhkar; establishes the Nineteen Day Feasts,
the Baha'i festivals and the Intercalary Days; abolishes the
institution of priesthood; prohibits slavery, asceticism,
mendicancy, monasticism, penance, the use of pulpits and
the kissing of hands; prescribes monogamy; condemns
cruelty to animals, idleness and sloth, backbiting and
calumny; censures divorce; interdicts gambling, the use of <p282>
opium, wine and other intoxicating drinks; specifies the
punishments for murder, arson, adultery and theft; stresses
the importance of marriage and lays down its essential
conditions; imposes the obligation of engaging in some
trade or profession, exalting such occupation to the rank of
worship; emphasizes the necessity of providing the means
for the education of children; and lays upon every person
the duty of writing a testament and of strict obedience to
one's government.(6)
There are some laws which Baha'u'llah has not formulated in the Kitab-i-Aqdas or other Tablets. He has deliberately gaps in the structure of His laws and these will have to be filled by the Universal House of Justice, the supreme legislative body of the Faith, authorized by Baha'u'llah to enact laws which are not explicitly revealed by Him. The laws enacted by this body can be altered at a later time by the same body when conditions in society will have radically changed and this provision guarantees that laws which are temporary in nature may keep pace with humanity's progress.
The laws that Baha'u'llah has formulated, however, are fundamental laws, fixed and unalterable during the entire period of His Dispensation. Only the next Manifestation of God can abrogate them. It should be noted that there are certain laws given by Baha'u'llah that are intended for a future condition of society, and these cannot be implemented without the necessary legislation by the Universal House of Justice for their application. Shoghi Effendi writes through his secretary:
What has not been formulated in the Aqdas, in addition to
matters of detail and of secondary importance arising out of
the application of the laws already formulated by
Baha'u'llah, will have to be enacted by the Universal House
of Justice. This body can supplement but never invalidate or
modify in the least degree what has already been formulated
by Baha'u'llah. Nor has the Guardian any right whatsoever
to lessen the binding effect, much less to abrogate the
provisions of so fundamental and sacred a Book.(7) <p283>
The Kitab-i-Aqdas has not been translated into any language so far by any Baha'i authority. The reason for this is that a mere translation without making reference to other Tablets would be very misleading indeed. The Universal House of Justice has explained this point in these words:
The Kitab-i-Aqdas itself is the kernel of a vast structure of
Baha'i law that will have to come into being in the years and
centuries ahead as the unity of mankind is established and
develops. Thus to properly understand the contents of that
Book one should also read many other Tablets of
Baha'u'llah relating to them, as well as the interpretations of
'Abdu'l-Baha and the Guardian, and realize that great areas
of detail have been left by Baha'u'llah for the Universal
House of Justice to fill in and to vary in accordance with the
needs of a developing society. In addition, a translation of
the Kitab-i-Aqdas made without proper comprehensive
footnotes referring to those other Tablets which elucidate
His laws as well as to the interpretations of the Master and
the Guardian can give a very misleading impression--quite
apart from the problem of achieving a beauty of style in the
English which can approach that of the original.(8)
In another instance the Universal House of Justice writes:
The Guardian explained that an essential prelude to the
publication of the Most Holy Book was the preparation of a
synopsis and codification of its Laws and Ordinances. This
would be followed in due time by a complete translation of
the Book itself, made by a competent body of experts, and
copiously annotated with detailed explanations. Such
annotations will undoubtedly have to contain references to
the many Tablets of Baha'u'llah which supplement the
Aqdas, to the interpretations penned by 'Abdu'l-Baha as
well as those from the writings of Shoghi Effendi, and will
need to elucidate certain passages of the Book or to amplify
its religious, cultural and historical references.

It is clear that such a Book, rich in allusion and referring
to laws and practices of previous Dispensations, could <p284>
easily be misconstrued by anyone unfamiliar with such laws
and practices, insufficiently versed in the Teachings of
Baha'u'llah and not thoroughly informed of His
fundamental purposes. In particular, inadequate
translations could be seriously misreading. During His own
lifetime Baha'u'llah commented upon a translation of the
Aqdas made by one of the believers: 'Although the
intention of the translator was good, such an action in these
days will lead to differences and is therefore not
permissible.'(9)
It is some time now since the Universal House of Justice has accomplished the task of the codification of the laws, and has published the book entitled Synopsis and Codification of the Laws and Ordinances of the Kitab-i-Aqdas. This work entailed a great deal of research into the Writings. Those Tablets of Baha'u'llah which supplement the Kitab-i-Aqdas, and the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha and Shoghi Effendi which deal with the interpretation of the laws, have been taken into account in the production of this important work. 'This synopsis and codification', the Universal House of Justice states, offers a concise and comprehensive presentation of the laws, ordinances, exhortations and other subjects which appear in both the Kitab-i-Aqdas itself and in the Questions and Answers which forms an appendix to that Book. Not all details are included, nor is it possible to give in such a circumscribed form an impression of the loftiness and magnificence of the language of Baha'u'llah. In order to provide readers with at least some intimation of this splendour of theme and language, there are included as a prelude to the Synopsis and Codification, and in the order in which they appear in the Kitab-i-Aqdas, those passages which have been translated into English by the Guardian of the Faith. It will be the formidable task of future translators to match the beauty and accuracy of Shoghi Effendi's rendition.(10) <p285>
Obedience to the Laws of God
Observance of the laws of a religion is of the utmost importance; it is an obligation binding on its followers. The enforcement of some of the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas began in the ministry of Shoghi Effendi. Knowing that the believers in the cradle of the Faith had been brought up within a society where the significance of religious laws and their implications were understood, he directed the Spiritual Assemblies in that part of the world to begin the enforcement of some of the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas within the Baha'i community. In the course of His ministry, he elaborated on the application of these laws, elucidated many intricacies and details connected with them, urged the Spiritual Assemblies never to compromise when enforcing the laws and counselled them to uphold the standards of justice and impartiality in all cases. Thus he built up in this particular field a great reservoir of knowledge and experience which will be of great value in the future.
Present-day society in the Western world is not, however, oriented to obedience to religious laws. Not only has it been steadily moving for a long time now towards humanism and materialism, but also the Christian tradition has left the people without a full appreciation of the significance and importance of religious laws within the community. As we have already stated, this is probably because Christ, whose message was primarily directed to the individual, did not give many laws in His Dispensation.
The introduction of the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas within such a society and at a time when the Faith is still in its infancy has been slow and gradual. Indeed, from the beginning of the Formative Age of the Faith up to the present time, only a few of the Kitab-i-Aqdas have been introduced to the Western world. No doubt in the future as the Cause grows and conditions within human society become more favourable, other laws will be introduced. <p286>
Concerning the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas, Shoghi Effendi has written these words through his secretary:
He feels it his duty to explain that the Laws revealed by
Baha'u'llah in the Aqdas are, whenever practicable and not
in direct conflict with the Civil Laws of the land, absolutely
binding on every believer or Baha'i institution whether in
the East or in the West. Certain laws, such as fasting,
obligatory prayers, the consent of parents before marriage,
avoidance of alcoholic drinks, monogamy, should be
regarded by all believers as universally and vitally applicable
at the present time. Others have been formulated in
anticipation of a state of society, destined to emerge from
the chaotic conditions that prevail today.(11)
The followers of Baha'u'llah all over the world strive to develop the characteristics of Baha'i life in their individual lives and their communities, by trying to put into practice the teachings of Baha'u'llah and observing those laws and ordinances which are at present binding on them. A true believer carries out the commandments of Baha'u'llah wholeheartedly, for the cornerstone of faith is obedience to the commandments of God as revealed by Baha'u'llah in this age.
In order to appreciate this important point, let us study
nature. As we have already stated,[1] God's creation is one
entity. The spiritual and physical worlds are closely related to
each other; they are not two different creations. In one of His
Tablets,(12) Baha'u'llah states that every created thing in this
physical world has counterparts in all the worlds of God. It
follows that the laws and principles which govern this physical
life are equally operative in the spiritual worlds of God. But
they are applied on a higher level possessing certain new
features which are not to be found in the lower kingdom. The
same basic laws and principles which operate in nature are also
to be found in the world of man and in religion. But again they
are applied on a higher level.
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 1-3.] <p287>
To cite one example: some of the laws which govern the life of a tree are similar to those in the life of man. A tree thrusts its roots into the soil from which it receives its nourishment and upon which it depends for its existence. But the tree itself, its trunk, branches and leaves grow in the opposite direction. As if it dislikes the soil, the tree moves away from it. This is similar to the state of detachment from material things in the world of man when the soul aspires to spiritual things and away from earthly desires. By moving in the opposite direction the tree receives the rays of the sun and as a result it will blossom and bear fruit. Of course, the growth of a tree is involuntary; it is dictated by nature. But supposing the tree had a choice; what a difference it would have made if, feeling an attachment for the soil, it had inclined its branches and leaves towards the earth and buried itself in the ground! Then it would have rotted away and been deprived of the life-giving rays of the sun.
The same principle is true of man, for he has to live in this material world and is entirely dependent upon this earth for his existence. His soul, however, ought to become detached from the material world and turn instead towards spiritual things. But unlike the plant, which has no control over its growth and development, man has been given the power to determine his own destiny. He has been given free will and can choose the direction in which he wants to move. If he focuses his attention only on material things and becomes attached to this world and its vanities, pomp and glory, his soul will remain in relative darkness. But if like a tree, he does not direct all his affection towards material things, and reaches a state of detachment from this world[1] and allows his soul to aspire towards heavenly qualities, he could then receive the rays of the Sun of Truth--the Manifestation of God. Then and only then can his soul produce a fruit and give birth to the spirit of faith[2] which <p288> is the ultimate purpose of its creation.
[1 Much has been said in these volumes on detachment from the Bah' point of view, which is completely opposite to the ideas of renunciation of the world, mendicancy or asceticism.]
[2 See vol. 1, pp 73-4.]
The above example was given merely to demonstrate how the worlds of God, both physical and spiritual, are related by the same laws. It is therefore possible that by studying the laws and principles of the physical world, we may be able to discern a spiritual principle, provided we bear in mind the words and sayings of the Manifestations of God and let their explanations guide us to discover clear parallels between the spiritual and material principles.
The Covenant of God with Man
To understand the importance of obedience to the laws of God, which is a spiritual principle, let us first examine the relationship of God--the Source of life--to His creatures in this physical world, and then from a spiritual point of view we may come to a conclusion. We note that all living things in this world are subject to the laws of nature. The Creator has so arranged life on this planet that the sun pours its energies upon all created things, the earth supplies the food, and the elements make their contribution. And so, God gives life. This is the part He plays.
Living creatures, on the other hand, have to play their part if they are to live. They have to receive the outpourings of energy, but strictly in accordance with the laws that nature has imposed on them. For instance, the fish lives in water, while a bird soars in the air. Both live in accordance with the laws which nature dictates to them. For on this physical level, the reaction of all created things to God's outpourings of energy is involuntary. Each creature is bound by the laws of nature and cannot deviate a hair's breadth from them. But the essential point is that the creatures' response is in harmony with the vivifying forces of life which are released by nature.
It is the same spiritually. The response of man to God's Revelation ought to be that of harmony with His Teachings. But man, although physically an animal, is not spiritually <p289> subject to the laws of nature. Instead he is bound by the laws of the Covenant of God with Him. As in every covenant, and as in nature, there are two parties involved here. In the same way that God provides the life-giving energies for the physical world, and the creatures respond to these, the same Creator releases spiritual forces for the development and progress of the soul of man, and the individual must play his part. But unlike the physical world, the response of man to God's bounties is voluntary. Man has free will, whereas other created things are devoid of this faculty.
The mere act of creation brings into being the Covenant of God with man which has two sides. God on his part creates man in His own image which is the act of bestowing upon him His attributes. He provides him with his physical needs in this life and sends His Messengers to throw light upon his path so that he may draw near to Him.
The part that man has to play in this Covenant is to be conscious of these bounties, to recognize His Manifestation and to abide by His teachings and laws. The most natural course, which can alone bring about harmony between the two sides of the Covenant, is for man to obey the precepts laid down by God. To rebel against them is to live in conflict with the laws of creation and to cut oneself away from the good. To believe in God but to think that this Covenant does not exist and that the Creator has not laid down any laws in the spiritual domains of His creation is tantamount to attributing incompetence to Him.
The Covenant of God with man is similar to the terms which a school headmaster lays down for the pupils. The moment a child walks into a school for the first time, he, without knowing it, enters into a covenant with the headmaster. Again, this covenant has two sides. The headmaster provides the child with all his educational needs. He appoints teachers to teach him and draws up the programme. The part that the child has to play is to learn every lesson he is taught and follow every instruction he is given. Only in this way can he acquire <p290> knowledge and become mature with wisdom and understanding. When the child is ready to receive a higher level of education, the headmaster delegates a new teacher to teach him more.
The terms of this covenant are drawn up by the headmaster alone, and the child has no say in it. Its author is strong, knowledgeable and wise, but the child, the other party to the covenant, is weak, unlettered and immature. Most arrangements made by the strong for the weak are against the interests of, and are designed to exploit, the latter. But not so in this case, because the motive of the headmaster in drawing up such a contract between himself and the child is pure. His intention is to educate the child and endow him with good qualities and perfections. If the pupil plays his part well and follows the instructions of his master, this covenant becomes the greatest blessing in his life.
Exactly the same is true of God and His Covenant with man. God sends His Messengers to teach humanity from age to age and each one brings a new message suited to the requirements of the time. Similar to the above analogy, this Covenant is also established unilaterally by One Who is the Almighty, the All-Knowing, the All-Wise. It also confers the greatest blessing upon man, for its purpose is to enable him to become a spiritual being and acquire eternal life. To achieve this lofty position, man has to live in accordance with the teachings of the Manifestation of God and obey His commandments.
As the moral and spiritual values in life decline today, a great many people all over the world look upon the word 'obedience' with suspicion and fear. They regard this word to be synonymous with dictatorship, blind acceptance, religious fanaticism and all sorts of fettered beliefs. The majority of those who hold this view are among the honest, open-minded and enlightened peoples of the world. Some may belong to religious groups with a liberal outlook, others may be intellectuals, agnostics or atheists. They are fully aware of the <p291> dangers which blind obedience may cause within human society and are weary of any so-called authority, whether religious or secular, which demands obedience to its commands.
Such fears are fully justified and those who campaign against the setting up of such an authority and abhor its reign, are worthy of praise and admiration. For, as we survey the religious field, we come across many a 'false prophet' who, for lust of leadership, appears in the guise of a religious leader, posing as a man of holiness, and for his own personal benefit rules over his followers' minds. There are also millions of people, followers of the worlds' major religions, many of whom are fettered in the cage of outdated religious doctrines and antiquated dogmas. During this century, more and more of these people are becoming awakened to their tragedy, breaking the shackles which had been placed on their minds and freeing themselves from this bondage. They either remain lukewarm, disillusioned followers, or join the rank of agnostics and atheists. The voice of religious leadership, which in older days inspired multitudes, is now heard by these people with various degrees of indifference or hostility. The reason for this change is that God has manifested Himself through Baha'u'llah and religious leaders have not recognized Him and in His words they have become as 'fallen stars'.[1] We have already stated[2] that every religion has a certain period of validity during which its teachings are operative. That period comes to an end with the birth of a new religion.
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 270-72.]
[2 See vol. 1, pp. 64-6.]
As major world religions progressively lose their vitality and effectiveness, religious leaders are losing their grip on the minds of people. Their dictates and edicts, which in older days inspired obedience from their followers, have now become counter-productive. A great many people now rebel against the idea of obedience and they are quite justified in doing so. However, when we study the way of life in human society, we <p292> note that man wholeheartedly obeys any person or institution that speaks with the voice of truth and has authority to do so. The same person who shuns the word 'obedience' blindly obey, instructions issued from certain authorities in his daily life. For example, a man not knowing the way to a city follows blindly the road signs and never questions their authenticity. The reason for this blind obedience is that he accepts the authority of the body which has placed the signposts. The same is true of a patient who unquestionably obeys his doctor's prescription even to the extent of letting him amputate a limb. Again, this is because he has faith in the physician and accepts his advice without any hesitation.
Obedience is a natural step for man to take provided he finds the truth. Baha'u'llah makes this point very clear when He states in the opening paragraph of the Kitab-i-Aqdas:
The first duty prescribed by God for His servants is the
recognition of Him Who is the Dayspring of His Revelation
and the Fountain of His laws, Who representeth the
Godhead in both the Kingdom of His Cause and the world
of creation. Whoso achieveth this duty hath attained unto
all good; and whoso is deprived thereof, hath gone astray,
though he be the author of every righteous deed. It
behoveth every one who reacheth this most sublime station,
this summit of transcendent glory, to observe every
ordinance of Him Who is the Desire of the world. These
twin duties are inseparable. Neither is acceptable without
the other. Thus hath it been decreed by Him Who is the
Source of Divine inspiration.(13)
This is the part that the individual has to play in the Covenant of God with man, namely to recognize Him as the Source of all good and then follow His commandments. In the light of this, we see that Baha'u'llah has attached paramount importance to one of the basic principles of His Faith--the unfettered search after truth by the individual. Every person who becomes a Baha'i must investigate the truth until he <p293> becomes assured in his heart that Baha'u'llah is the Manifestation of God for this age. When the individual reaches this stage, he will then want to follow His commandments. And as he deepens his knowledge of the Faith and turns to Baha'u'llah to draw from His power, his heart will become the recipient of the knowledge which God can bestow upon a believer. It is then that he can realize the wisdom behind all the laws and teachings which are binding on him. It is then that obedience to the commandments of Baha'u'llah becomes coupled with a deep understanding of their purpose, their wisdom, their excellence and their need. It is then that carrying out the teachings of Baha'u'llah becomes a source of joy for the individual, and he will find that his thoughts, his aspirations, his words and his deeds are in harmony with the provisions of the Covenant of God with man. It is for such a person that Baha'u'llah has revealed the following in the Kitab-i-Aqdas:
O ye peoples of the world! Know assuredly that My
commandments are the lamps of My loving providence
among My servants, and the keys of My mercy for My
creatures. Thus hath it been sent down from the heaven of
the Will of your Lord, the Lord of Revelation. Were any
man to taste the sweetness of the words which the lips of the
All-Merciful have willed to utter, he would, though the
treasures of the earth be in his possession, renounce them
one and all, that he might vindicate the truth of even one of
His commandments, shining above the Dayspring of His
bountiful care and loving-kindness.(14)
Mirza Abu'l-Fadl,[1] the great Baha'i scholar, states that the laws of God in the Holy Books of past religions and those of the Kitab-i-Aqdas may be divided into three categories. The first category is devotional laws and ordinances which govern man's worship of God. The ordinances of obligatory prayer, fasting and similar devotional acts are among this group of laws.
[1 See pp. 104ff. and Appendix II.]
<p294>
The second category is laws which benefit the individual only, such as cleanliness and other acts which are aimed at elevating the personal and spiritual condition of the individual.
The third category is the laws which concern society and these constitute the bulk of the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas. These laws, together with the principles ordained by Baha'u'llah in His Writings, constitute the two pillars which sustain the institutions of His future World Order. Shoghi Effendi, speaking about the laws and distinguishing them from the principles of the Faith, states that both together constitute 'the warp and woof of the institutions upon which the structure of His World Order must ultimately rest'.(15)
In the light of this we can appreciate the preponderating role which the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas will play in the future world civilization of which that Book is a charter. Concerning His laws and ordinances, Baha'u'llah states in the Kitab-i-Aqdas:
They whom God hath endued with insight will readily
recognize that the precepts laid down by God constitute the
highest means for the maintenance of order in the world and
the security of its peoples. He that turneth away from them,
is accounted among the abject and foolish.(16)
Reward and Punishment
In the Lawh-i-Maqsud Baha'u'llah further declares:
The structure of world stability and order hath been reared
upon, and will continue to be sustained by, the twin pillars
of reward and punishment.(17)
The application of the laws of Baha'u'llah will involve both reward and punishment. He has also conferred upon the Universal House of Justice the right to legislate on the application of His laws, or to specify punishments for the breaking of other laws which He Himself has not formulated. <p295> Law and order are the basis of peace and security in every civilized society and the breaking of these laws must incur some punishment. The same is true of the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas.
The guarantor for the establishment in the future of a world community in which the oneness of mankind-- Baha'u'llah's main spiritual principle--is fully realized is justice. The bonds which unite individuals are love, compassion and forbearance, but what binds nations together into a spiritually united world is justice. Baha'u'llah has proclaimed this fact in many of His Writings: 'The best beloved of all things in My sight is Justice'(18) is a simple expression by Baha'u'llah of this important principle. To uphold the standard of justice, He makes this important statement:
Justice hath a mighty force at its command. It is none other
than reward and punishment for the deeds of men. By the
power of this force the tabernacle of order is established
throughout the world...(19)
In present-day society, punishment is generally meted out to offenders of the law, but the tendency in many parts of the world is to show compassion and reduce sentences as much as possible. This tendency is growing in direct proportion to humanitarianism. Wrongly, it has almost become a common view today that the individual should not be fully blamed for his criminal actions and that most of the blame ought to be directed towards society. It is claimed that the criminal is merely a victim of circumstances over which he has had little control. And so mercy and pardon instead of justice and punishment are the hallmark of modern civilization. Leniency and compassion in the courts of law, supported by modern theories aimed at forgiveness and clemency have increased the reign of violence in the world to alarming proportions.
The teachings of Baha'u'llah advocate the opposite attitude to this. Since the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas are the laws of God for this age, they must be obeyed without compromise. In this <p296> Book, Baha'u'llah categorically states that those who apply the law should not show mercy to a criminal, nor become compassionate when punishing him, for if they do, they will undermine the foundations of justice. Many enlightened people today disagree with what Baha'u'llah advocates. They look for mild punishments and plenty of compassion and some advocate education rather than punishment. This is mainly because most people are only concerned with life on this planet and seldom think about life after death, and there are many who do not believe in the latter. The aim of these people is to gain as much, and to lose as little, as they can for as long as they live.
Generally, therefore, there is not much concern about the consequences which the actions of a man will have on the progress of his soul in the next life. Whereas it is a cornerstone of Baha'i belief that this world is only a transitory stage in the life of man, preparing him for an eternal life. It is like a womb-world in which he has to acquire the spiritual qualities that are essential requirements for his existence in the spiritual worlds of God.[1] So there is a vast difference between a Baha'i outlook on life and that of humanists. The former strives to use the opportunities of this life to reap a rich harvest in the next, while the latter exerts all efforts to prosper while on this earth. It is these contrasting views that constitute the basis for Baha'u'llah's emphasis on punishment and the humanist view on leniency and compassion.
[1 For further information on the soul and its progress in the next world see vol. 1, pp. 72-3.]
From a careful study of the Writings of Baha'u'llah one may reach the surprising conclusion that just punishments in general, and those ordained in the Kitab-i-Aqdas in particular, are a mercy of God to man, and a token of His loving-kindness to him. Baha'u'llah in one of His Tablets(20) reveals some of the mysteries of this life and the next, describes how everything in this mortal world has counterparts in the spiritual worlds, and explains that the individual's deeds in this life will affect his <p297> existence in the next. To illustrate the benefits which will accrue to the soul, if he is punished in this world for his misdeeds, He uses the example of a man who steals a seed of a tree from someone in the spring season. If he returns it to its owner in that same season, he has cleared his debt and does not owe him anything else. But if he fails to give it back in the spring, what does he owe him in the summer? He owes him a tree and its fruits, because to give back the seed in the summer is useless. This analogy explains that if the individual pays for his misdeeds in this life by receiving the punishment which is ordained in the Holy Writings, his burden of sin will be far lighter in the next life. Otherwise, who knows how heavily his soul will have to pay if he somehow avoids punishment in this world.
In the same Tablet Baha'u'llah states that pure and holy deeds will be manifested in the spiritual worlds of God and transformed into such exalted and glorious forms that if He were to disclose them, every author of such deeds would discard his human temple and joyously hasten to the realms beyond.
Anyone who has recognized Baha'u'llah as the vicegerent of God on earth and has deepened his understanding of the verities of His Cause, will readily acknowledge that the observance of the laws of Baha'u'llah is the cause of the salvation of the soul. In the Kitab-i-Aqdas Baha'u'llah testifies:
Think not that We have revealed unto you a mere code of
laws. Nay, rather, We have unsealed the choice Wine with
the fingers of might and power. To this beareth witness that
which the Pen of Revelation hath revealed. Meditate upon
this, O men of insight!(21)
And again in that same Book He states:
Consider the mercy of God and His gifts. He enjoineth
upon you that which shall profit you, though He Himself <p298>
can well dispense with all creatures. Your evil doings can
never harm Us, neither can your good works profit Us. We
summon you wholly for the sake of God. To this every man
of understanding and insight will testify.(22)
Baha'u'llah's View of Liberty
Another topic in the Kitab-i-Aqdas which could be misunderstood by some people is that of freedom and liberty. These are the words of Baha'u'llah in that Book:
Consider the pettiness of men's minds. They ask for that
which injureth them, and cast away the thing that profiteth
them. They are, indeed, of those that are far astray. We find
some men desiring liberty, and priding themselves therein.
Such men are in the depths of ignorance.
Liberty must, in the end, lead to sedition, whose flames
none can quench. Thus warneth you He Who is the
Reckoner, the All-Knowing. Know ye that the embodiment
Of liberty and its symbol is the animal. That which
beseemeth man is submission unto such restraints as will
protect him from his own ignorance and guard him against
the harm of the mischief-maker. Liberty causeth man to
overstep the bounds of propriety, and to infringe on the
dignity of his station. It debaseth him to the level of extreme
depravity and wickedness.

Regard men as a flock of sheep that need a shepherd for
their protection. This, verily, is the truth, the certain truth.
We approve of liberty in certain circumstances, and refuse
to sanction it in others. We, verily, are the All-Knowing.

Say: True liberty consisteth in man's submission unto My
commandments, little as ye know it. Were men to observe
that which We have sent down unto them from the Heaven
of Revelation, they would, of a certainty, attain unto perfect
liberty. Happy is the man that hath apprehended the
Purpose of God in whatever He hath revealed from the
Heaven of His Will, that pervadeth all created things. Say:
The liberty that profiteth you is to be found nowhere except
in complete servitude unto God, the Eternal Truth. Whoso <p299>
hath tasted of its sweetness will refuse to barter it for all the
dominion of earth and heaven.(23)
Baha'u'llah condemns the idea of absolute liberty for man. Indeed, there is no progressive society or nation In the world in which absolute freedom is allowed. There is the rule of law in every civilized country and people in the exercising of their right to freedom cannot overstep the bounds of constitutional law. There would be anarchy if they were left free to do what they liked. In the words of Baha'u'llah, it would 'lead to sedition, whose flame none can quench'. All the freedom-loving nations of the world enjoy their freedom within the limits of the law and other conventions which have come about through tradition and have become accepted as a way of life. It is these laws and traditions, including religion and culture, which give each nation a certain characteristic, and produce an atmosphere in which people live and exercise their lawful rights freely.
Baha'u'llah advocates the same, except that man must adopt the teachings of the Manifestation of God for this age to guide and direct him in his life. He will then find ample scope to live in liberty within the framework of His laws and teachings. It is possible that some people who have not accepted the Message of Baha'u'llah could argue that although humanity needs to be guided by some laws and principles, nevertheless, the mere act of adopting Baha'u'llah's teachings as guide-lines for society would be an infringement on liberty. This view would be correct if Baha'u'llah were not the Manifestation of God for this age. But if He is, then His laws and teachings must, and will in the end, be enforced by humanity, and will guide the peoples of the world to exercise their freedom within the framework of the World Order He has come to establish. The essential point, therefore, is to investigate the truth of the claims of Baha'u'llah. Once the individual is assured of the authenticity of His Message, he will joyously allow the teachings and commandments of Baha'u'llah to govern his life. <p300> It is then that guided by the principles of the Faith he will be able to develop with absolute freedom all that is potential within him and attain to true liberty.
The Infallibility of the Manifestation
In the Kitab-i-Aqdas Baha'u'llah declares the doctrine of the Most Great Infallibility of the Manifestations of God, and states that no one else can ever possess it. We have touched upon this subject in the previous volume.[1] This infallibility is an inherent characteristic of the Manifestations of God, in the same way that light and heat are inherent to the sun. He derives His powers from God and is the knower of all things. His knowledge extends over past, present and future. As we have stated previously,[2] the reason that His all-encompassing power is hidden behind the veil of His human temple is that if His glory were to be openly revealed to the eyes of men in general, all human beings would instantly recognize Him. And by so doing they would lose their free will and become puppets of God.
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 261-2.]
[2 See p. 2.]
However, Baha'u'llah always revealed a measure of His hidden glory and omnipotence to those of His loved ones who had recognized His exalted station and were in need of further confirmation of their faith. There are many stories left to posterity by the early believers who had the great privilege of attaining the presence of Baha'u'llah, relating how they witnessed the signs of His all-encompassing knowledge which was disclosed to their eyes in accordance with their capacity. The incidents which took place in each case came to them as thunderbolts and dazzled them by the evidences of His glory. Each time He disclosed a measure of His Divine power, the believer concerned reached the highest peaks of assurance and acquired absolute certitude in his faith. When this stage was reached the individual was no longer an ordinary human <p301> being. He had been transformed into a spiritual giant, a mountain of steadfastness, a new creation possessed of all the powers of this universe, a heroic soul who in spite of the fierce onslaught of the enemy threw himself into the arena of service to the Cause of Baha'u'llah and, considering this earthly life as a worthless existence, longed to lay down his life in the path of His Beloved.
Many believers who attained the presence of Baha'u'llah have witnessed the signs of His all-encompassing knowledge and left for posterity some of their experiences. To cite some examples we quote the following:
Haji Muhammad-Tahir-i-Malmiri, who attained the presence of Baha'u'llah in 'Akka writes in his memoirs:
Whenever I came into the presence of the Blessed Beauty, if
there were anything I wanted to ask, I would say it by the
way of the heart, and He would invariably answer me. This
is because, in His presence, the tongue was powerless to
utter one word. I always sat in His presence spellbound,
oblivious of my own self. One of the questions I wanted to
ask concerned the station of the Holy Imams.[1] I wanted to
know whether they were equal or, as I thought, some of
them were exalted above others. For about six months I
wanted to ask this question, but every time I attained His
presence I forgot to think of it in my heart. One day, as I was
going to the Mansion to attain His presence, I kept on
continuously reminding myself about this question so that I
might remember to communicate it through the heart to
Baha'u'llah. Even as I was climbing the steps of the Mansion
I was thinking of it. Suddenly I heard the voice of
Baha'u'llah greeting me saying 'Marhaba' (Welcome). I
looked up and saw Him standing at the top of the stairs. I
forgot everything! He went to His room, invited me in, and
told me to be seated. I sat by the door. He then paced up and <p302>
down and revealed a Tablet[2] in my name. The Tablet was
in Persian and halfway through it he said, 'The Imams all
came from God, spoke of God and all returned to Him.'[3]
This answered my question and I realized that their station
was equal.(24)
[1 'Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, was according to Baha'i belief the legitimate successor of Muhammad, and the first Imam. Ten of his descendants succeeded him and are known as the holy Imams. The Qa'im is believed by Shi'ah Islam to be the return of the twelfth Imam.]
[2 This Tablet was not recorded and therefore no copy exists.]
[3 These are not the exact words of Baha'u'llah.]
In another instance, Haji Muhammad-Tahir writes:
In my heart I often begged the Blessed Beauty to enable me
to lay down my life as a martyr in His path. Every time that I
turned to Him in my heart with this plea, he would smile at
me and reveal to me the signs of His pleasure and bounties
... until one day when these thoughts entered my mind, he
turned to me and said, 'You must live to serve the Cause
...'(25)
Another believer who attained the presence of Baha'u'llah in 'Akka was Aqa Riday-i-Sa'adati, a native of Yazd. In his youth Aqa Rida was a devout Muslim. He had a passionate love for God and His Prophet Muhammad. But he was not satisfied with the form of religion. His greatest ambition was to meet Imam Husayn, one of the illustrious successors of the Prophet, face to face. Driven by a mysterious force, Aqa Rida went almost out of his mind for some time and his parents were at a loss to discover the cause. Until one day he came in contact with a follower of Baha'u'llah who told him that God had manifested Himself, that Baha'u'llah was the return of the Imam Husayn[1] and that he could go and attain His presence in 'Akka. Through the help of some of the believers and the reading of the Kitab-i-Iqan, Aqa Rida recognized the truth of the Cause. But he could not disclose his Faith to his parents. In his memoirs he writes:
[1 Shi'ah Islam expects the appearance of the Qa'im followed by the return of Imam Husayn. Baha'u'llah's name was Husayn-'Ali.]
They (the Baha'is) introduced me to a well known Baha'i, <p303>
Ustad Kazim, a builder of wide repute. He used to read the
Kitab-i-Iqan for me... Through the study of this book, I
acquired certitude and assurance and became filled with joy
and excitement. Sometimes I used to leave the house with
the excuse of going to bring water[1]... I would carry the
pitcher with me but instead of going directly to the public
cistern which was about four kilometres away, I used to run
all the way to the house of Ustad Kazim, read some passages
from the Kitab-i-Iqan and then go to fetch water home.(26)
[1 In Yazd people used to carry drinking water from a public cistern to their homes. Each district in the city had a public cistern.]
Aqa Rida eventually left Yazd for 'Ishqabad and from there he received permission to go on pilgrimage to 'Akka where he attained the presence of Baha'u'llah. He writes in his memoirs:
Every time I attained His presence, I would find the portals
of His grace and revelation open before my eyes. Each of
them was a mighty proof and a precious gift. All those
supernatural acts that I witnessed in His blessed presence
and the immense joy which flooded my soul as I sat before
Him are indescribable and cannot be recorded here... In
the gatherings of the friends, if the Blessed Beauty turned
his face to a person, that individual was unable to gaze upon
His countenance and see the effulgent rays of the Sun of
Truth. It was therefore Baha'u'llah's practice to look to the
right side as He spoke, so that the friends might find it easier
to look at His face. And if He ever turned His face towards
the friends, He would close His eyes and speak...

Once I entered into the presence of Baha'u'llah at a time
that He was reciting the verses of the Tablet of Visitation of
Imam Husayn.[1] At times, He would interrupt and utter
some words, or receive the friends as they arrived. Eventually
the number reached about forty-five. At this time
I began to think of the friends in 'Ishqabad... I decided to
remember them in His presence and dedicate my pilgrimage
to them. I thought of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl and five others... <p304>
As soon as I remembered them, He promptly turned His
face towards me and smiled. He then mentioned the names
of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl and the other five and said to me: Your
remembrance of these people and your pilgrimage on their
behalf is accepted by us, accepted by us. He repeated it
twice. And so He revealed everything that was in my heart.
[1 Baha'u'llah revealed a Tablet of Visitation for Imam Husayn which is very moving.]
I was staggered by this revelation. My sight became
blurred and I was close to collapsing. As soon as He saw me
in this state, he ordered His servant[1] to bring in some
sweetmeats. He brought a plateful and placed it in front of
Baha'u'llah who handed one sweet to each person. But to
me He gave two. After this we were all dismissed from His
presence. But I was so overwhelmed by this experience that
when I left I was not in control of my faculties and halfway
down the steps I collapsed...(27)
[1 Mirza Aqa Jan, Baha'u'llah's amanuensis, acted as His servant. Baha'u'llah usually called him 'Abd-i-Hadir (Servant in Waiting).]
Another story recounted by Siyyid Mihdy-i-Gulpaygani, an outstanding believer and a nephew of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, reveals the same truth that Baha'u'llah, the Supreme Manifestation of God, was the knower of all things visible and invisible. He used to tell this story to the believers in 'Ishqabad:
An influential person became a Baha'i in Isfahan but he did
not live a good life. He went to 'Akka and attained the
presence of Baha'u'llah and this is his story: 'On the first
day of my attaining the presence of the Blessed Beauty, I
was among a number of pilgrims who were standing in His
presence He was pacing up and down speaking words of
exhortation and encouragement. I was in a state of
enchantment as I watched the majesty of His bearing. I said
to myself: I know that the Blessed Perfection is the Supreme
Manifestation of God and the Promise of all ages. But in
some of His writings He describes Himself as the One who
has sent all the Messengers of God and the revealer of all
heavenly books. I did not understand this. As soon as this
thought flashed through my mind, the Blessed Perfection <p305>
came toward me, placed His hand on my shoulder, and in a
majestic tone said "Yes, We are the One who has sent the
Messengers and revealed all the heavenly Books."[1] I was
awestruck.(28)
[1 These are not to be taken as the exact words of Baha'u'llah.]
In previous volumes, a great deal has been said concerning the exalted station of Baha'u'llah.[1] There are many passages in the Kitab-i-Aqdas on this theme. He states that the word Prophet[2] or Messenger should not be used to describe His station. He is the Supreme Manifestation of God who has fulfilled the prophecies of the past and ushered in the Day of God. These are the words of Baha'u'llah in the Kitab-i-Aqdas:
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 303-14; vol. 2, pp. 77-86, 185, 213.]
[2 An important mission of the Manifestations of God in the past was to give prophecies of the coming of the Day of God. The last one to do so was the Prophet Muhammad, known as the 'Seal of the Prophets'. See also vol. 1, p. 66.]
This is the Day in which He Who held converse with God
hath attained the light of the Ancient of Days, and quaffed
the pure waters of reunion from this Cup that hath caused
the seas to swell. Say: By the one true God! Sinai is circling
round the Dayspring of Revelation, while from the heights
of the Kingdom the Voice of the Spirit of God is heard
proclaiming: 'Bestir yourselves, ye proud ones of the earth,
and haste ye unto Him.' Carmel Lath, in this Day, hastened
In longing adoration to attain His court, whilst from the
heart of Zion there cometh the cry: 'The promise is fulfilled.
That which had been announced in the holy Writ of God,
the most Exalted, the Almighty, the Best-Beloved, is made
manifest.'(29)
'He who held converse with God' and the 'Spirit of God' in the above passage signify Moses and Christ respectively.
There are several passages from the Writings of the Bab which are quoted by Baha'u'llah in the Kitab-i-Aqdas as a testimony to the exalted nature of His own Revelation. He points out that <p306> some of these passages clearly demonstrate that the Cause of 'Him Whom God shall make manifest'[1] will become established in the world before that of the Bab Himself. Baha'u'llah in this Book also clarifies one of the utterances of the Bab which had caused misunderstanding among the people of the Bayan, those followers of the Bab who had rejected Baha'u'llah. In a Tablet(30) addressed to 'Him Whom God shall make manifest', the Bab states: 'May the glances of Him Whom God shall make manifest illumine this letter at the primary school.'
[1 Baha'u'llah. See vol. 1, ch. 18.]
Some of the Babis argued that since this Tablet would have to be handed to 'Him Whom God shall make manifest' at the primary school, it followed that He would be a child when He received it. They therefore contended that since Baha'u'llah was even older than the Bab, He could not possibly fulfil the promises of the Bab. 'Abdu'l-Baha in one of His Tablets(31) states that the school referred to is not a physical school. The school of 'Him Whom God shall make manifest' is not the school of the unlettered children. It is a spiritual school which is far beyond the reach of men and it is sanctified from the limitations of this contingent world. Baha'u'llah states that He had seen this Epistle, this gift of the Bab, in the School of God which is exalted above the comprehension of men.
Concerning the Tablet of the Bab and the school, Baha'u'llah reveals the following in the Kitab-i-Aqdas:
O Thou Supreme Pen! Move over the Tablet by the leave of
Thy Lord, the Creator of the heavens. Call Thou then to
mind the day when the Fountainhead of divine unity sought
to attend the school which is sanctified of all save God, that
perchance the righteous might become acquainted, to the
extent of a needle's eye, with that which is concealed behind
the veil of the inner mysteries of Thy Lord, the Almighty,
the All-Knowing.

Say, We, in truth, entered the school of inner meaning
and exposition at a time when the minds of all that dwell on
earth were wrapt in heedlessness. We beheld what the <p307>
Merciful Lord had revealed, accepted the gift He [the Bab]
had offered Me of the verses of God, the Help in Peril, the
Self-Subsisting, and hearkened to that to which He had
attested in the Tablet. We, verily, are the Witness. We
responded to His call at Our Own behest, and We are, in
truth, the Ordainer.

O people of the Bayan! We entered the School of God
when ye were slumbering on your couches, and perused the
Tablet when ye were fast asleep. By the righteousness of
God, the True One, We had read it before it was revealed,
and ye were utterly unaware. Indeed Our knowledge had
encompassed the Book when ye were yet unborn.

These utterances are revealed according to your measure,
not to God's, and unto this beareth witness that which is
enshrined in the knowledge of God, did ye but know. Unto
this testifieth He Who is the Mouthpiece of God, could ye
but understand. By the righteousness of God! Were We to
lift the veil ye would swoon away. Take heed lest ye dispute
with Him and His Cause. He hath indeed appeared in such
wise as to encompass all things, whether of the past or of the
future. Were We to speak forth at this time in the language
of the dwellers of the Kingdom, We would say that God
raised up this School ere the earth and the heavens were
brought into being, and We entered it before the letters 'B'
and 'E' were joined and knit together.[1](32)
[1 For the significance of the letter 'B' and 'E' see vol. 1, p. 30. (A.T.)]
It is interesting to note, however, that when Baha'u'llah was resident in 'Iraq, He visited a school and while He was there, 'Abdu'l-Baha came in and handed Him this Epistle of the Bab. 'Abdu'l-Baha explains that this was not done by design but happened purely by accident. <p308>
Kitab-i-Aqdas.
2. A New World Order

In the Kitab-i-Aqdas, Baha'u'llah refers to a new World Order which may be regarded as one of the fruits of His Revelation. The Bab in the Persian Bayan has revealed the following: 'Well is it with him who fixeth his gaze upon the order of Baha'u'llah and rendereth thanks unto his Lord! For He will assuredly be made manifest.' And these are the words of Baha'u'llah in the Kitab-i-Aqdas:
The world's equilibrium hath been upset through the
vibrating influence of this most great, this new World
Order. Mankind's ordered life hath been revolutionized
through the agency of this unique, this wondrous System--
the like of which mortal eyes have never witnessed.(1)
It was difficult to discern the upheaval in the life of man in 1873 when Baha'u'llah revealed these words. But today, a little over a hundred years later, it is evident that 'mankind's ordered life hath been revolutionized'. Describing the decline in the fortunes of humanity, Shoghi Effendi writes:
Beset on every side by the cumulative evidences of
disintegration, of turmoil and of bankruptcy, serious-minded
men and women, in almost every walk of life, are
beginning to doubt whether society, as it is now organized
can, through its unaided efforts, extricate itself from the
slough into which it is steadily sinking. Every system, short
of the unification of the human race, has been tried,
repeatedly tried, and been found wanting. Wars again and <p309>
again have been fought, and conferences without number
have met and deliberated. Treaties, pacts and covenants
have been painstakingly negotiated, concluded and revised.
Systems of government have been patiently tested, have
been continually recast and superseded. Economic plans
of reconstruction have been carefully devised, and
meticulously executed. And yet crisis has succeeded crisis,
and the rapidity with which a perilously unstable world is
declining has been correspondingly accelerated. A yawning
gulf threatens to involve in one common disaster both the
satisfied and dissatisfied nations, democracies and dictatorships,
capitalists and wage-earners, Europeans and Asiatics,
Jew and Gentile, white and coloured. An angry Providence,
the cynic might well observe, has abandoned a hapless
planet to its fate, and fixed irrevocably its doom. Sore-tried
and disillusioned, humanity has no doubt lost its
orientation, and would seem to have lost as well its faith and
hope. It is hovering, unshepherded and visionless, on the
brink of disaster. A sense of fatality seems to pervade it. An
ever-deepening gloom is settling on its fortunes as she
recedes further and further from the outer fringes of the
darkest zone of its agitated life and penetrates its very heart.(2)
The gloom described almost fifty years ago by Shoghi Effendi has deepened even further, and today the world is moving dangerously and at an alarming speed towards the brink of a catastrophe. But, alas, the generality of mankind, its leaders, its intellectuals, its seers and philosophers, have not as yet discovered the real cause for such a revolution in the life of man on this planet. Baha'u'llah describes the reason in these words:
A new life is, in this age, stirring within all the peoples of the
earth; and yet none hath discovered its cause, or perceived
its motive.(3)
To appreciate the reason for the turmoil of this age, the breaking up of the old order and the derangement of the <p310> world's equilibrium, we could do no better than to turn to nature and learn from its laws. Because the laws of nature and those of religion, as we have already stated, are closely linked together. Whatever happens in nature is a reflection of something spiritual.
Let us examine, for example, the principle of the conception of a new life and the growth of the embryo. We may study the condition of an egg before and after it is fertilized. Before the conception of the new life, the egg is in its normal state and contains good food. But when the new life begins to grow within it, the condition inside changes radically. The food turns bad and becomes corrupted. Yet the new life lives within this corrupted matter and feeds on it. At first this change is not obvious. But as the new life grows, the condition inside becomes more unstable. And there comes a time when the egg cannot remain whole anymore. Eventually, it breaks open; the young creature is born and the egg is reduced to a broken shell.
Exactly the same is happening in the world of humanity today. For thousands of years mankind's progress was very slow and limited, and few changes took place in the life of nations. One might say that before the coming of Baha'u'llah the peoples of the world had lived their lives in peace and tranquillity, compared to what came afterwards.
But over a hundred years ago when Baha'u'llah declared His mission, He sowed the seed of a new community in human society. At that moment a new life was conceived and the world has never been the same since--it has been revolutionized. With the coming of Baha'u'llah, as the process of growth and development of the embryonic institutions of His Faith was set in motion, so was the process of the extinction of the old order. The new world community is now growing within the womb of the old. The more it grows and becomes lively, the more will human society be plunged into the abyss of darkness and corruption. Its condition will continue to deteriorate until, as prophesied by Baha'u'llah over a hundred years ago, it will disintegrate like the egg in the <p311> above example. These are the words of Baha'u'llah written all those years ago, describing in clear terms the tormenting ordeals which humanity must experience at the time of the breaking up of the old order:
The world is in travail and its agitation waxeth day by day.
Its face is turned towards waywardness and unbelief. Such
shall be its plight that to disclose it now would not be meet
and seemly. Its perversity will long continue. And when the
appointed hour is come, there shall suddenly appear that
which shall cause the limbs of mankind to quake. Then and
only then will the Divine Standard be unfurled and the
Nightingale of Paradise warble its melody.(4)
In another instance, Baha'u'llah writes:
After a time, all the governments on earth will change.
Oppression will envelop the world. And following a
universal convulsion, the sun of justice will rise from the
horizon of the unseen realm.(5)
Shoghi Effendi describes the conception of the institutions of the Faith within the womb of human society in these words:

Resplendent as has been the Age that has witnessed the
inception of the Mission with which Baha'u'llah has been
entrusted, the interval which must elapse ere that Age yields
its choicest fruit must, it is becoming increasingly apparent
be overshadowed by such moral and social gloom as can
alone prepare an unrepentant humanity for the prize she is
destined to inherit.

Into such a period we are now steadily and irresistibly
moving. Amidst the shadows which are increasingly
gathering about us we can faintly discern the glimmerings of
Baha'u'llah's unearthly sovereignty appearing fitfully on
the horizon of history...

Deep as is the gloom that already encircles the world, the
afflictive ordeals which that world is to suffer are still in
preparation, nor can their blackness be as yet imagined. We <p312>
stand on the threshold of an age whose convulsions
proclaim alike the death-pangs of the old order and the
birth-pangs of the new. Through the generating influence of
the Faith announced by Baha'u'llah this New World Order
may be said to have been conceived. We can, at the present
moment, experience its stirrings in the womb of a travailing
age--an age waiting for the appointed hour at which it can
cast its burden and yield its fairest fruit.

'The whole earth,' writes Baha'u'llah, 'is now in a state of
pregnancy. The day is approaching when it will have
yielded its noblest fruits, when from it will have sprung
forth the loftiest trees, the most enchanting blossoms, the
most heavenly blessings. Immeasurably exalted is the
breeze that wafteth from the garment of thy Lord, the
Glorified! For lo, it hath breathed its fragrance and made all
things new! Well is it with them that comprehend...'

'The Call of God,' 'Abdu'l-Baha has written, 'when
raised, breathed a new life into the body of mankind, and
infused a new spirit into the whole creation. It is for this
reason that the world hath been moved to its depths, and the
hearts and consciences of men been quickened. Erelong the
evidences of this regeneration will be revealed, and the fast
asleep will be awakened.'(6)
Although the immediate future is very dark and perilous, the outcome--the emergence of the Community of the Most Great Name--is glorious indeed. At present, the majority of the peoples of the world are either unaware of the existence of the embryonic institutions of the Faith, or cannot fully appreciate the tremendous potentialities which are latent within these institutions. They cannot fully understand their purpose and the role they are destined to play, in the fullness of time, by assuming their full share in the act of government of mankind.
The reason for this ignorance is, that although the Faith of Baha'u'llah is being increasingly proclaimed to humanity, the institutions of the Faith have not yet fully evolved to the point of being, noticed by the people. In the passage quoted on page <p313> 311, Baha'u'llah prophesies that the exaltation of His Cause will take place only after dire tribulations and calamities have afflicted humanity. He states:
And when the appointed hour is come, there shall suddenly
appear that which shall cause the limbs of mankind to
quake. Then and only then will the Divine Standard be
unfurled and the Nightingale of Paradise warble its melody.
This prophecy has not yet been fulfilled. In the terms of the above analogy, the egg has not yet broken to cast its burden. The old order is still lingering on its death bed and the hour of the birth of the new has not yet struck.
The position of the Baha'i community today is similar to the position of a gardener who claims to have a most beautiful garden full of flowers and trees. But when the enquirer visits the garden he sees no sign of vegetation whatsoever. All that the gardener can do is to point to the seeds that he has sown and explain that the plants will emerge in time.
Only when the pangs of the birth of the new order of Baha'u'llah have been experienced and the embryonic institutions of His Faith have emerged, will the peoples of the world take notice of them and become aware of their potentialities. This emergence, closely linked with the rolling up of the old order, is only the beginning and must not be confused with that day of days in the distant future when Baha'u'llah's World Order will be established throughout the planet. The emergence of the embryonic institutions of the Faith is similar to the birth of a child. A newly born infant cannot use his limbs and organs effectively. A long time must elapse before it can reach the state of maturity and manhood. The emergence of the Baha'i community from obscurity and the evolution of its institutions are therefore different from the emergence, in the distant future, of the World Order of Baha'u'llah.
Indeed, the rolling up of the present-day order and the trembling which, according to Baha'u'llah's pronouncement, <p314> must seize the limbs of mankind will, on the one hand, pave the way for the establishment of the Lesser Peace,[1] and on the other, witness the evolution of the Baha'i national and local institutions of the Faith.
[1 See pp. 125ff.]
The blessings which the Lesser Peace will confer upon humanity will enable it to produce a new political structure freeing humanity from the curse of war. The social and humanitarian teachings and principles of Baha'u'llah which have already become the spirit of the age and which are being pursued by the enlightened peoples of the world will become incorporated in this political structure. Without being conscious of their origin, mankind will increasingly adopt these social teachings in every aspect of its life. These principles include the establishment of a world federated system, a world commonwealth, a world legislature, a world government backed by an international force, a world language, and other institutions as enunciated by Baha'u'llah in His teachings. The energies released by the Revelation of Baha'u'llah over a hundred years ago will to an increasing degree so penetrate within human society as to leave no other option for humanity but to incorporate such teachings as the equality of the sexes, compulsory education, the abolition of extremes of poverty and wealth and similar ones in all its Institutions. This is already evidenced by the application of these Baha'i principles within many progressive movements in the world.
This new form of government must emerge from amidst the ruins of a doomed and dilapidated present-day order, and govern humanity until such time as the nascent institutions of the Faith of Baha'u'llah will have attained their state of maturity. It is then that the Baha'i World Order will be established in its great glory and this vision of Shoghi Effendi stretching far into the future will be realized.
To the general character, the implications and features of <p315>
this world commonwealth, destined to emerge, sooner or
later, out of the carnage, agony, and havoc of this great
world convulsion, I have already referred in my previous
communications. Suffice it to say that this consummation
will, by its very nature, be a gradual process, and must, as
Baha'u'llah has Himself anticipated, lead at first to the
establishment of that Lesser Peace which the nations of the
earth, as yet unconscious of His Revelation and yet
unwittingly enforcing the general principles which He has
enunciated, will themselves establish. This momentous and
historic step, involving the reconstruction of mankind, as
the result of the universal recognition of its oneness and
wholeness, will bring in its wake the spiritualization of the
masses, consequent to the recognition of the character, and
the acknowledgement of the claims, of the Faith of
Baha'u'llah--the essential condition to that ultimate fusion
of all races, creeds, classes and nations which must signalize
the emergence of His New World Order.

Then will the coming of age of the entire human race be
proclaimed and celebrated by all the peoples and nations of
the earth. Then will the banner of the Most Great Peace be
hoisted. Then will the world-wide sovereignty of
Baha'u'llah--the Establisher of the Kingdom of the Father
foretold by the Son, and anticipated by the Prophets of God
before Him and after Him--be recognized, acclaimed, and
firmly established. Then will a world civilization be born,
flourish, and perpetuate itself, a civilization with a fullness
of life such as the world has never seen nor can as yet
conceive. Then will the Everlasting Covenant be fulfilled in
its completeness. Then will the promise enshrined in all the
Books of God be redeemed, and all the prophecies uttered
by the Prophets of old come to pass, and the vision of seers
and poets be realized. Then will the planet, galvanized
through the universal belief of its dwellers in one God, and
their allegiance to one common Revelation, mirror, within
the limitations imposed upon it, the effulgent glories of the
sovereignty of Baha'u'llah, shining in the Plenitude of its
splendour in the Abha Paradise, and be made the footstool
of His Throne on high, and acclaimed as the earthly heaven, <p316>
capable of fulfilling that ineffable destiny fixed for it, from
time immemorial, by the love and wisdom of its Creator.(7)
The Baha'i Administrative Order
The Local and the Universal Houses of Justice, the basic institutions of the Faith, were ordained by Baha'u'llah. These are His words in the Kitab-i-Aqdas concerning the institution of the Local House of Justice:
The Lord hath ordained that in every city a House of Justice
be established wherein shall gather counsellors to the
number of Baha,[1] and should it exceed this number it does
not matter... It behoveth them to be the trusted ones of the
Merciful among men and to regard themselves as the
guardians appointed of God for all that dwell on earth. It is
incumbent upon them to take counsel together and to have
regard for the interests of the servants of God, for His sake,
even as they regard their own interests, and to choose that
which is meet and seemly. Thus hath the Lord your God
commanded you. Beware lest ye put away that which is
clearly revealed in His Tablet. Fear God, O ye that
perceive.(8)
[1 The numerical value of the word 'Baha' in Arabic is nine. (A.T.)]
Local Houses of Justice are already established all over the world in many cities and villages in their embryonic form known as Local Spiritual Assemblies. The growth and development of the Faith and its institutions follow the same pattern as any created thing which has an organic growth. Therefore, in the future, these bodies will be transformed into Houses of Justice as an infant is into an adult, and the passage of time will be needed to bring this about.
Present-day Local Spiritual Assemblies are instituted in localities where there are nine or more adult believers resident. These bodies are elected annually by every adult member of the Baha'i community, and are charged with the responsibility <p317> of directing the affairs of the community in accordance with certain principles laid down in the Writings of the Faith. Baha'i elections, carried out in a prayerful attitude, are spiritual in nature, and vastly different from any system in existence today.[1] So is Baha'i consultation which, as described in a previous chapter,[2] is designed to take place in an atmosphere of love and unity.
[1 For more information see Principles of Baha'i Administration.]
[2 See pp. 49-51.]
One of the unique features of the Dispensation of Baha'u'llah is that He has attached great importance to consultation in every sphere of human activity. Baha'i communities and institutions, whether local, national or international, function through Baha'i consultation. These bodies not only consult on community affairs, but are empowered also to deal with personal matters affecting the lives of individual believers. However, Baha'u'llah has not limited consultation to the institutions of His Faith. He has stressed the importance of consultation on personal matters with friends and experts. These are some of the words of Baha'u'llah gleaned from His Writings on this subject:
The Great Being saith: The heaven of divine wisdom is
illumined with the two luminaries of consultation and
compassion. Take ye counsel together in all matters,
inasmuch as consultation is the lamp of guidance which
leadeth the way, and is the bestower of understanding.(9)
Consultation bestoweth greater awareness and transmuteth
conjecture into certitude. It is a shining light which, in a
dark world, leadeth the way and guideth. For everything
there is and will continue to be a station of perfection and
maturity. The maturity of the gift of understanding is made
manifest through consultation.(10)
In all things it is necessary to consult. This matter should be
forcibly stressed by thee, so that consultation may be <p318>
observed by all. The intent of what hath been revealed from
the Pen of the Most High is that consultation may be fully
carried out among the friends, inasmuch as it is and will
always be a cause of awareness and of awakening and a
source of good and well-being.(11)
'Abdu'l-Baha too has written a great deal on this subject. These are only two passages out of many:
Settle all things, both great and small, by consultation.
Without prior consultation, take no important step in your
own personal affairs. Concern yourselves with one another.
Help along one another's projects and plans. Grieve over
one another. Let none in the whole country go in need.
befriend one another until ye become as a single body, one
and all...(12)

The purpose of consultation is to show that the views of
several individuals are assuredly preferable to one man, even
as the power of a number of men is of course greater than the
power of one man. Thus consultation is acceptable in the
presence of the Almighty, and hath been enjoined upon the
believers, so that they may confer upon ordinary and
personal matters, as well as on affairs which are general in
nature and universal.

For instance, when a man hath a project to accomplish,
should he consult with some of his 6rethren, that which is
agreeable will of course be investigated and unveiled to his
eyes, and the truth will be disclosed. Likewise on a higher
level, should the people of a village consult one another
about their affairs, the right solution will certainly be
revealed. In like manner, the members of each profession,
such as in industry, should consult, and those in commerce
should similarly consult on business affairs. In short,
consultation is desirable and acceptable in all things and on
all issues.(13)
Local Spiritual Assemblies are the bed-rock upon which the National Spiritual Assemblies, designated by 'Abdu'l-Baha as <p319> 'Secondary Houses of Justice', are established. These national bodies are today instituted in most countries of the world and are empowered to 'direct, unify, coordinate and stimulate the activities of the individuals as well as local Assemblies within their jurisdiction'.(14) Their members are also given the responsibility of electing The Universal House of Justice, the Supreme Body of the Faith of Baha'u'llah and regarded as the apex of the Baha'i Administrative Order. This august institution, which was elected for the first time in 1963, is ordained by Baha'u'llah with the assurance of divine guidance. He has conferred infallibility upon its decisions and given it the authority to enact laws which are not specifically revealed by Him.
In the Ishraqat (Splendours) revealed in the latter part of Baha'u'llah's life He declares:
This passage, now written by the pen of Glory, is accounted
as part of the Most Holy Book: The men of God's House of
Justice have been charged with the affairs of the people.
They, in truth, are the Trustees of God among His servants
and the daysprings of authority in His countries.

O people of God! That which traineth the world is
Justice, for it is upheld by two pillars, reward and
punishment. These two pillars are the sources of life to the
world. Inasmuch as for each day there is a new problem and
for every problem an expedient solution, such affairs should
be referred to the House of Justice that the members thereof
may act according to the needs and requirements of the
time. They that, for the sake of God, arise to serve His
Cause, are the recipients of divine inspiration from the
unseen Kingdom. It is incumbent upon all to be obedient
unto them. All matters of State should be referred to the
House of Justice, but acts of worship must be observed
according to that which God hath revealed in His Book.(15)
One of the basic differences between the institutions of the old order and those of the Administrative Order of Baha'u'llah is that the latter are animated by the spirit of the Cause of God, <p320> whereas the former are as bodies without spirit. The divinely-founded order is alive and growing; the old order is disintegrating and its ability to solve the problems of the world is constantly declining. A man-made institution, to carry out its tasks successfully, must function with vigour and health Should any of its members fail in the conduct of affairs, the work of the whole system may well become ineffective. It may be likened to a machine which cannot operate unless all its component parts function efficiently, for the failure of one part can paralyse or even wreck the machine as a whole.
In contrast to such a machine, which is lifeless and depends for its proper functioning on perfect coordination between its parts, we may observe that a young and living organism grows healthily without being perfect, and before its faculties are fully matured. A child, for example, can flourish and be active while possessing many imperfections due to immaturity. It has a vigour and a vitality that no lifeless object can rival. Although it makes mistakes, upsets the order of things and creates disturbances around itself, yet no one demands maturity and perfection from it, and no one is unduly concerned about its childish behaviour. For it is normal that as the child grows up it will cease to act immaturely, and in the fullness of time will acquire wisdom and other perfections.
True Baha'is understand the nature of their national and local institutions to be organic. They know that these bodies, animated by the spirit of the Cause, are in their infancy. They recognize that these assemblies, the embryos of future National and Local Houses of Justice, may make wrong decisions at times and may on occasion act unjustly, but in spite of these shortcomings they are pulsating with life and growing in strength and vitality day by day. Far from attacking and criticizing them, Baha'is rally around them with loving care and pride. For they know that Baha'u'llah has vouchsafed His protection to the embryonic institutions of His Faith. And they realize that like any living organism, the local and national institutions of the Faith must have their growing pains until <p321> the problems now facing them will gradually disappear.
Though insignificant in the eyes of the outside world and relatively small in numbers, these local and national bodies have already demonstrated their ability to forge ahead, overcome difficult problems, remove apparently insurmountable obstacles, win great victories for the Cause and grow steadily to a point where, in the fullness of time, they will establish the foundations of justice and love for the peoples of the world. <p322>
Kitab-i-Aqdas.
3. Divine Education
There are many exhortations in the Kitab-i-Aqdas calling the believers to live a saintly life and to adorn themselves with the ornament of goodly character and divine virtues.
There are many people, not Baha'is, who have been brought up to live a good life in their own traditions. They are trained from childhood to be courteous, kind and loving. They evince many good qualities which are inculcated in them until they have become second nature. They perform good deeds habitually. Such people merit the highest praise. But because they are deprived of the spirit of faith borne by God's Messenger to this age, they are like exquisite lamps which have not been lit. To live one's life as a Baha'i is different in so far as the heart is illumined with the love of Baha'u'llah. It is this love which makes the difference and which enables the believer to mirror forth the teachings of Baha'u'llah to others. Without this it is impossible for a Baha'i to achieve all that he could in this life. Indeed, the story of every religion is written in the language of love. Some people recognize Baha'u'llah intellectually; this is not sufficient. Not until the individual becomes a true lover can he acquire the spiritual capacity to serve the Cause of God fully in this day.
'Immerse Yourselves in the Ocean of My Words' But like most things in this life which grow, there is always a beginning to this love for Baha'u'llah. When the individual embraces the Cause, the spark of faith appears in his heart. He then begins his journey of love towards Baha'u'llah. The <p323> candle of his heart is then just lighted. But this love must be allowed to grow, this light must be allowed to become a great fire.
When a person finds a friend he likes, the only way by which he can strengthen the ties of friendship and love is to get to know his friend and become more intimate with him. Should he stay away and remain aloof, the friendship will not endure. The journey of a lover to his beloved may begin with mere acquaintance, but it can develop into a deep love as a result of close association and a selfless devotion.
Similarly, a believer must continue his journey of love to Baha'u'llah. The most important step in achieving this is to read the words of Baha'u'llah in order to commune with Him and become attracted to His Holy Person. Indeed, this is one of His commandments in the Kitab-i-Aqdas. He enjoins His followers to recite His words[1] twice a day, in the morning and the evening, and states that those who do not have failed to fulfil their pledge to the Covenant of God. These are His words in that Book:
[1 The reading of the words of Baha'u'llah is not to be confused with saying of prayers which is a different commandment altogether.]
Recite ye the verses of God every morning and evening
Whoso reciteth them not hath truly failed to fulfil his pledge
to the Covenant of God and His Testament and whoso in
this day turneth away therefrom, hath indeed turned away
from God since time immemorial. Fear ye God, O concourse
of My servants.

Take heed lest excessive reading and too many acts of
piety in the daytime and in the night season make you vainglorious.
Should a person recite but a single verse from the
Holy Writings in a spirit of joy and radiance, this would be
better for him than reciting wearily all the Scriptures of
God, the Help in Peril, the Self-Subsisting. Recite ye the
verses of God in such measure that ye be not overtaken with
fatigue or boredom. Burden not your souls so as to cause
exhaustion and weigh them down, but rather endeavour to <p324>
lighten them, that they may soar on the wings of revealed
Verses unto the dawning-place of His signs. This is
conducive to nearer access unto God, were ye to
comprehend.(1)
In another passage in the Kitab-i-Aqdas He states:
Immerse yourselves in the ocean of My words, that ye may
un ravel its secrets, and discover all the pearls of wisdom that
lie hid in its depths.(2)
The reading of the words of Baha'u'llah exerts the same influence upon the soul as food does to the body. It enables the soul to draw nigh to Baha'u'llah and become filled with His love. Without regular reading of the Writings twice a day, a Baha'i cannot grow spiritually and there is no alternative to compensate for this loss.
In the Kitab-i-Aqdas, Baha'u'llah states that there is no merit in reading His words when tired. He says that to read a few lines with a spirit of joy and fragrance is better than to read a whole book when depressed and weary. This commandment is very much tune with the law of nature which advocates that a person eat his food only when he is hungry. Another similarity is that in nature one must eat food regularly every day. To eat once in a lifetime is not sufficient. It is the same with reading the Words of God, which is the food for the spirit. To read the Holy Writings once in a while is not enough. As ordained by Baha'u'llah, the individual must, if he is to grow spiritually, read His words which are recorded in His Tablets twice every day. These words with all their vivifying forces must then be allowed to penetrate the heart and to strengthen one's faith.
The reading of the words of Baha'u'llah not only enables the faithful to increase his love for Him every day, but also deepens him in the Faith as well.
Deepening in the Faith is often misunderstood. It is taken to imply participation in study classes, courses, and intellectual <p325> discussions. Often in these discussions the individual may inject his own ideas, as well as modern theories, into the teachings of Baha'u'llah, and make the Faith appear as complicated a highly involved scientific theory. In fact, the study of the Faith is so simple that any person with common sense, even if he lacks education, can fully understand its truth, provided his heart is pure. If we look at the talks of 'Abdu'l-Baha in the Western world we notice how in simple language He explained profound subjects.
Real deepening occurs when the believer reads the Writings with the eyes of faith knowing that he is reading the Word of God, not the words of men--a Word which is charged with tremendous potency. Deepening also takes place when the believer associates with someone who is on fire with the love of Baha'u'llah. The very company of such a person increases one's faith in God. Baha'u'llah states in the Hidden Words:
'... He that seeketh to commune with God, let him betake himself to the companionship of His loved ones; and he that desireth to hearken unto the word of God, let him give ear to the words of His chosen ones.' This is why those who meet a true servant of Baha'u'llah often become filled with a new spirit.
In the Heroic Age of the Faith the believers were deepened in faith by meeting together and sharing their knowledge and love of Baha'u'llah. One devoted Baha'i who had been in His presence, whose heart was filled with His love, or who had received Tablets from Him, could impart his fire and faith as well as his knowledge and understanding to others who associated with him. In those days believers did not have access to all the Writings and often did not know much about the teachings of Baha'u'llah. But their hearts were so filled with His love that a great many laid down their lives in His path.
There may be a tendency today to become too academic, even mechanical, in the study of the Faith. A purely intellectual approach may so cloud the heart that the rays of the Sun of Truth are unable to shine within it. What the <p326> believer needs, in addition to knowledge of the Faith, is to open his heart to the influences of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah, to commune with His spirit, rejoice in His Name and seek especially the companionship of His true lovers. Without the infusion of the spirit of faith in his life, without turning with his heart in humbleness to Baha'u'llah, he cannot deepen himself in the Cause, because the knowledge of God is first reflected within the heart of man, and then his intellect will grasp it. This is clear in the Writings.
And now let there be a word of warning concerning this vital subject. Reading the writings of Baha'u'llah, important as it is, can never be conducive to spiritual progress unless it is combined with service to the Cause. Should a person take food regularly and in abundance, but fail to move about and use his muscles every day, he would soon become an invalid. In the same way, the study of the Writings must be accompanied by deeds, deeds which are enjoined by Baha'u'llah in His teachings and laws.
If the individual who has recognized the station of Baha'u'llah immerses himself in the ocean of His words, if he opens his heart to the influences of His Revelation, if he associates with devoted Baha'is who are on fire with the Faith and eschews fellowship with the ungodly,[1] and if he arises to serve the Cause, then his love for Baha'u'llah will increase day by day, and he will become a deep Baha'i.
[1 A person who lives his life contrary to the teachings of God. He may profess belief in God, while many who regard themselves as agnostics or atheists may not be ungodly in reality. ]
Education of Children
Baha'u'llah in the Kitab-i-Aqdas has placed an enormous responsibility upon parents for the proper upbringing and education of their children. These are His words in that book:
Unto every father hath been enjoined the instruction of his <p327>
son and daughter in the art of reading and writing and in all
that hath been laid down in the Holy Tablet. He that putteth
away that which is commanded unto him, the Trustees are
then to take from him that which is required for their
instruction, if he be wealthy, and if not the matter devolveth
upon the House of Justice. Verily, have We made it a shelter
for the poor and needy. He that bringeth up his son or the
son of another, it is as though he hath brought up a son of
Mine; upon him rest My Glory, My loving kindness, My
Mercy, that have compassed the world.(3)
'Abdu'l-Baha in one of His Tablets(4) states that if the parents fail in the proper upbringing of their children, they have committed a sin that God cannot forgive.
Bringing up children, according to Baha'u'llah, is not merely teaching them good manners and arranging for their education. It has far-reaching implications. Baha'i education consists of academic as well as spiritual education. The former can be acquired in all the schools of the world. The latter, which from the Baha'i point of view is more important, is the acquiring of the knowledge of God and His Manifestations, the understanding of the mysteries of creation, the becoming well versed in the teachings of Baha'u'llah, the acquiring of good character, and the becoming equipped for serving the world of humanity.
The following words of Baha'u'llah gleaned from His Writings demonstrate the importance which is attached to the upbringing of children:
Knowledge is as wings to man's life, and a ladder for his
ascent. Its acquisition is incumbent upon everyone. The
knowledge of such sciences, however, should be acquired as
can profit the peoples of the earth, and not those which
begin with words and end with words... In truth
knowledge is a veritable treasure for man, and a source of
glory, of bounty, of joy, of exaltation, of cheer and gladness
unto him.(5) <p328>

Schools must first train the children in the principles of
religion, so that the Promise and the Threat recorded in the
Books of God may prevent them from the things forbidden
and adorn them with the mantle of the commandments; but
this in such a measure that it may not injure the children by
resulting in ignorant fanaticism and bigotry.[6]
We prescribe unto all men that which will lead to the
exaltation of the Word of God amongst His servants, and
likewise, to the advancement of the world of being and the
uplift of souls. To this end, the greatest means is education
of the child. To this must each and all hold fast. We have
verily laid this charge upon you in manifold Tablets as well
as in My Most Holy Book. Well is it with him who deferreth
thereto.

'We ask of God that He will assist each and every one to
obey this inescapable command that hath appeared and
been caused to descend through the Pen of the Ancient of
Days.(7)
'Abdu'l-Baha has also stressed the importance of child education in many of His Tablets. The following are a few examples:
It is for this reason that, in this new cycle, education and
training are recorded in the Book of God as obligatory and
not voluntary. That is, it is enjoined upon the father and
mother, as a duty, to strive with all effort to train the
daughter and the son, to nurse them from the breast of
knowledge and to rear them in the bosom of sciences and
arts. Should they neglect this matter, they shall be held
responsible and worthy of reproach in the presence of the
stern Lord.(8)
... from the very beginning, the children must receive
divine education and must continually be reminded to
remember their God. Let the love of God pervade their
Inmost being, commingled with their mother's milk.(9) <p329>

My wish is that these children should receive a Baha'i
education, so that they may progress both here and in the
Kingdom, and rejoice thy heart.

In a time to come, morals will degenerate to an extreme
degree. It is essential that children be reared in the Baha'i
way, that they may find happiness both in this world and
the next. If not, they shall be beset by sorrows and troubles,
for human happiness is founded upon spiritual behaviour.(10)
The Baha'i teachings on child education attach great importance to the role which a mother plays in bringing up children. These are the words of 'Abdu'l-Baha concerning this vital role of mothers:
Today it is obligatory for the loved ones of God, and their
imperative duty, to educate the children in reading, writing,
the various branches of knowledge, and the expansion of
consciousness, that on all levels they may go forward day by
day.

The mother is the first teacher of the child. For children,
at the beginning of life, are fresh and tender as a young twig,
and can be trained in any fashion you desire. If you rear the
child to be straight, he will grow straight, in perfect
symmetry. It is clear that the mother is the first teacher and
that it is she who establisheth the character and conduct of
the child.

Wherefore, O ye loving mothers, know ye that in God's
sight, the best of all ways to worship Him is to educate the
children and train them in all the perfections of humankind;
and no nobler deed than this can be imagined...(11)
One important aspect of the role of the mother in child education and spiritual training is seen in the emphasis which the Baha'i teachings place on the education of girls. For one day they will become mothers and the first educator of the child is the mother.
These and other basic teachings on child education will enable future educationalists to formulate a programme of <p330> Baha'i education. As human society inclines itself more and more towards Baha'i ideals, these teachings will be adopted by mankind. The following was written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baha'i Faith, in answer to a question concerning the Baha'i educational programme:
You have asked him [Shoghi Effendi] for detailed
information concerning the Baha'i educational programme;
there is as yet no such thing as a Baha'i curriculum, and there
are no Baha'i publications exclusively devoted to this
subject, since the teachings of Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha
do not present a definite and detailed educational system,
but simply offer certain basic principles and set forth a
number of teaching ideals that should guide future Baha'i
educationalists in their efforts to formulate an adequate
teaching curriculum which would be in full harmony with
the spirit of the Baha'i Teachings, and would thus meet the
requirements and needs of the modern age.

These basic principles are available in the sacred writings
of the Cause, and should be carefully studied, and gradually
incorporated in various college and university programmes.
But the task of formulating a system of education which
would be officially recognized by the Cause, and enforced
as such throughout the Baha'i world is one which the
present-day generation of believers cannot obviously
undertake, and which has to be gradually accomplished by
Baha'i scholars and educationalists of the future.(12)
Educating children and youth is of such paramount importance in the Baha'i teachings that Baha'u'llah has praised the work of teachers and educationalists very highly. The teaching profession is held in such high esteem by Him that in the Kitab-i-Aqdas He has ordained, in cases of intestacy, for an inheritance to be divided among seven categories of people,[13] all from within the family except the last which is the teacher or teachers. In His Writings He has showered His favours and bounties in abundance upon those teachers who have recognized His station and are engaged in both spiritual and <p331> academic education. We have already cited one example of this.[1]
[1 See pp. 90-91.]
'Abdu'l-Baha likewise has praised the station of teachers who are devoted to their profession. In a Tablet He describes their service as true worship of God, and states that they are the spiritual fathers of the children whom they teach, and therefore their work is highly meritorious in the sight of God.(14)
Teaching the Cause
In many of His Tablets, Baha'u'llah has enjoined upon His followers to teach His Faith to the peoples of the world. In the Kitab-i-Aqdas too He exhorts the faithful to arise in the service of His Cause and refers to teaching as the crowning glory of every righteous deed. As stated in the previous volume, the primary purpose of teaching is to bring a soul to its God, and it is therefore regarded by Baha'u'llah as the 'most meritorious of all deeds'.[1]
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 91-106.]
The prerequisites of teaching are to be found in the Writings of Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha, and Shoghi Effendi has enumerated some of them in his letter entitled The Advent of Divine Justice.(15) They may be summarized in a few words: 'Living one's life in accordance with Baha'i teachings.' Baha'u'llah in one of His Tablets states:
God hath prescribed unto every one the duty of teaching
His Cause. Whoever ariseth to discharge this duty, must
needs, ere he proclaimeth His Message, adorn himself with
the ornament of an upright and praiseworthy character, so
that his words may attract the hearts of such as are receptive
to his call. Without it, he can never hope to influence his
hearers.(16)
This statement leaves no room for doubt, for Baha'u'llah says: <p332>
'Without it, he can never hope to influence his hearers.' The word 'never' is very emphatic and rules out any other method. In numerous other Tablets Baha'u'llah has revealed similar statements.
'Abdu'l-Baha in a Tablet writes:
The aim is this: The intention of the teacher must be pure,
his heart independent, his spirit attracted, his thought at
peace, his resolution firm, his magnanimity exalted and in
the love of God a shining torch. Should he become as such,
his sanctified breath will even affect the rock; otherwise
there will be no result whatsoever.(17)
The emphasis of the last sentence is clear: 'otherwise there will be no result whatsoever.' There are numerous Tablets of 'Abdu'l-Baha with similar conclusions.
Shoghi Effendi has also drawn our attention to this truth in many of his letters. To cite one celebrated passage:
Not by the force of numbers, not by the mere exposition of
a set of new and noble principles, not by an organized
campaign of teaching--no matter how worldwide and
elaborate in its character--not even by the staunchness of
our faith or the exaltation of our enthusiasm, can we
ultimately hope to vindicate in the eyes of a critical and
sceptical age the supreme claim of the Abha Revelation
One thing and only one thing will unfailingly and alone
secure the undoubted triumph of this sacred Cause, namely
the extent to which our own inner life and private character
mirror forth in their manifold aspects the splendour of those
eternal principles proclaimed by Baha'u'llah.(18)
Here Shoghi Effendi leaves no alternative to this vital prerequisite for teaching, for he says (and let us note his double emphasis): 'One thing and only one thing will unfailingly and alone secure the undoubted triumph of this sacred Cause...' Having discussed one of the most important prerequisites for teaching, let us now examine the work of teaching itself. <p333> There are no set methods or procedures, although we have been given certain principles and guide-lines by the Author of the Faith and by 'Abdu'l-Baha and Shoghi Effendi. These principles and guides are at variance with standards and methods current outside the Faith, where frequently every expedient measure is used to influence people and convert them to various ideologies. The Cause of Baha'u'llah is founded on the truth of God's Revelation, and truth cannot be clothed in false standards. It cannot employ the techniques of salesmanship, propaganda, expediency and compromise. The methods used in the commercial world to attract people to new ideas, such as extravagant and sensational publicity based on slogans, extreme statements and similar gimmicks, are all alien to the Cause of God.
In his teaching work a Baha'i presents the Message of Baha'u'llah as one would offer a gift to a king. Since his primary object in teaching is not to increase numbers,[1] but rather to bring a soul to its God, he ought to approach his fellow men with feelings of love and humility, and above all take to them the transforming power of Baha'u'llah and nothing of himself. Indeed, if he tries to project himself, by impressing upon the listener his knowledge and accomplishments, and aims to establish the ascendancy of his arguments while teaching the Faith, then the power of Baha'u'llah cannot reach him.
[1 See vol. 2, p. 94.]
Success in teaching depends on one's ability and readiness to draw from the power of Baha'u'llah. There is no alternative. If the believer does not open the way for Baha'u'llah through his love for Him, by his life and by teaching His Cause with devotion, His confirmations and assistance cannot reach him, and he will fail in his service to Him. Those who rank foremost among Baha'i teachers were always conscious of the presence of Baha'u'llah at every stage of their teaching activities. It was because of the consciousness of His presence that they were enabled to approach with genuine love and humility those who <p334> were seeking the truth, attracting them with the warmth of their faith and the creative power of their words. It was this consciousness which enabled them to radiate the glory of the new-born Faith of God, to demonstrate its truth, to promote its interests, to withstand the onslaught of its enemies and to win imperishable victories for their Lord.
Baha'u'llah often counselled His followers how to teach the Faith. For example, He directed Haji Muhammad-Tahir-i-Malmiri, when he was leaving His presence, to engage in teaching the Cause in his native city of Yazd and gave him some instructions as to how to teach. Foremost among these instructions was to pray for the seeker and urge him also to pray so that the confirmations of God might reach him and open his eyes to the truth of the Cause. Another counsel was to begin teaching with the account of the history of the religions of the past and their Founders, similar to the accounts given in the Kitab-i-Iqan. This would enable the enquirer to get an insight into his own religion that he might recognize the truth and the reality of the Founder of his own Faith. When this stage was reached, the individual would be ready to appreciate and understand the Cause of God for this day.[1]
[1 See vol. 1, p. 161.]
To cite another example: there is a Tablet(19) from Baha'u'llah in which Faris[1] (the Christian Syrian who embraced the Faith in Alexandria) is exhorted to teach with wisdom. He counsels him not to disclose to people everything about the Cause at first, but rather to teach them little by little until they are ready to absorb more. He likens this process to feeding infants who need to be given a little milk at a time until they grow in strength and are able to digest other food. This exhortation of Baha'u'llah is the basis of teaching the Cause of God. The principles involved are very similar to those which a schoolteacher employs in teaching his pupils little by little and in accordance with their capacity. Before teaching the Cause to any person, it is important to know his background and <p335> capacity. The most successful teachers are those who after familiarizing themselves with the beliefs and ideas of an individual, reveal the truths of the Faith gradually to him, but what little they impart is the correct remedy and is so potent as to influence and stimulate the soul and enable it to take a step forward and become ready to absorb more.
[1 See pp. 5-11.]
Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali, the celebrated Baha'i teacher to whose outstanding services we have already referred, has left to posterity the following account of one of his memorable interviews with Baha'u'llah in 'Akka, in the course of which He spoke these words about teaching the Cause of God:
The way to teach is to have a pleasing disposition and to deal
with people in a spirit of loving-kindness. One must
acknowledge whatever the other person says, even if it is
vain imaginings, beliefs which are the result of blind
imitation, or absurd talk. One should avoid in engaging in
arguments or adducing proofs which bring out
stubbornness and contention in the other person. This is
because he finds himself defeated, and this will lead to his
becoming more veiled from the truth and will add to his
waywardness.

The right way is to acknowledge the other person's
statements and then present him with the alternative point
of view and invite him to examine it to see whether it is true
or false. Of course, when it is presented to him with
courtesy, affection and loving-kindness, he will hear and
Will not be thinking in terms of defence, to find answers and
look for proofs. He will acknowledge and admit the points.
When the person realizes that the purpose behind
discussions is not wrangling or the winning of arguments,
but rather to convey the truth and to reveal human qualities
and divine perfections, he will of course show fairness. His
inner eyes and ears and heart will open and, through the
grace of God, he will become a new creation and will
possess new eyes and new ears.

Baha'u'llah spoke a great deal about the evils of
controversial argument and aiming to become a winner in <p336>
discussion. He then said, 'The Most Great Branch[1] will
listen to any absurd talk with such attentiveness that the
person concerned believes that He is deriving enlightenment
from him. However, little by little, and in a way that the
person cannot realize, He bestows upon him a new vision
and a new understanding.'[2](20)
[1 'Abdu'l-Baha.]
[2 These are not the exact words of Baha'u'llah but convey the purport of His talk.]
The talks of 'Abdu'l-Baha in the West provide the best example of wisdom in teaching. He addressed audiences who were almost alien to the history and genesis of the Faith and unfamiliar with the claims and the station of its Founder. Yet He disclosed to them with simplicity and brevity only those essential truths which they were capable of understanding and which constituted the first stepping-stones for their eventual recognition of the stupendous Message of Baha'u'llah. He clearly avoided at that early stage any elaboration on the many implications of the station of Baha'u'llah and His Revelation as well as the unfoldment of His laws and His World Order in the future. Instead, He bestowed upon every one who had the capacity a measure of His all-embracing love, which animated and sustained those few who embraced the Faith in the West.
Perhaps it is a temptation for a Baha'i teacher, especially if he is a knowledgeable one, to pour out upon a seeker all his knowledge, and bombard him with a series of profound utterances and lengthy discussions with the aim of proving the truth of his own arguments. When this happens it blocks the way for the power of Baha'u'llah to reach the heart of the seeker and enlighten him with the light of faith.
In following the footsteps of the Exemplar of the Faith of Baha'u'llah we may observe that when someone asked 'Abdu'l-Baha a question, He often did not give the person all the answers. He gently prepared him to understand the subject. For example, He talked about something which <p337> seemed unrelated to the question but in the end led him to discover the truth. One may cite the example of Howard Colby Ives, a Unitarian Minister in the United States who became attracted to 'Abdu'l-Baha when He visited that country, and eventually became an ardent believer. One gathers from reading his fascinating chronicles Portals to Freedom that 'Abdu'l-Baha led him to the path of truth very gently and slowly. The following story is recorded in that book:
In all of my many opportunities of meeting, of listening to
and talking with 'Abdu'l-Baha I was impressed, and
constantly more deeply impressed, with His method of
teaching souls. That is the word. He did not attempt to
reach the mind alone. He sought the soul, the reality of
everyone He met. Oh, He could be logical, even scientific in
His presentation of an argument, as He demonstrated
constantly in the many addresses I have heard Him give and
the many more I have read. But it was not the logic of the
schoolman, not the science of the class room. His lightest
word, His slightest association with a soul was shot through
with an illuminating radiance which lifted the hearer to a
higher plane of consciousness. Our hearts burned within us
when He spoke. And He never argued, of course. Nor did
He press a point. He left one free. There was never an
assumption of authority, rather He was ever the
personification of humility. He taught 'as if offering a gift to
a king'. He never told me what I should do, beyond
suggesting that what I was doing was right. Nor did He ever
tell me what I should believe. He made Truth and Love so
beautiful and royal that the heart perforce did reverence. He
showed me by His voice, manner, bearing, smile, how I
should be, knowing that out of the Pure soil of being the
good fruit of deeds and words would surely spring.

There was a strange, awe-inspiring mingling of humility
and majesty, relaxation and power in His slightest word or
gesture which made me long to understand its source. What
made Him so different, so immeasurably superior to any
other man I had ever met?(21) <p338>

Another story which throws light on the subject is the following by Colby Ives:
So one cold Spring day, a strong east wind blowing, I made a
special journey to ask 'Abdu'l-Baha about renunciation. I
found the house at Ninety-sixth Street almost deserted. It
seemed that 'Abdu'l-Baha was spending a day or two at the
home of one of the friends on Seventy-eighth Street and so I
walked there and found Him on the point of returning to
the home I had just left. But I was too intent on my mission
to allow difficulties to interfere. I sought one of the Persian
friends and, pointing to the passage in the little volume I
carried in my pocket, I asked him if he would request
'Abdu'l-Baha to speak to me for a few moments on this
subject, and I read it to him so that there should be no
mistake: 'Prevent me not from turning to the Horizon of
renunciation.'

Returning, he handed me the book saying that 'Abdu'l-Baha
requested that I walk with Him back to Ninety-sixth
Street and He would talk with me on the way.

I recall that there was quite a little procession of us, a
dozen or so, mostly composed of the Persian friends but a
few others; Lua Getsinger was one, I remember. The east
wind was penetrating. I buttoned my coat closely with a
little shiver. But 'Abdu'l-Baha strode along with his 'aba
(cloak) floating in the wind. He looked at me as we walked
together at the head of the little group, with a slightly
quizzical glance: He said that I seemed cold, a slightly
amused glance accompanying the words, and I unaccountably
felt a little disturbed. Why should I not feel
cold? Could one be expected to live even above the weather?
But this slight remark was indicative. Always His slightest
word affected me as a summons. 'Come up higher!' He
seemed to say.

As we walked a few paces ahead of the others He talked at
length about Horizons. Of how the Sun of Reality, like the
physical sun, rose at different points, the Sun of Moses at
one point, the Sun of Jesus at another, the Sun of
Muhammad, the Sun of Baha'u'llah at still others. But <p339>
always the same Sun though the rising points varied greatly.
Always we must look for the light of the Sun, He said, and
not keep our eyes so firmly fixed on its last point of rising
that we fail to see its glory when it rises in the new Spiritual
Springtime. Once or twice He stopped and, with His stick,
drew on the sidewalk an imaginary horizon and indicated
the rising points of the sun. A strange sight it must have been
to the casual passer-by.

I was greatly disappointed. I had heard Him speak on this
subject and had read about it in Some Answered Questions.
It was not of horizons I wanted to hear, but of renunciation.
And I was deeply depressed also because I felt that He
should have known my desire for light on this subject, and
responded to my longing even if I had not been so explicit in
my request; but I had been most explicit. As we approached
our destination He became silent. My disappointment had
long since merged into great content. Was it not enough to
be with Him? What, after all, could He tell me about
renunciation that was not already in my own heart? Perhaps
the way to learn about it was by doing, and I might begin by
giving up the longing to have Him talk to me about it. Truly,
as the outer silence deepened, my heart burned within me as
He talked with me on the way.

We came at last to the steps leading up to the entrance
door. 'Abdu'l-Baha paused with one foot resting on the
lower step while the little group slowly passed Him and
entered the house. 'Abdu'l-Baha made as if to follow, but
instead He turned and, looking down at me from the little
elevation of the step, with that subtle meaning in eyes and
voice which seemed to accompany His slightest word, and
which to me was always so unfathomable and so alluring:
He said that I must always remember that this is a day of
great things, very great things.

I was speechless. It was not for me to answer. I did not
have the faintest inkling of what lay behind the words, the
resonant voice, that penetrating glance. Then He turned and
again made as if to ascend but again He paused and turned
His now luminous face towards me. My foot was raised to
follow but as He turned, I, of course, paused also and hung <p340>
uncertainly between rest and motion.

He repeated, saying to me so impressively, so earnestly,
that I must never forget this, that this is a day for very great
things.

What could He mean? What deep significance lay behind
these simple words? Why should He speak so to me? Had it
anything to do with that still alluring thought of
renunciation?

Again 'Abdu'l-Baha turned to ascend and I made to
follow; but for the third time He paused and, turning, as it
seemed, the full light of His spirit upon me, He said again,
but this time in what seemed like a voice of thunder, with
literally flashing eyes and emphatically raised hand: that I
should remember His words that This is a Day for very
great things--VERY GREAT THINGS. These last three
words rang out like a trumpet call. The long, deserted city
block seemed to echo them. I was overwhelmed. I seemed to
dwindle, almost to shrivel, where I stood, as that beautifully
dominant figure, that commanding and appealing voice,
surrounded me like a sea, and blotted out for the moment, at
least, all the petty world and my petty self with it. Who and
what was I to be summoned to accomplish great things, very
great things? I did not even know what things were great in
this world awry with misbegotten emphases.

After what seemed a very long moment, in which His
burning eyes probed my soul, He gently smiled. The great
moment had passed. He was again the courteous, kindly,
humble host, the Father whom thought I knew. He touched
His fez so that it stood at what I called the humorous angle,
and a slightly quizzical smile was around His mouth as He
rapidly ascended the steps and entered the open door. I
followed closely. We passed through the few steps of the
hall to the stairs. I remember the wondering, slightly
envious glances that followed me as I followed 'Abdu'l-Baha
up the stairs. The upper hall was empty and 'Abdu'l-Baha
swept through it and up another flight to His room, a
large front room on the third floor. And still I followed. I
have often marvelled since at my temerity. Had I known
more or felt less I never should have dared. It is said that <p341>
fools rush in where angels fear to tread. Perhaps that is the
way that fools are cured of their folly.

We came to the door of 'Abdu'l-Baha's room. He had not
invited me there, nor had He looked once behind Him to see
that I was following, and it was with much inward
trepidation that I paused at the threshold as He entered the
room. Would He be displeased? Had I overstepped the
bounds of the respect due 'Abdu'l-Baha? Had I been lacking
in due humility? But my heart was humility itself--He
must know that. He swung the door wide and turning
beckoned me in.

Again I was alone with 'Abdu'l-Baha. There was the bed
in which He slept, the chair in which He sat. The late
afternoon sunlight lay palely across the floor, but I saw
nothing. I was conscious only of Him and that I was alone
with Him. The room was very still. No sound came from
the street nor from the lower rooms. The silence deepened
as He regarded me with that loving, all-embracing, all-understanding
look which always melted my heart. A deep
content and happiness flooded my being. A little flame
seemed lit within my breast. And then 'Abdu'l-Baha spoke:

He simply asked me if I were interested in renunciation.
Nothing could have been more unexpected. I had entirely
forgotten the question which had so engrossed my thoughts
an hour since. Or was it that in that hour during which the
word renunciation had not been mentioned, all that I
wished or needed to know about it had been vouchsafed
me? I had no words to answer His question. Was
interested? I could not say I was and I would not say I was
not. I stood before Him silent while His whole Being
seemed to reach out to embrace me. Then His arm was
around me and He led me to the door. I left His Presence
with my soul treading the heights. I felt as though I had been
admitted, for the moment at least, into the ranks of the
martyrs. And it was a goodly fellowship indeed. During all
the long years of renunciation that followed, the memory of
that walk with Him; my disappointment that He had not
understood; His ringing challenge: This is a Day for very
great things: my following Him up those long stairs without <p342>
even knowing whether He wished me to or not, and then
the question wrapped in that sublime love: Are you
interested in renunciation? has risen before me, a
comforting and inspiring challenge. Indeed I was interested
and my interest has never flagged from that day to this. But I
never dreamed that renunciation could be so glorious.(22) <p343>
Kitab-i-Aqdas.
4. Worship and Daily Life

The Mashriqu'l-Adhkar
One of the commandments of Baha'u'llah in the Kitab-i-Aqdas is the establishment of the institution of the House of Worship, designated by Him 'Mashriqu'l-Adhkar' (Dawning-place of the mention of God). He has ordained that in every locality an edifice be built with the utmost perfection for the exclusive purpose of worshipping God. In it only the word of God may be read or chanted in a way that will exhilarate the ears and uplift the souls. He also counsels parents to teach their children the words of God revealed by Him, so that they may chant them in the Houses of Worship.
These are the words of Baha'u'llah revealed in the Kitab-i-Aqdas:

Blessed is he who directeth his steps towards the
Mashriqu'l-Adhkar at the hour of dawn, communing with
Him, attuned to His remembrance, imploring His
forgiveness. And having entered therein, let him sit in
silence to hearken unto the verses of God, the Sovereign, the
Almighty, the All-praised. Say, the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar is in
truth any House raised in towns or villages, for mention of
Me. Thus hath it been named before His Throne; would
that ye know it. And those who chant the verses of the
Merciful in most melodious tones will attain thereby unto
that with which the kingdoms of earth and heaven can never
compare. And they will inhale therefrom the fragrance of
My realms which none discerneth in this day save those who <p344>
have been granted vision by this sublime Beauty. Say,
verily, the verses of the Merciful uplift the stainless hearts
unto those realms of the spirit which cannot be described in
words or expressed in symbols. Blessed are they that
hearken!(1)
And again:
Teach your children that which hath been sent down from
the heaven of majesty and power that they may recite the
Tablets of the Merciful in the halls of the Mashriqu'l-Adhkars
in most melodious tones. Verily, he who hath been
drawn by the magnet of the love of My Name, the Merciful,
will recite the verses of God in such wise as to enrapture the
hearts of those who are fast asleep. Well is it with him who
hath quaffed the choice wine of immortal life from the
utterances of his Lord, the Lord of Mercy, through the
power of this exalted Name whereby every high and lofty
mountain hath been reduced to dust.(2)
We note that Baha'u'llah urges His followers to conduct prayer services in the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar at the hour of dawn, a time which is specially conducive to spiritual upliftment. In the earlier days of the Faith when social circumstances were favourable in Persia and people worked very flexible hours, the believers often gathered in the home of a Baha'i before dawn to pray and to read the Writings of Baha'u'llah. No doubt, in the future, when the World Order of Baha'u'llah is fully established and in every city a sufficient number of Baha'i Houses of Worship erected, a new social pattern will emerge which will regulate man's way of life in such spheres as work, rest, leisure and service to the Cause, enabling him to arise before dawn and engage in praise and glorification of God. And this will result in a balance being created between his spiritual and physical needs.
The spiritual activities of future society will mainly circle around the institution of the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar itself, while its humanitarian and administrative activities will be focused <p345> upon a cluster of institutions built around it as its dependencies. These, according to 'Abdu'l-Baha's words, include hospitals, orphanages, schools, universities, hostels and similar institutions. The teachings of Baha'u'llah always combine the spiritual and human values together. Like the balance that exists between the soul and the body, the Baha'i Faith advocates the observance of spiritual and physical laws which can alone guarantee the well-being of man. The Mashriqu'l-Adhkar and its dependencies provide this balance in the community. One is the centre of spiritual forces generated through prayer and thanksgiving to God, the other, the institutions of social service, the focal point of all human endeavour, of love and compassion.
Shoghi Effendi, as far back as 1929, explained some of the salient features of the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar in a letter to the American Baha'is who were then engaged in building the first Baha'i House of Worship in the Western world.
It should be borne in mind that the central Edifice of the
Mashriqu'l-Adhkar, round which in the fullness of time
shall cluster such institutions of social service as shall afford
relief to the suffering, sustenance to the poor, shelter to the
wayfarer, solace to the bereaved, and education to the
ignorant, should be regarded apart from these Dependencies,
as a House solely designed and entirely dedicated to
the worship of God in accordance with the few yet definitely
prescribed principles established by Baha'u'llah in the
Kitabu'l-Aqdas. It should not be inferred, however, from
this general statement that the interior of the central Edifice
itself will be converted into a conglomeration of religious
services conducted along lines associated with the
traditional procedure obtaining in churches, mosques,
synagogues, and other temples of worship. Its various
avenues of approach, all converging towards the central
Hall beneath its dome, will not serve as admittance to those
sectarian adherents of rigid formulae and man-made creeds,
each bent, according to his way, to observe his rites, recite
his prayers, perform his ablutions, and display the <p346>
particular symbols of his faith, within separately defined
sections of Baha'u'llah's Universal House of Worship. Far
from the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar offering such a spectacle of
incoherent and confused sectarian observances and rites, a
condition wholly incompatible with the provisions of the
Aqdas and irreconcilable with the spirit it inculcates, the
central House of Baha'i worship, enshrined within the
Mashriqu'l-Adhkar, will gather within its chastened walls,
in a serenely spiritual atmosphere, only those who,
discarding forever the trapping of elaborate and ostentatious
ceremony, are willing worshippers of the one true
God, as manifested in this age in the Person of Baha'u'llah.
To them will the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar symbolize the
fundamental verity underlying the Baha'i Faith, that
religious truth is not absolute but relative, that Divine
Revelation is not final but progressive. Theirs will be the
conviction that an all-loving and ever-watchful Father
Who, in the past, and at various stages in the evolution of
mankind, has sent forth His Prophets as the Bearers of His
Light to mankind, cannot at this critical period of their
civilization withhold from His children the Guidance
which they sorely need amid the darkness which has beset
them, and which neither the light of science nor that of
human intellect and wisdom can succeed in dissipating. And
thus having recognized in Baha'u'llah the source whence
this celestial light proceeds, they will irresistibly feel
attracted to seek the shelter of His House and congregate
therein, unhampered by ceremonials and unfettered by
creed, to render homage to the one true God, the Essence
and Orb of eternal Truth, and to exalt and magnify the name
of His Messengers and Prophets Who, from time
immemorial even unto our day, have, under divers
circumstances and in varying measure, mirrored forth to a
dark and wayward world the light of heavenly Guidance.

But, however inspiring the conception of Baha'i worship,
as witnessed in the central Edifice of this exalted Temple, it
cannot be regarded as the sole, nor even the essential, factor
in the part which the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar, as designed by
Baha'u'llah, is destined to play in the organic life of the <p347>
Baha'i community. Divorced from the social, humanitarian,
educational and scientific pursuits centering around the
Dependencies of the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar, Baha'i worship,
however exalted in its conception, however passionate in
fervour, can never hope to achieve beyond the meagre and
often transitory results produced by the contemplations of
the ascetic or the communion of the passive worshipper.
It cannot afford lasting satisfaction and benefit to the
worshipper himself, much less to humanity in general,
unless and until translated and transfused into that dynamic
and disinterested service to the cause of humanity which
it is the supreme privilege of the Dependencies of the
Mashriqu'l-Adhkar to facilitate and promote. Nor will the
exertions, no matter how disinterested and strenuous, of
those who within the precincts of the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar
will be engaged in administering the affairs of the future
Baha'i Commonwealth, fructify and prosper unless they
are brought into close and daily communion with those
spiritual agencies centering in and radiating from the central
Shrine of the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar. Nothing short of direct
and constant interaction between the spiritual forces
emanating from this House of Worship centering in the
heart of the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar, and the energies consciously
displayed by those who administer its affairs
in their service to humanity can possibly provide the
necessary agency capable of removing the ills that have
so long and so grievously afflicted humanity. For it is
assuredly upon the consciousness of the efficacy of the Revelation
of Baha'u'llah, reinforced on one hand by spiritual
communion with His Spirit, and on the other by the
intelligent application and the faithful execution of the
principles and laws He revealed, that the salvation of a
world in travail must ultimately depend. And of all the
institutions that stand associated with His Holy Name,
surely none save the institution of the Mashriqu'i-Adhkar
can most adequately provide the essentials of Baha'i
worship and service, both so vital to the regeneration of the
world. Therein lies the secret of the loftiness, of the
potency, of the unique position of the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar <p348>
as one of the outstanding institutions conceived by
Baha'u'llah.(3)
The Baha'i House of Worship is a nine-sided building, symbolic of the number of Baha.[1] Baha'u'llah has forbidden the display of pictures or statues within its walls and since there are no clergy in the Faith, there are to be no sermons. Another prohibition is the use of musical instruments. Only the human voice may be used in chanting or reading the word of God and glorifying his Name.
[1 See p. 316n.]
The Obligatory Prayer
Baha'i worship is not limited to a service at the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar. One of the ordinances of Baha'u'llah in the Kitab-i-Aqdas is the daily obligatory prayer. It is enjoined upon every believer from the age of fifteen to observe this commandment in the privacy of his own chamber. This is one of the rituals of the Faith of Baha'u'llah. But no individual or institution of the Faith has the right to enforce this law. The believer alone is responsible before his God for this act of devotion to Him. In saying the daily obligatory prayer, one must perform all its rites including the turning towards the Qiblih[1] of the Baha'i world.
[1 Literally: point of adoration. The Shrine of Baha'u'llah is the Qiblih to which Baha'is the world over turn when saying their obligatory prayers.]
Baha'u'llah has revealed three obligatory prayers for the individual and has enjoined on him to recite one of these prayers every day. These are known as the long, the medium and the short obligatory prayers. In the first two Baha'u'llah has ordained certain genuflectory actions which are designed to heighten man's devotion and servitude to his Creator.
In order to appreciate the significance of these actions let us recall that the human personality of the Manifestation of God influences the form of the religion He founds. We have <p349> discussed this theme in a previous volume.[1] To cite one example: we know that the Word of God in its innermost reality is exalted above and independent of any language. It emanates from the Kingdom of Revelation,[2] and as such it is limitless in its potency and far removed from the material world. However, this spiritual entity is clothed within the mantle of the 'spoken word' which is limited and belongs to the world of man. This is one way in which the personality of the Manifestation of God affects the form of religion. Since Baha'u'llah was a native of Persia, the Word of God has been revealed in the Persian and Arabic languages. Had the person of the Manifestation of God been a native of another land, the revealed Word would have assumed a different form altogether.
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 21-2.]
[2 See vol. 2, pp. 184-5.]
The effect of the personality of the Manifestation on His religion is not limited to influencing the Word of God. It affects almost every feature of that religion. The genuflectory actions ordained in the obligatory prayers provide an example, for this important religious rite has been formulated and to some extent influenced by the personality of Baha'u'llah. These genuflections are intended to convey symbolically man's attitude towards his Lord. The combination of the words uttered with the actions that accompany them will bring about a greater consciousness of the sovereignty of God and of man's impotence and poverty in this life.
The form that these actions take, however, is based in Baha'u'llah's own personal background. In the society in which He was brought up, the language was Persian and there were certain expressions which were conveyed by the movements of one's hands or body. Similar to the use of the Persian language in the revelation of the Word of God Baha'u'llah has incorporated these movements, which were known to Him, to express symbolically various feelings such as humility, supplication and servitude to God. <p350>
Every culture has its own language and customs. The person of the Manifestation of God from the human point of view abides within His own environment. He expresses himself like the rest of His countrymen. In the Persian culture it was customary to raise one's hands towards heaven when supplicating the Lord, or to bend one's body when showing humility or to prostrate oneself before one's God when expressing one's utter nothingness before Him. These actions Baha'u'llah has incorporated in the obligatory prayers in order to increase the ardour and devotion of the servant when praying to his Lord and to demonstrate both by words and by action, the loftiness, the grandeur and the glory of God, while recognizing his own station of servitude at His threshold.
Baha'u'llah has attached utmost importance to the obligatory prayer. 'Abdu'l-Baha in one of His Tablets[4] describes it as 'the very foundation of the Cause of God' and the 'cause of spiritual life' for the individual. In another Tablet[5] He states that the observance of the ordinance of obligatory prayer is binding on all and no excuse is acceptable, except when a person is mentally deranged or is confronted by extraordinary circumstances.
Apart from the obligatory prayers, which are enjoined on all believers, there are many prayers revealed by the Bab, Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha which are of a different nature and the recital of which do not constitute a religious rite. Their recital is voluntary and can be said whenever the individual is moved to do so, either in private or public.
In Islam it is customary to say the obligatory prayer in congregations. Baha'u'llah has forbidden congregational prayers except for the dead. Unlike the obligatory prayer which must be said in private, the special obligatory prayer for the dead is-to be recited in congregation. Here we notice the difference between ordinary prayers revealed by the Bab, Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha, which may be recited in public, and the obligatory prayer for the dead which is one of the rites of the Baha'i Faith and Baha'u'llah has permitted its recital in <p351> public. The word 'congregational' may cause a misunderstanding in that one may assume that the whole congregation must join in unison to recite the prayer. But this is not so. The prayer for the dead is to be recited by one person in the presence of the congregation. On the other hand, there are Tablets or prayers revealed by Baha'u'llah or 'Abdu'l-Baha which in the original language lend themselves to be chanted in unison. But since these are not part of any rite their recital in this manner is not termed congregational.
Work as Worship
Another form of worship which Baha'u'llah has ordained in the Kitab-i-Aqdas is one's work, when carried out in the spirit of service to mankind. This teaching is unique in religious history, and is a source of spiritual and material progress.
It is enjoined upon every one of you to engage in some form
of occupation, such as crafts, trades and the like. We have
graciously exalted your engagement in such work to the
rank of worship unto God, the True One. Ponder ye in your
hearts the grace and the blessings of God and render thanks
unto Him at eventide and at dawn. Waste not your time in
idleness and sloth. Occupy yourselves with that which
profiteth yourselves and others. Thus hath it been decreed
in this Tablet from whose horizon the day-star of wisdom
and utterance shineth resplendent.
The most despised of men in the sight of God are those
who sit idly and beg. Hold ye fast unto the cord of material
means, placing your whole trust in God, the Provider of all
means. When anyone occupieth himself in a craft or trade,
such occupation itself is regarded in the estimation of God
as an act of worship; and this is naught but a token of His
infinite and all-pervasive bounty.(6)
Although the worship of God is the paramount duty of man and the purpose of his life, yet Baha'u'llah states in one of His Tablets(7) that should a person be occupied with the worship of <p352> God throughout his life, but devoid of pure deeds and deprived of those spiritual qualities which help promote the Cause of God, his act of worship is of no benefit to him and will produce no result.
The Nineteen Day Feast
Another institution of vital importance which originated from the Bab and was confirmed and established by Baha'u'llah in the Kitab-i-Aqdas is that of the Nineteen Day Feast. Each Baha'i month,[1] the members of the Baha'i community take part in a feast which combines three important features of devotional readings and prayers, of consultation and of fellowship. Baha'u'llah states that the main purpose of the Nineteen Day Feast is to create love and unity in the hearts of people.
[1 In the Baha'i calendar there are 19 months of 19 days. For more information see vol. 2.]
Abolition of Monasticism and Confession of Sins
In the Kitab-i-Aqdas Baha'u'llah categorically condemns mendicancy and asceticism. He strongly disapproves the practice of retiring in solitude, of self-mortification and inflicting hardships upon the body. He affirms that such deeds are not conducive to spiritual gain and have no merit in the sight of God. We have referred to this subject in a previous volume.[1] In several Tablets Baha'u'llah has reiterated this important teaching. In the Kalimat-i-Firdawsiyyih (Words of Paradise) revealed in honour of Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali, Baha'u'llah reveals these words:
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 25-7.]
O people of the earth! Living in seclusion or practising
asceticism is not acceptable in the presence of God. It
behoveth them that are endued with insight and <p353>
understanding to observe that which will cause joy and
radiance. Such practices as are sprung from the loins of idle
fancy or are begotten of the womb of superstition ill beseem
men of knowledge. In former times and more recently some
people have been taking up their abodes in the caves of the
mountains while others have repaired to graveyards at
night. Say, give ear unto the counsels of this Wronged One.
Abandon the things current amongst you and adopt that
which the faithful Counsellor biddeth you. Deprive not
yourselves of the bounties which have been created for your
sake.(8)
In the Bisharat (Glad-Tidings) Baha'u'llah directs the Christian monks to come out of their cloisters and live a life of service to mankind. These are His words:
The pious deeds of the monks and priests among the
followers of the Spirit[1]--upon Him be the peace of God--
are remembered in His presence. In this Day, however, let
them give up the life of seclusion and direct their steps
towards the open world and busy themselves with that
which will profit themselves and others. We have granted
them leave to enter into wedlock that they may bring forth
one who will make mention of God, the Lord of the seen
and the unseen, the Lord of the Exalted Throne.(9)
[1 Jesus.]
Baha'u'llah in many of His Writings describes the exalted station of man. He has exhorted him to loftiness of character and whatever will enhance his honour and dignity. In the Kitab-i-Aqdas He has forbidden the practice of the confession of sins which is conducive to humiliation for the individual. Instead He has ordained that the sinner should repent to God and seek forgiveness from Him. In one of His Tablets He states:
When the sinner findeth himself wholly detached and freed
from all save God, he should beg forgiveness and pardon <p354>
from Him. Confession of sins and transgressions before
human beings is not permissible, as it hath never been nor
will ever be conducive to divine forgiveness. Moreover such
confession before people results in one's humiliation and
abasement, and God--exalted be His glory--wisheth not
the humiliation of His servants. Verily He is the
Compassionate, the Merciful. The sinner should, between
himself and God, implore mercy from the Ocean of mercy,
beg forgiveness from the Heaven of generosity and say:

O God, my God! I implore Thee by the blood of Thy true
lovers who were so enraptured by Thy sweet utterance that
they hastened unto the Pinnacle of Glory, the site of the most
glorious martyrdom, and I beseech Thee by the mysteries
which lie enshrined in Thy knowledge and by the pearls that
are treasured in the ocean of Thy bounty to grant forgiveness
unto me and unto my father and my mother. Of those who
show forth mercy, Thou art in truth the Most Merciful. No
God is there but Thee, the Ever-Forgiving, the All-Bountiful.

O Lord! Thou seest this essence of sinfulness turning
unto the ocean of Thy favour and this feeble one seeking the
kingdom of Thy divine power and this poor creature
inclining himself towards the day-star of Thy wealth. By
Thy mercy and Thy grace, disappoint him not, O Lord, nor
debar him from the revelations of Thy bounty in Thy days,
nor cast him away from Thy door which Thou has opened
wide to all that dwell in Thy heaven and on Thine earth.

Alas! Alas! My sins have prevented me from approaching
the Court of Thy holiness and my trespasses have caused me
to stray far from the Tabernacle of Thy majesty. I have
committed that which Thou didst forbid me to do and have
put away what Thou didst ordain me to observe.

I pray Thee by Him Who is the sovereign Lord of Names
to write down for me with the Pen of Thy bounty that
which will enable me to draw nigh unto thee and will purge
me from my trespasses which have intervened between me
and Thy forgiveness and Thy pardon.

Verily, Thou art the Potent, the Bountiful. No God is
there but Thee, the Mighty, the Gracious.(10) <p355>
Another practice denounced by Baha'u'llah in the Kitab-i-Aqdas and one that is repugnant to Him is that of using religion and the worship of God for one's own self-advancement. In the past, countless men have used the cloak of religion in order to gain leadership. Some ambitious people posed as holy men in order to win the respect of the community. In this day too there are many who are doing the same. Today the real meanings of piety and holiness have been lost, and instead these words have often become the trademark for the hypocrite disguised in the garb of religion, pretending to be a holy man, while his deeds and private life vastly differ from his words.
For instance, in Persia, the cradle of the Faith of Baha'u'llah, many people have been led to believe that one of the signs of spirituality and holiness is for a religious leader to be muttering the words of the Qur'an as he walks among the public. Often the clergy are seen in the streets to be moving their lips, pretending to be reciting prayers. Baha'u'llah has forbidden this practice in the Kitab-i-Aqdas. Another form of hypocrisy current among many people in Persia in the early days of the Faith was to force a permanent impression of a small prayer tile[1] on their foreheads in order to advertise their piety to the public. When the ignorant and the fanatic gazed upon one's swollen forehead, they were carried away in adoration of a so-called holy man who had spent so much of his time in prayer prostrating himself so frequently upon the hard prayer tile that a callous had formed on his forehead! Although there must be many religious people who with pure motive live a goodly life, yet the hypocrisy associated with those who pose as pious and holy is widespread.
[1 The faithful Muslim praying in the mosque performs certain genuflections. One of these is prostration, when the worshipper lies with face to the ground as a token of submission and humility. There is a custom among Shi'ah Muslims when they lie prostrate, to place their foreheads upon a small tile supposed to be made of holy dust gathered from the vicinity of one of their shrines.] <p356>
In His teachings, Baha'u'llah places paramount importance upon purity of motive and sincerity in one's thoughts and actions. In the Kitab-i-Aqdas He enumerates some of the virtues that must adorn a human soul:
Adorn your heads with the garlands of trustworthiness and
fidelity, your hearts with the attire of the Fear of God, your
tongues with absolute truthfulness, your bodies with the
vesture of courtesy. These are in truth seemly adornings
unto the temple of man, if ye be of them that reflect. Cling,
O ye people of Baha, to the cord of servitude unto God, the
True One, for thereby your stations shall be made manifest,
your names written and preserved, your ranks raised and
your memory exalted in the Preserved Tablet. Beware lest
the dwellers on earth hinder you from this glorious and
exalted station. Thus have We exhorted you in most of our
Epistles and now in this, Our Holy Tablet, above which
hath beamed the Day-star of the Laws of the Lord, your
God, the Powerful, the All-Wise.(11)
In the Hidden Words, He rebukes the 'ulama in these words:
O ye that are foolish, yet have a name to be wise! Wherefore
do ye wear the guise of shepherds, when inwardly ye have
become wolves, intent upon My flock? Ye are even as the
star, which riseth ere the dawn, and which, though it seem
radiant and luminous, leadeth the wayfarers of My city
astray into the paths of perdition.(12)
O ye seeming fair yet inwardly foul! Ye are like clear but
bitter water, which to outward seeming is crystal pure but
of which, when tested by the divine Assayer, not a drop is
accepted. Yea, the sun beam falls alike upon the dust and the
mirror, yet differ they in reflection even as doth the star
from the earth: nay, immeasurable is the difference!(13)
In another passage He indicates that in this Dispensation nothing but pure deeds will be acceptable to God:
O my friends! Quench ye the lamp of error, and kindle
within your hearts the everlasting torch of divine guidance. <p357>
For ere long the assayers of mankind shall, in the holy
presence of the Adored, accept naught but purest virtue and
deeds of stainless holiness.(14)
Health and Medicine: Lawh-i-Tibb (Tablet of Medicine) In the Kitab-i-Aqdas Baha'u'llah states that God has created the means for the achievement of everything in this life. He urges the people to use them. For instance, He directs His followers to consult a skilled physician when ill. In this example medicine is the means by which an ill person may recover from his illness. Similarly, there are means through which man may overcome his poverty, ignorance, or any other problem.
Of course, prayer plays an important part in the life of man, but prayer without action has little or no effect at all. The two must go hand-in-hand. By adhering to the means for achieving a goal, and by drawing on the power of God through prayer, one's efforts will become crowned with success. The sick person should follow the advice of a skilled physician by taking the remedy, and at the same time praying for healing.
Baha'u'llah has clearly stated that through prayer the sick person may recover from his illness, and has revealed several healing prayers; but He has not made the spiritual approach to healing an alternative to a doctor's prescription. In order to emphasize this point Baha'u'llah, in most cases, ordered His companions to seek the advice of a doctor when they were ill, rather than healing them through His divine powers. He also told them to pray for the sick person and when the members of His own family were taken ill, He asked for a doctor to come.
It must also be pointed out that while Baha'u'llah emphasizes the importance of prayers for the sick, He does not advocate any other method of spiritual healing such as those practised by faith healers or similar practitioners. In answer to a question by an individual, Shoghi Effendi writes through his secretary: <p358>
There is no such thing as Baha'i healers or a Baha'i type of
healing. In His Most Holy Book (the Aqdas) Baha'u'llah
says to consult the best physicians, in other words, doctors
who have studied a scientific system of medicine; he never
gave us to believe that He himself would heal us through
'healers', but rather through prayer and the assistance of
medicine and approved treatments.(15)
Baha'u'llah teaches that the science of medicine and the art of healing must be developed. 'Abdu'l-Baha has stated that the science of medicine will be so perfected in the future that most diseases will be treated with foods, herbs and natural remedies. Although it is not the main mission of Baha'u'llah to give guidance on matters dealing with food and health--a role which must be played by science in this age--He has nevertheless given some basic advice about diet and hygiene.
In the Tablet known as the Lawh-i-Tibb (Tablet of Medicine) revealed in honour of Aqa Mirza Muhammad-Riday-i-Tabib, a physician from Yazd, Baha'u'llah advocates medical treatment when it is necessary, recommends treating the patient first through diet and resorting to medicine if the former proves ineffective. In this Tablet He enumerates some of the basic prescriptions for good health and gives some dietary advice.[1] He also stresses the importance of contentment under all circumstances for good health, asserts that grief and sorrow will cause man the greatest misery and warns that jealousy will consume the body while anger will burn the liver.
[1 These counsels are not discussed here because they would open up some important medical subjects which are beyond the scope and purpose of this book.]
In this Tablet, Baha'u'llah exhorts the physician to heal the patient by first turning to God and seeking His assistance, and then prescribing the remedy. He affirms that a physician who has recognized Him and has become filled with His love will exert such an influence that his mere visit will restore health to the patient.
Indeed Aqa Mirza Muhammad-Rida, for whom this Tablet <p359> was revealed, lived up to these high ideals. Of him, Haji Muhammad Tahir-i-Malmiri writes:
One of the early believers who embraced the Faith when
Siyyid Yahyay-i-Darabi, known as Vahid,[1] came to Yazd,
was Aqa Mirza Muhammad-Riday-i-Tabib. He was a
skilled and distinguished physician, and an embodiment of
grace and steadfastness. The Pen of the Most High revealed
the Lawh-i-Tibb in his honour. In that exalted Tablet,
Baha'u'llah states that the mere visit of a physician who has
drunk deep of the wine of His love will cure the patient.
Mirza Muhammad-Rida was truly the fulfilment of these
words of Baha'u'llah. He used to cure the patient by
administering very simple remedies. Truly, he possessed
wonderful qualities which made him a very special person in
the community of the Most Great Name. Owing to his
intense piety he became highly disturbed when Mirza
Yahya broke the Covenant. As a result he was bewildered
and stunned; he even became hesitant in the Cause for a
short time. Then it was as though Divine Providence sent
Mulla Zaynu'l-'Abidin, a native of Najafabad (he was
entitled by Baha'u'llah as Zaynu'l-Muqarribin[2] to Yazd in
order to calm his agitation and dispel his doubts. Zaynu'l-Muqarribin
at first stayed in the house of this servant in the
district of Malamir, but when he learned of the intense
anguish and distress that Mirza Muhammad-Rida was
subjected to, he changed his residence and stayed in his
home instead. Consequently, Mirza Muhammad-Rida
became fully aware of the circumstances of the Revelation
of Baha'u'llah.[3] He later received many Tablets from the
Pen of the Most High, and served the Faith of Baha'u'llah
with devotion and love till the end of his life. He was about
eighty years old when he passed away.(16)
[1 See vol. 1, Appendix III.]
[2 See vol. 1, pp. 25-6.]
[3 In the early days of the Faith, in the absence of proper communication the Babis were easily misled by rumours and false propaganda. There was nothing more assuring than meeting those who were truly learned and had first-hand knowledge of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah.] <p360>
In the Lawh-i-Tibb Baha'u'llah praises the science of medicine as being the most meritorious of all sciences, and states that it is the means which God has created for the well-being of mankind. And it is at the end of this Tablet that He reveals one of His most celebrated healing prayers:
Thy Name is my healing, O my God, and remembrance of
Thee is my remedy. Nearness to Thee is my hope, and love
for Thee is my companion. Thy mercy to me is my healing
and my succour in both this world and the world to come.
Thou, verily, art the All-Bountiful, the All-Knowing, the
All-Wise.
Also in this Tablet Baha'u'llah states the importance of courage and steadfastness in His Cause as well as wisdom in teaching it. He categorically affirms that if the believers had faithfully carried out His commandments, the majority of the peoples of the world would have embraced His Faith in His days.
No reference to medicine and its role in healing would be complete without mentioning the power of the Holy Spirit which is exclusive to the Manifestations of God, a power that can heal without any physical means. This is the power that Christ possessed and that Baha'u'llah manifested fully in this day. There were many occasions when Baha'u'llah or 'Abdu'l-Baha, upon whom the same powers were conferred, brought miraculous healing to a person when doctors had failed.
Although Baha'u'llah has forbidden His followers to attribute miracles to Him, nevertheless there are many accounts left to posterity by His disciples,. describing the circumstances in which He either healed incurables or raised the dead. We have described one such case in the previous volume.[1] But none of these supernatural acts were considered by His followers to be a proof of the truth of His Cause, as otherwise this would amount to the degradation of His exalted station.
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 290-91.] <p361>
'Abdu'l-Baha also possessed this power. Dr Yunis Khan,[1] a distinguished and trusted secretary of 'Abdu'l-Baha and one of the Heralds of the Covenant of Baha'u'llah, writes an interesting account in his memoirs. The following is a summary of his reminiscences:
[1 For a brief account of his life and service to the Cause see The Bah' World, vol. XII, pp. 679-81. The title 'Herald of the Covenant' was sometimes given by 'Abdu'l-Baha and Shoghi Effendi to outstanding promoters of the Covenant.]
I heard 'Abdu'l-Baha many times speaking about the subject
of medicine: He used to say that Jinab-i-Kalim
(Baha'u'llah's faithful brother) was very knowledgeable in
herbal medicine and used to practise it. In the early days
'Abdu'l-Baha also used to prescribe medicine to those who
came to him for healing. But later Baha'u'llah directed Him
not to prescribe for patients, so that the believers might turn
to the medical profession and not form the habit of seeking
medical advice from unqualified people. This advice was
given by Baha'u'llah so that His injunction in the Kitab-i-Aqdas
to consult a skilled physician might be realized.

Although we all knew that because of this particular
commandment in the Kitab-i-Aqdas, 'Abdu'l-Baha, the
healer of spiritual ills, would not consent to prescribe for a
physical sickness, yet whenever the doctor's treatment
failed to cure, the patient used to turn to the Master and beg
for healing from the One who was the Healer of all ills. And
since the compassionate nature of 'Abdu'l-Baha was such
that He could not withhold help from an individual who
turned to Him, in such cases He would, as a matter of
principle, employ some means to cure the patient. This He
did by offering some remedy and thus conferring healing on
the individual. More surprising is the fact that whereas the
believers acted with some restraint, the non-Baha'i public
who were not aware of the real situation used to come to
Him for healing more often, and none of them left feeling
disappointed.

One of the remedial means which was at 'Abdu'l-Baha's
disposal and which He offered to many a sick person, was a <p362>
delicious sauce made from pomegranates. The fruit had
been grown in the Garden of Ridvan in 'Akka. To whomsoever
'Abdu'l-Baha gave this sauce, whether a believer or a
non-Baha',, He would say that the pomegranates had
grown on trees in the Garden of Ridvan, trees which had
been blessed by Baha'u'llah's eyes. But what were the
circumstances which produced healing? Was it an inherent
nature of the patient to be cured, was the cure the result of
taking the sauce, or was it purely through the will of
'Abdu'l-Baha? I do not know the answer, but one thing I
know that it was proved time and time again that this
delicious fruit sauce was the remedy for many an illness!
This was one of the topics often discussed among the
believers in the Pilgrim House.

Another prescription which 'Abdu'l-Baha gave to some
was that of fasting or cutting down on certain foods. But
there was another method which 'Abdu'l-Baha, the healer
of man's spiritual ills, would use. And that was healing
without any means... Once I was cured by Him without
any material means. This is the story:

During the time that Dr. Arastu Khan was in 'Akka and
staying in the Pilgrim House, I became ill... Although this
illness lasted for a long time and the pain was intolerable, I
did not ask 'Abdu'l-Baha for a cure. Instead Dr. Arastu
Khan treated me and used all the tricks he knew. But I was
no better... One night I experienced an excruciating pain
which was beyond endurance. All the pilgrims who heard
my groaning became so weary that although it was two
hours after midnight, we all agreed to despatch Aqa
Muhammad-Hasan, the caretaker of the Pilgrim House, to
the house of the Master, and beg for healing. This was done.
I do not know whether His blessed Person was asleep or
awake at the time. The only thing I know is that when Aqa
Muhammad-Hasan had returned, I was in a deep sleep.
When I woke up in the afternoon, there was no pain, and in
the evening I felt able to walk. For about twenty-five days I
had been ill and the last few days confined to bed. During
this period I had been deprived of attaining the presence of
the Master. So I walked slowly towards His house. I met <p363>
Him on the road where I attained His presence. He asked
about my health and showered His bounties and grace upon
me. I felt it was an opportune moment to beg Him to grant
me complete recovery. This I did. He said, 'Very well, but
you ought to have a blood-letting operation, either by using
a cupping-glass or by phlebotomy.'[1]
[1 The cupping-glass is an old method of blood-letting. A cut is made in some part of the body, usually in the back, then bleeding takes place by applying a glass vessel with open mouth to the skin and forming a partial vacuum which helps to suck the blood out. Phlebotomy is another old method of blood-letting by cutting the vein.]
The word cupping-glass frightened me, and like a spoiled
child, I pulled up my shoulders and screwed up my face,
meaning that I could not bear a knife or a cupping glass!
Seeing me in this mode, He said in an amused voice, 'Good
gracious, man, I want to send you to face the swords of the
enemies and you are afraid of a cupping-glass!'

Being outspoken and known for my blabbing habits, I
ventured to say jokingly, 'When that happens, God will
show his benevolence to me! But if I wanted to use the
cupping-glass as a means of recovery, why would I come to
your presence and beg for healing from you?' He smiled...
and that was the final remedy for me. I was healed without
any material means.(17)
One of Baha'u'llah's injunctions in the Kitab-i-Aqdas is immaculate cleanliness. He calls on His followers to become the embodiment of purity among the peoples of the world. Although this commandment of Baha'u'llah relates to physical cleanliness, and therefore is conducive to man's dignity and distinction, it exerts an appreciable influence on his spiritual state. For outward cleanliness is a sign of spiritual purity and liveliness. In every stage of His life, whether in prison or in freedom, 'Abdu'l-Baha, the Exemplar of the Teachings of Baha'u'llah, lived up to this important teaching. One of His striking features to which friends and foes have paid glowing tribute, was His spotless cleanliness and His outward appearance. <p364>
In His Writings Baha'u'llah has enjoined upon His followers spotless chastity for both men and women. In the Kitab-i-Aqdas He reiterates this important moral issue. At a time when the forces of irreligion are sweeping across the world and standards of morality are declining, the teachings of Baha'u'llah on chastity shine as a light in darkness. The exhortations in the following passages gleaned from one of His Tablets demonstrate the highest standard of morality which He inculcates in His followers:
Say, he is not to be numbered with the people of Baha who
followeth his mundane desires, or fixeth his heart on things
of the earth. He is my true follower who, if he come to a
valley of pure gold will pass straight through it aloof as a
cloud, and will neither turn back, nor pause. Such a man is
assuredly of Me. From his garment the Concourse on high
can inhale the fragrance of sanctity... And if he met the
fairest and most comely of women, he would not feel his
heart seduced by the least shadow of desire for her beauty
Such an one indeed is the creation of spotless chastity. Thus
instructeth you the Pen of the Ancient of Days, as bidden by
your Lord, the Almighty, the All-Bountiful.(18)
Having surveyed the Writings of Baha'u'llah, Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baha'i Faith, has summarized some of Baha'u'llah's teachings on this subject. These are his conclusions:
A chaste and holy life must be made the controlling
principle in the behaviour and conduct of all Baha'is, both in
their social relations with the members of their own
community, and in their contact with the world at large. It
must adorn and reinforce the ceaseless labours and
meritorious exertions of those whose enviable position is to
propagate the Message, and to administer the affairs, of the
Fath of Baha'u'llah. It must be upheld, in all its integrity
and Implications, in every phase of the life of those who fill
the ranks of that Faith, whether in their homes, their travels,
their clubs, their societies, their entertainments, their <p365>
schools, and their universities. It must be accorded special
consideration in the conduct of the social activities of every
Baha'i summer school and any other occasions on which
Baha'i community life is organized and fostered. It must be
closely and continually identified with the mission of the
Baha'i Youth, both as an element in the life of the Baha'i
community, and as a factor in the future progress and
orientation of the youth of their own country.

Such a chaste and holy life, with its implications of modesty,
purity, temperance, decency, and clean-mindedness, involves
no less than the exercise of moderation in all that
pertains to dress, language, amusements, and all artistic and
literary avocations. It demands daily vigilance in the control
of one's carnal desires and corrupt inclinations. It calls for
the abandonment of a frivolous conduct, with its excessive
attachment to trivial and often misdirected pleasures. It
requires total abstinence from all alcoholic drinks, from
opium, and from similar habit-forming drugs. It condemns
the prostitution of art and of literature, the practices of
nudism and of companionate marriage, infidelity in marital
relationships, and all manner of promiscuity, of easy familiarity,
and of sexual vices. It can tolerate no compromise
with the theories, the standards, the habits, and the excesses
of a decadent age. Nay rather it seeks to demonstrate, through
the dynamic force of its example, the pernicious character of
such theories, the falsity of such standards, the hollowness
of such claims, the perversity of such habits, and the sacrilegious
character of such excesses.(19)
Marriage
Baha'u'llah has encouraged the people to enter into matrimony and has affirmed it to be a cause of well-being and unity among the children of men. In the Kitab-i-Aqdas He states:
Enter into wedlock, O people, that ye may bring forth one
who will make mention of Me...(20) <p366>
As indicated in this passage, the main purpose of marriage according to Baha'i teachings is procreation.
To promote unity and avoid disagreement between families, Baha'u'llah has ordained that after the consent of both parties which is an essential element in marriage, the couple must obtain the consent of their natural parents as well. Without the latter a Baha'i marriage cannot take place. The Baha'i marriage ceremony is a very simple and moving experience. At present it is conducted under the auspices of Spiritual Assemblies.
Baha'i teachings emphasize that a true marriage is one that creates a union between man and wife on both the physical and the spiritual levels. Such a marriage becomes an eternal partnership and brings happiness and joy to the hearts.
'Abdu'l-Baha in one of His Tablets writes:
Marriage, among the mass of the people, is a physical bond,
and this union can only be temporary, since it is foredoomed
to a physical separation at the close.

Among the people of Baha, however, marriage must be a
union of the body and of the spirit as well, for here both
husband and wife are aglow with the same wine, both are
enamoured of the same matchless Face, both live and move
through the same spirit, both are illumined by the same
glory. This connection between them is a spiritual one,
hence it is a bond that will abide forever. Likewise do they
enjoy strong and lasting ties in the physical world as well,
for if the marriage is based both on the spirit and the body,
that union is a true one, hence it will endure. If, however,
the bond is physical and nothing more, it is sure to be only
temporary, and must inexorably end in separation.

When, therefore, the people of Baha undertake to marry,
the union must be a true relationship, a spiritual coming
together as well as a physical one, so that throughout every
phase of life, and in all the worlds of God, their union will
endure; for this real oneness is a gleaming out of the love of
God.(21)
And again: <p367>
Baha'i marriage is the commitment of the two parties one to
the other, and their mutual attachment of mind and heart.
Each must, however, exercise the utmost care to become
thoroughly acquainted with the character of the other, that
the binding covenant between them may be a tie that will
endure forever. Their purpose must be this: to become
loving companions and comrades and at one with each other
for time and eternity...

The true marriage of Baha'is is this, that the husband and
wife should be united both physically and spiritually, that
they may ever improve the spiritual life of each other, and
may enjoy everlasting unity throughout all the worlds of
God. This is Baha'i marriage.(22)
Music: 'Spiritual Food of the Hearts and Souls'
In Islamic communities music had been condemned by the clergy because they considered it to be conducive to pleasure and leading man to lust. In Persia, during the early days of the Faith, musicians were denounced by religious leaders as agents of Satan. The stigma attached to music was so distasteful that musicians had to hide their instruments in public. At weddings, for instance, people had to observe some religious rites in the presence of the clergy. But it was a well-known secret that the musicians were waiting in another room and when the Mulla's performance was finished and he had left, they came out to play their instruments and make merry.
The following story serves to illustrate the severity with which the clergy dealt with anyone who indulged in this art.
In the bazaars in Persia there are shops selling kebab. The meat was placed on a wooden board and had to be chopped and then minced with a very large and heavy chopping knife which usually had to be held by its two ends. When the chopping knife hit the meat on the board, it made a loud noise. In a busy shop at least one man would be engaged from morning till night doing this work.
There was a man in the city of Yazd who was working in this <p368> capacity in such a shop, but he was a merry man at heart and loved music, so as he hit the board he cleverly used to produce a rhythm. Though not more than a mere thumping sound, it was attractive to the ear. This, combined with the rhythmic movement of his body, made an interesting spectacle for the passer-by. For some time there was controversy over this man and his way of mincing the meat! Eventually, one of the mujtahids[1] of Yazd decided to put an end to this sacrilegious act! The poor man was summoned and warned that he would be severely punished if he continued this practice.
[1 Doctor of Islamic law.]
Within such a society, Baha'u'llah declares in the Kitab-i-Aqdas that music is a means by which the spirit of man may experience upliftment and joy. These are His words in that Book:
We have permitted you to listen to music and singing.
Beware lest such listening cause you to transgress the
bounds of decency and dignity. Rejoice in the joy of My
Most Great Name through which the hearts are enchanted
and the minds of the well-favoured are attracted.

We have made music a ladder by which souls may ascend
to the realm on high. Change it not into wings for self and
passion. I seek refuge in God that you be not of the
ignorant.(23)
'Abdu'l-Baha too has praised music and singing, in several Tablets. In one of these He writes:
This wonderful age has rent asunder the veils of superstition
and has condemned the prejudice of the people of the East.
Among some of the nations of the Orient, music and
harmony was not approved of, but the Manifested Light
Baha'u'llah, in this glorious period has revealed in Holy
Tablets that singing and music are the spiritual food of the
hearts and souls. In this dispensation, music is one of the
arts that is highly approved and is considered to be the cause
of the exaltation of sad and desponding hearts. <p369>

Therefore... set to music the verses and the divine words
so that they may be sung with soul-stirring melody in the
Assemblies and gatherings, and that the hearts of the
listeners may become tumultuous and rise towards the
Kingdom of Abha in supplication and prayer.(24)
'That No One Should Exalt Himself over the Other'
In the Kitab-i-Aqdas Baha'u'llah censures in very strong terms all acts of strife, contention and violence. He absolutely forbids His followers to engage in anything from which the odour of mischief and sedition can be detected. He counsels them never to sow the seeds of dissension or to foment discord among men. Baha'u'llah's commandments in this respect are uncompromising. He categorically states that any mischief-maker or stirrer-up of sedition is not of Him and cannot claim allegiance to His Cause.
Baha'u'llah enjoins love and unity towards the peoples of the world regardless of their background. In the Kitab-i-Aqdas, He reveals these words:
Consort with all religions with amity and concord, that they
may inhale from you the sweet fragrance of God. Beware
lest amidst men the flame of foolish ignorance overpower
you. All things proceed from God and unto Him they
return. He is the source of all things and in Him all things
are ended.(25)
And in the same book Baha'u'llah warns His followers not to show pride or haughtiness to anyone, and reminds them that all humanity has come into being from the same substance, and that all shall return to dust. He urges them therefore not to prefer themselves to their neighbours, nor to wish for others what they do not wish for themselves.
One of Baha'u'llah's prohibitions in the Kitab-i-Aqdas is slave trading. For thousands of years people took slaves. With the <p370> coming of Baha'u'llah, however, God released in the world the forces of unity, and proclaimed the equality of human rights. These have now become the spirit of the age and humanity has come a long way during the last hundred years, abandoning the age-long practice of slavery. In forbidding slavery, Baha'u'llah in the Kitab-i-Aqdas simply states that it is not proper for a man to buy another man. For all are the servants of the one true God and are equal in His sight.
In the Hidden Words Baha'u'llah thus admonishes the peoples of the world:
O Children of Men! Know ye not why We created you all
from the same dust? That no one should exalt himself over
the other. Ponder at all times in your hearts how ye were
created. Since We have created you all from one same
substance it is incumbent on you to be even as one soul, to
walk with the same feet, eat with the same mouth and dwell
in the same land, that from your inmost being, by your
deeds and actions, the signs of oneness and the essence of
detachment may be made manifest. Such is My counsel to
you. O concourse of light! Heed ye this counsel that ye may
obtain the fruit of holiness from the tree of wondrous
glory.(26)
And again:
O Brethren! Be forbearing one with another and set not
your affection on things below. Pride not yourselves in
your glory, and be not ashamed of abasement. By My
beauty! I have created all things from dust, and to dust will I
return them again.(27) <p371>
Kitab-i-Aqdas.
5. The Covenant of Baha'u'llah

In several passages in the Kitab-i-Aqdas Baha'u'llah prepared His followers for the time when He would depart from this world and, in His own words, ascend to His 'other dominions, whereon the eyes of the people of names have never fallen'.(1) In two of these passages there is a clear indication that after Him, the faithful must turn to the Centre of His Covenant:
When the Mystic Dove will have winged its flight from its
Sanctuary of Praise and sought its far-off goal, its hidden
habitation, refer ye whatsoever ye understand not in the
Book to Him Who hath branched from this mighty Stock.(2)
And again:
When the ocean of My presence hath ebbed and the Book of
My Revelation is ended, turn your faces toward Him
Whom God hath purposed, Who hath branched from this
Ancient Root.(3)
Although Baha'u'llah did not explicitly identify the Centre of His Covenant in either of these passages in the Kitab-i-Aqdas, there was no doubt in the minds of the believers that Baha'u'llah was referring to no other person than 'Abdu'l-Baha. Baha'u'llah made this appointment clear when He quoted the above verse in His Will and Testament known as the Book of His Covenant, and stated that it referred to the Most Great Branch ('Abdu'l-Baha).[1]
[1 The Covenant of Baha'u'llah and its Centre, 'Abdu'l-Baha, will be further discussed in the next volume.] <p372>
In another passage in the Kitab-i-Aqdas concerning his ascension,[1] Baha'u'llah assures His loved ones of His unfailing support and confirmation in these words:
[1 Baha'is often refer to the passing of Baha'u'llah as His ascension. This signifies the ascension of His Spirit to the spiritual realms of God.]
Let not your hearts be perturbed, O people, when the glory
of My Presence is withdrawn, and the ocean of My
utterance is stilled. In My presence amongst you there is a
wisdom, and in My absence there is yet another, inscrutable
to all but God, the Incomparable, the All-Knowing. Verily,
We behold you from Our realm of glory, and shall aid
whosoever will arise for the triumph of Our Cause with the
hosts of the Concourse on high and a company of Our
favoured angels.(4)
Not only did Baha'u'llah allude in the Kitab-i-Aqdas to the One who would be His immediate successor, but by implication He, in that same book, anticipated the institution of the Guardianship.[1] Although the following passage in the Kitab-i-Aqdas is about Huququ'llah,[2] it indicates the pattern of the unfoldment of the Faith of Baha'u'llah.
[1 For more information about the institution of the Guardianship see The Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha, and Shoghi Effendi, The Dispensation of Baha'u'llah.]
[2 See p. 73n.]
The endowments dedicated to charity revert to God, the
Revealer of Signs. No one has the right to lay hold on them
without leave from the Dawning-Place of Revelation. After
Him the decision rests with the Aghsan (Branches), and
after them with the House of Justice--should it be
established in the world by then--so that they may use
these endowments for the benefit of the Sites exalted in this
Cause, and for that which they have been commanded by
God, the Almighty, the All-Powerful. Otherwise the
endowments should be referred to the people of Baha, who
speak not without His leave and who pass no judgment but
in accordance with that which God has ordained in this <p373>
Tablet, they who are the champions of victory betwixt
heaven and earth, so that they may spend them on that
which has been decreed in the Holy Book by God, the
Mighty, the Bountiful.(5)
The word Aghsan (plural of Ghusn), literally means 'branches'. This word was exclusively used by Baha'u'llah to refer to His male descendants. In the above passage this word is used in the plural which indicates that there would be more than one Ghusn in His Dispensation who would become the Centre of the Cause. It turned out to be two, 'Abdu'l-Baha and Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Faith. In this passage there is a striking indication that there will be a break in the line of the Aghsan. It also makes provision for the eventuality that this line might end before the House of Justice had been instituted--a situation which actually took place after the passing of Shoghi Effendi in 1957. For a little over five years the Hands of the Cause of God managed the affairs of the Baha'i community as custodians of the Faith, and in 1963 the Universal House of Justice came into being and took over the reins of the Cause of God.
There is a moving passage in the Kitab-i-Aqdas addressed to Baha'u'llah's unfaithful half-brother Mirza Yahya. He had been brought under the shadow of the Faith of the Bab at an early age by Baha'u'llah. He was cared for by Baha'u'llah at every stage of his youth, so that he might serve the Cause of God with devotion and sincerity. But, alas, his lust for leadership induced him to break the Covenant of the Bab and rise up in opposition against the Supreme Manifestation of God. We have already described in previous volumes his rise and fall, as well as the unbearable sufferings that he inflicted upon Baha'u'llah.
In spite of the harrowing afflictions that the Blessed Beauty suffered at the hand of this half-brother, He, in the Kitab-i-Aqdas, reminds Mirza Yahya of the early days of his life when <p374> He, as a token of His bounty, nurtured him so that he might become a worthy instrument for the service of the Cause. He asks him to call to mind the times when he used to be summoned to stand before Baha'u'llah and take down the verses of God which were revealed by Him, counsels him to return to God after his shameful rebellion against His Manifestation, and assures him that God would forgive all his iniquities should he now repent and beg forgiveness from Him.
These words fell on deaf ears, and Mirza Yahya, in spite of losing the support of his master, Siyyid Muhammad-i-Isfahani, remained unrepentant. He outlived Baha'u'llah by several years and after witnessing the rising prestige of the Faith of Baha'u'llah and the diffusion of its light in the Western world, he died ignominiously on the island of Cyprus in 1912.
One of the most important teachings of Baha'u'llah, perhaps the most important, is that He has strictly forbidden His followers to interpret His words. In the Kitab-i-Aqdas He reveals:
Whoso interpreteth what hath been sent down from the
heaven of Revelation, and altereth its evident meaning, he,
verily, is of them that have perverted the Sublime Word of
God, and is of the lost ones in the Lucid Book.(6)
In other Tablets too He has clearly indicated that no one has the right to interpret, modify or alter His words. As we have already stated, 'Abdu'l-Baha is the authoritative Interpreter of Baha'u'llah's words and so is Shoghi Effendi. The reason that this is the most important teaching of Baha'u'llah is that every schism in older religions was caused, in the first place, by differences of interpretation among their leaders.
In an attempt to highlight some of the distinguishing features of Baha'i teachings, especially those which are not to be found in other religions, the outstanding Baha'i scholar Mirza Abu'l-Fadl outlines nine teachings and briefly dwells on <p375> each, presumably in their order of importance. The first two relate to this subject. This is a translation of his words:
First, a command which is particularly a feature of the Baha'i
religion and is not found in the other religion is 'abstaining
from crediting verbal traditions.' It is well known to men of
learning that it was verbal tradition which divided the Jews
into two great sects. Such traditions are the basis of the book
of Talmud, and caused the division of that one nation...

Similarly in the Christian religion the main cause of
schism and division were these verbal traditions which were
termed 'authoritative'. Each one of the Christian churches,
such as the Catholic, the Orthodox, the Jacobite, the
Nestorian and others consider it obligatory to follow these
traditions inherited from and handed down by the fathers of
the Church, as the very text of the Holy Book...

Likewise in the religion of Islam, claiming these verbal
traditions which were related of the Founder of that
religion, subsequent to His death, was the cause of the
division and separation into various of the principal sects.

Each of these hold to a set of traditions considered as
authentic by their own sect.

But BAHA'O'LLAH closed to the people of the world this
door which is the greatest means for sedition; for He has
clearly announced that 'in the religion of God all recorded
matters are referable to the Book and all unrecorded matters
are dependent upon the decision of the House of Justice.'
Thus all narrations, relations and verbal traditions have
been discredited among the Baha'i people and the door of
dissension, which is the greatest among the doors of hell,
has been closed and locked

Second: One of the laws and ordinances peculiar to the
Baha'i religion is the law prohibiting the interpreting of the
Word of God. For interpretation of the Words and
exposition of personal opinion has been one of the greatest
means of dissension in the former religions, the cause of
darkening of the horizon of faith and concealing the real
meaning of the Book of God.

It is an evident fact that learned men differ in their minds, <p376>
and the natural gifts of sagacity and intelligence or the lack
of understanding and comprehension vary in degrees
among them. Thus when the door of interpretation and
perverting of the Words from their outward meaning is
opened, strange opinions and curious contradictory
interpretations will result and different sects will arise
among the one people and one religious community.

Consequently BAHA'O'LLAH has explicitly commanded
His followers to wholly abandon the door of interpretation
and follow the Words revealed in the Tablets according to
their outward meaning, so that the events which have
transpired among the past nations should not recur among
the Baha'i people and the unwelcome happenings which
appeared among the various sects due to difference in
mentality and viewpoint should not become manifest in this
new auspicious day, which is the day of the glorious Lord.(7)
Our Part in the Covenant
The progress of the Cause of Baha'u'llah is dependent upon the actions of the believers. Every pure deed attracts the confirmations of Baha'u'llah which in turn bring victory to the Cause. But without the individual taking the step, God's assistance cannot reach the Baha'i community This is one of the irrevocable laws of the Covenant of God. This Covenant has two sides, God's and man's. God's part of the Covenant cannot be confused with man's part. God pours out His bounties and grace upon man, but man must make the necessary move to receive them. Without him opening his heart and submitting himself, the gifts and bounties of God cannot reach him. In the Hidden Words Baha'u'llah has laid down the law of this Covenant in these words:
Love Me, that I may love thee. If thou lovest Me not, My
love can in no wise reach thee. Know this, O servant.(8)
It may be said that in this Dispensation God has given us two things out of His bounty. One is the Revelation of <p377> Baha'u'llah; the other, derived from the former, is the person of 'Abdu'l-Baha who became the repository of that Revelation, the Centre of the Covenant, as well as Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of His Cause. These two, the gifts of God to man in this age, constitute the side of the Covenant pertaining to God. It is through these two sources that God's bountiful favours are bestowed upon humanity in this age.
The part that man has to play is to recognize Baha'u'llah as the Manifestation of God, then obey His Teachings. When the individual achieves this, he has fulfilled his side of the Covenant with God. It is then that his faith, his obedience to the commandments of God and his living the life as a Baha'i will attract bountiful confirmations from on high; such a person will bring victory to the Cause of God. His words will become creative and his deeds will reflect the teachings and commandments of Baha'u'llah, he will influence the souls and move the hearts of people.
Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali, that great man of insight and understanding, writes:
By nature, human beings are ignorant, weak, sinful,
rebellious and wrongdoers, whereas authority, power,
sovereignty, forgiveness, lordship, beauty, grandeur,
majesty and perfection all revolve around the will of God
and His Word. To the extent that we may, through the will
of God and His bounties, place ourselves under the shadow
of His boundless favours, will our inherent shortcomings,
our animal characteristics, passions, and ignorance be
transformed into perfections and divine qualities,
bestowing upon us a measure of holiness, of knowledge, of
power and all the gifts of the Kingdom...(9)
Indeed, the greatest source of strength for a Baha'i is to draw from the power of Baha'u'llah. It is the only way through which the believer can effectively promote His Cause. The essential prerequisite for gaining access to this limitless source of spiritual energy is to have faith in Baha'u'llah and to believe <p378> wholeheartedly that this power exists. Without a sincere belief that Baha'u'llah is the Manifestation of God for this age and that He, and He alone, is the source of all creative energies destined to vivify the souls of all men, a Baha'i cannot succeed in tapping this mighty reservoir of celestial strength. It is the same in nature; how can a person utilize some form of energy without knowing its source? To have certitude in the Faith[1] is the first condition for success in drawing on the power of Baha'u'llah.
[1 For further information on this subject see vol. 2, pp. 216-21.]
The second condition is to become humble and consider oneself to be as utter nothingness in relation to God and His Manifestation. To appreciate this, let us turn to the laws of nature, for the laws and principles of this physical world are similar to those of the spiritual world. This is because God's creation, both physical and spiritual, is one entity. The laws of the lower kingdom exist in the higher kingdom but they are applied on a higher level. Energy can be generated between two points where there is a difference of levels. Water can flow from a higher plane on to a lower one. Electrical energy may be generated when there is a difference of potential between two points in the circuit.
Similarly, to draw on the power of Baha'u'llah, the believer must assume the position of lowliness in relation to Baha'u'llah's station of loftiness. Baha'u'llah may be likened to the summit of a mountain, and the believers to the valley below. In the same way that water pours from the mountain top into the valley, the energies of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah and the tokens of His power and might can reach a Baha'i who turns to Him in a spirit of true humility and servitude. The Writings of the Central Figures of the Faith bear abundant testimony to this basic principle which governs the relationship of man to his Creator. In the Hidden Words Baha'u'llah prescribes: 'Humble thyself before Me, that I may graciously visit thee...'(10) When the believer assumes the position of humility and utter nothingness towards his God, <p379> he will long to commune with Him in a spirit of prayer, a prayer which is without desire and 'transcends the murmur of syllables and sounds', a prayer of praise and glorification of God.
To have faith, to become humble and to raise one's voice in prayer and glorification of God, are not sufficient prerequisites for drawing on the power of Baha'u'llah. There is yet another vital condition which the individual must fulfil, namely, to arise to serve the Cause. If he does not act, the channels of grace will remain closed, and no amount of devotion to Baha'u'llah and humility before Him can release the powers from on high. The very act of arising in itself is bound to attract the confirmations of Baha'u'llah. In many of His Tablets, Baha'u'llah has assured His followers that if they arise with faith and devotion to promote His Cause, the unseen hosts of His confirmations will descend upon them and make them victorious. The following passage gleaned from the Kitab-i-Aqdas is one such statement among many:
Verily, we behold you from Our realm of glory, and shall
aid whosoever will arise for the triumph of Our Cause with
the hosts of the Concourse on high and a company of Our
favoured angels.(11)
The belief that the power of Baha'u'llah by itself can accomplish the promotion and establishment of the Faith throughout the world, without the believers fulfilling their obligations in teaching and building up the institutions of the Cause, is unfounded and completely against the laws of the Covenant of God. Indeed, the hands of Baha'u'llah are tied if the individual does not arise to serve His Cause. In some of His Writings as far back as in the days of 'Akka, Baha'u'llah has stated(12) that if all the believers had fully carried out His teachings in their daily lives, the great majority of the peoples of the world would have recognized Him and embraced His Cause in His days. <p380>
The Bab has stated(13) that every Revelation from God in the past was endowed with the potency to become a world religion. The reason that they did not was due to the fact that the believers in each Dispensation did not live up to the teachings of their Prophets. He mentions Islam and Christianity as examples. That neither of these religions spread through the discovered world of those days, that both failed to bring mankind in its entirety under their shadow, was because their followers did not faithfully practise their teachings. All this indicates that the Revelation of God, mighty and penetrating as it is, needs a worthy carrier to plant it in the hearts of men. The power to quicken and create a new spirit in souls comes from the Revelation of God. The believer acts as a channel designed to transmit the vivifying forces of the Faith of God to his fellow human beings.
Although the greater part of the human race did not embrace the Cause of Baha'u'llah in His days, for the reasons already stated, yet He has clearly prophesied that ultimately, His Message is destined to envelop the whole world, illumine the hearts of its peoples and unite them under the influence of one common religion--His Faith. In the Lawh-i-Dunya Baha'u'llah reveals these assuring words:
How vast is the tabernacle of the Cause of God! It hath
overshadowed all the peoples and kindreds of the earth, and
Will, ere long, gather together the whole of mankind
beneath its shelter.(14)
In another Tablet He states:
Grieve thou not at men's failure to apprehend the Truth.
Ere long thou shalt find them turning towards God, the
Lord of all mankind. We have indeed, through the potency
of the Most Sublime Word, encompassed the whole world,
and the time is approaching when God will have subdued
the hearts of all that dwell on earth. He is in truth the
Omnipotent, the All-Powerful.(15) <p381>
In a Tablet(16) to Shaykh Kazim-i-Samandar,[1] 'Abdu'l-Baha refers to a prophecy of Baha'u'llah made towards the end of His life, to the effect that soon God would raise up holy and detached souls for the spreading of His Cause throughout the World. Baha'u'llah has promised that these souls will be like stars in the heaven of guidance and the light of the morn of truth. They will burn as torches lighted by the hand of God, and as lamps shedding their lustre upon a dark world. These souls will not rest for a moment, nor will they become attached to the things of this world. They will spend their time in teaching the Cause and the diffusion of divine fragrances. Their faces will shine with the light of God's Revelation and their hearts will be filled with His love. They will disperse throughout the world, travel to every country, speak every language, proclaim His Message in every assembly, reveal the divine mysteries, diffuse His light, and promote His teachings among the peoples of the world. 'Abdu'l-Baha in this Tablet ardently prays that these souls, as promised by Baha'u'llah, may soon arise so that through the staunchness of their faith, the loftiness of their deeds, the potency of their detachment and the breaths of the Holy Spirit, they may bring victory to the Cause of Baha'u'llah.
[1 See p. 88.]
Today a vast number of dedicated believers from all over the world, and of every conceivable background, have arisen with vigour and devotion to promote the Cause of God as Baha'i pioneers and teachers. Indeed, with the rising of these detached and holy souls, the initial stage of this promise of Baha'u'llah has already been realized. The Faith of Baha'u'llah has now reached all parts of the world; through their self-sacrifice, their detachment and their faith, these men and women, drawing on the power of Baha'u'llah, have succeeded in erecting the framework of the divinely-ordained institutions of the Faith everywhere. The embryo of a new world order is now growing within the old, and for this reason the world will never be the same again. <p382>
'We Are With You at All Times'
From the beginning of this Dispensation up to the present time, every victory that the Faith of Baha'u'llah has achieved is due to His confirmations and assistance. The power released from on high has been responsible for the progress of the Cause and the building of its embryonic institutions. With very insignificant resources, handicapped by the lack of facilities and manpower, and often devoid of much knowledge and learning, thousands of men and women have scattered throughout the world and pioneered into the most inhospitable areas of the globe. And yet, in spite of their powerlessness and inadequacy, these souls have won astounding victories for the Cause of Baha'u'llah. All these people who arose with devotion have experienced the unfailing confirmations of Baha'u'llah reaching them in miraculous ways, enabling them to teach the Faith and build its institutions in spite of great and at times seemingly insurmountable obstacles.
The outpouring of confirmations pledged in the Kitab-i-Aqdas is clearly conditional upon the activity of the individual believer. It depends upon one action which may be summed up by the single magic word: 'Arise.' It is to the believer's inner urge to teach the Faith, and his act of 'arising', that God responds, releasing His powers from on high to sustain and strengthen him in his efforts to promote the word of God. Through the mere act of stepping forward to serve the Cause, great bounties will flood the soul, transforming its weakness into strength and its ignorance into wisdom and understanding.
In many of His Tablets Baha'u'llah makes similar promises. For example, He utters these assuring words:

By the righteousness of God! Whoso openeth his lips in this
Day and maketh mention of the name of his Lord, the hosts
of Divine inspiration shall descend upon him from the
heaven of My name, the All-Knowing, the All-Wise. On <p383>
him shall also descend the Concourse on high, each bearing
aloft a chalice of pure light. Thus hath it been fore-ordained
in the realm of God's Revelation, by the behest of Him Who
is the All-Glorious, the Most Powerful.(17)
From 'Abdu'l-Baha, in many Tablets, have come similar assurances, as in this one:
By the Lord of the Kingdom! If one arise to promote the
Word of God with a pure heart, overflowing with the love
of God and severed from the world, the Lord of Hosts will
assist him with such a power as will penetrate the core of the
existent beings.(18)
And Shoghi Effendi, too, reaffirmed these overwhelming promises. Through his secretary he wrote:
... Today, as never before, the magnet which attracts the
blessings from on high, is teaching the Faith of God. The
Hosts of Heaven are poised between heaven and earth, just
waiting, and patiently, for the Baha'i to step forth, with pure
devotion and consecration, to teach the Cause of God, so
they may rush to his aid and assistance. Let those who wish
to achieve immortality step forth and raise the Divine Call.
They will be astonished at the spiritual victories they will
gain.(19)
There is another passage in the Kitab-i-Aqdas in which Baha'u'llah refers to His ascension and assures His followers of His unfailing support at all times:
Be not dismayed, O peoples of the world, when the day-star
of My beauty is set, and the heaven of My tabernacle is
concealed from your eyes. Arise to further My Cause, and
to exalt My Word amongst men. We are with you at all
times, and shall strengthen you through the power of truth.
We are truly almighty. Whoso hath recognized Me, will
arise and serve Me with such determination that the powers
of earth and heaven shall be unable to defeat his purpose.(20) <p384>
In this passage, Baha'u'llah states, 'We are with you at all times, and shall strengthen you through the power of truth.' Many of His disciples in His day became assured of this and literally saw with their own eyes that He was with them at all times. We cite two examples: one is a story recounted in detail by Haji Muhammad-Tahir-i-Malmiri.[1] It concerns an incident which occurred in the course of his journey to 'Akka, and the words that Baha'u'llah addressed to him when he was ushered into His presence for the first time.
[1 See p. 40n.]
From his native city of Yazd, Haji Muhammad-Tahir went to Kirman on his way to 'Akka. There he met a devoted believer, Haji Muhammad-Khan-i-Baluch, a high-ranking personality of Baluchistan, who was going to 'Akka too. They decided that they would travel together. In his memoirs Haji Muhammad-Tahir writes:
After a stay of three months in Kirman we went to Sirjan
and stayed there for forty days. Muhammad-Khan was
dressed in the garb of a dervish and had flowing hair.
Because of this, the dervishes of Sirjan used to come to him
every night and he had to entertain them and give them
food. I suggested to him that he had better cut his hair short
and change his head-dress, so that we would get rid of the
dervishes in the city.[1] He agreed with my suggestion and
changed his attire. After this, whenever the dervishes came,
they were told that the leader had gone, and so we were left
alone. While in Sirjan, a certain believer, Aqa Muhammad-'Ali
... asked Muhammad-Khan to take him as his personal
servant on the journey. This offer was accepted by the Khan
... and he accompanied us to 'Akka... We set off for the
port of Bandar-i-'Abbas... There we met about one
hundred Muslim pilgrims who were natives of Baluchistan
and were on their way to Mecca for pilgrimage. When these
people heard that the Khan had arrived in the port, they <p385>
assumed that he was also going to Mecca. So they all came to
him, enquired about the details of his journey to Mecca and
expressed their happiness that they would travel with him
...[2] Muhammad Khan then intimated to me that we were
now trapped and had no alternative but to accompany the
pilgrims to Mecca, perform the rites of pilgrimage, and from
there proceed to 'Akka which is a shorter way than the
alternative route of going to Jedda (via Bombay) and Port
Said.
[1 The dervishes considered Muhammad-Khan, who was rich and influential, as a religious guide.]
[2 In those days Baha'is did not disclose their faith to the general public. These people did not know that Muhammad-Khan was a Baha'i and was travelling to 'Akka. It would have been most unwise for the Khan to disclose to them his real intentions on this journey; and so he had to pretend that he was on his way to Mecca.]
I told the Khan that I would not go to Mecca. He again
emphasized that it would be a much shorter journey, but I
refused. He explained that he had had no intention of going
to Mecca either, but circumstances had forced him this way.
If he did not go to Mecca on this journey, the news would
reach home and it would cause embarrassment for his
family... I reiterated my position and said that in my
conscience... I could not bring myself to go to Mecca on
pilgrimage. I suggested that we part company, that I would
proceed via Bombay and the Khan via Mecca in the
company of his people... In refusing to go, however, I was
not being obstinate or bearing a grudge against the Khan.
Indeed I was very bothered to have to disagree with his
wishes. I also knew that our journey via Mecca would be
shorter, but my heart could not accept such a course of
action... Our stay in Bandar-i-'Abbas lasted for eleven
days, and every night the Khan spoke about this and insisted
that I change my mind. But I was immovable in my opinion.
I used to tell him: 'My intention on this journey is to attain
the most holy presence of Baha'u'llah, not to go on
pilgrimage to Mecca and become a Haji.'[1]
[1 Title given to those who perform the rites of pilgrimage in Mecca.]
Eventually the Khan gave in and advised his people to
proceed to Mecca on their own.
... After these people left, the Khan and myself set off <p386>
towards the court of the presence of the Beloved. We
journeyed to Haifa via Bombay, and on arrival we
introduced ourselves as Baha'is. We were taken to the home
of Aqa Muhammad-Ibrahim of Kashan, the coppersmith.
This believer was directed by Baha'u'llah to make his
residence in Haifa, to handle the distribution of letters and
to give assistance and hospitality to Baha'i pilgrims. When
Baha'u'llah was informed that the three of us had arrived,
He advised us, through Mirza Aqa Jan... that in 'Akka I
should stay with my brother Haji 'Ali.[1] We were driven
from Haifa to 'Akka in 'Abdu'l-Baha's carriage... that day
I was most happy. Joy and ecstasy filled my soul.[2]
[1 See The Baha'i World, vol. IX, pp. 624-5, article on Haji 'Aliy-i-Yazdi.]
[2 For further detail of Haji Muhammad-Tahir's arrival in 'Akka see vol. 1,pp. 131-2.]
The third evening of their arrival, the three pilgrims were summoned to the presence of Baha'u'llah and were received by Him with loving-kindness. Haji Muhammad-Tahir writes about his first meeting with Baha'u'llah:
When I attained His presence, I prostrated myself at His
feet. After showering His bounties upon me, He said, 'Well
done! May God bless you! People were going to Mecca and
you did not go there for the love of God. Instead, you
considered coming to the Most Great Prison to be of prime
importance. Truly your understanding was correct. Pilgrimage
to Mecca can have the same reward as in the past[1]
only if it is carried out with Our permission; otherwise, it
has no value.[2](21)
[1 'Past' means during the period of the validity of the Faith of Islam, i.e.up to 1844, the date of the appearance of the Bab. For more information on the subject of the period of validity of a religion see p. 277.]
[2 When Haji Muhammad-Tahir was leaving 'Akka on his way home, Baha'u'llah directed him to proceed to Mecca and perform all the rites of pilgrimage. So he became a Haji by Baha'u'llah's permission. It should be noted also that the above quotation does not record the exact words of Baha'u'llah.] <p387>
These words of Baha'u'llah describing the episode of Bandar-i-'Abbas were the first signs of His all-encompassing knowledge which were revealed to these three pilgrims, and left them awestruck. These words helped to further confirm them in their faith and enabled them to believe with absolute certitude that, as testified by Him in the Kitab-i-Aqdas and many other Tablets, He was indeed with them at all times.
Muhammad-Khan rendered great services to the Faith. Having recognized the Supreme Manifestation of God, he could not sit idle. He conveyed the glad tidings of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah to his friends and associates, among them Mirza Yusuf Khan, the Mustawfiyu'l-Mamalik, who at one stage was Prime Minister of Persia. 'Abdu'l-Baha relates the story of Muhammad-Khan (whom he refers to as 'the Haji') when he embraced the Faith, and describes his enthusiasm and his meeting with Mirza Yusuf Khan in these words:
Thus at the very moment when he heard the call from the
Kingdom of God, he shouted, 'Yea verily!' and he was off
like the desert wind. He travelled over vast distances,
arrived at the Most Great Prison and attained the presence
of Baha'u'llah. When his eyes fell upon that bright
Countenance he was instantly enslaved. He returned to
Persia so that he could meet with those people who
professed to be following the Path, those friends of other
days who were seeking out the Truth, and deal with them as
his loyalty and duty required.

Both going and returning, the Haji betook himself to each
one of his friends, foregathered with them, and let each one
hear the new song from Heaven. He reached his homeland
and set his family's affairs in order, providing for all, seeing
to the security, happiness and comfort of each one. After
that he bade them all goodbye. To his relatives, his wife,
children, kin, he said: 'Do not look for me again; do not
wait for my return.'

He took up a staff and wandered away; over the
mountains he went, across the plains, seeking and finding <p388>
the mystics, his friends. On his first journey, he went to the
late Mirza Yusuf Khan (Mustawfiyu'l-Mamalik), in Tihran.
When he had said his say, Yusuf Khan expressed a wish, and
declared that should it be fulfilled, he would believe; the
wish was to be given a son. Should such a bounty become
his, Yusuf Khan would be won over. The Haji reported this
to Baha'u'llah, and received a firm promise in reply.
Accordingly, when the Haji met with Yusuf Khan on his
second journey, he found him with a child in his arms.
'Mirza,' the Haji cried, 'praise be to God! Your test has
demonstrated the Truth. You snared your bird of joy.'
'Yes,' answered Yusuf Khan, 'the proof is clear. I am
convinced. This year, when you go to Baha'u'llah, say that I
implore His grace and favour for this child, so that it may be
kept safe in the sheltering care of God.'(22)
'Abdu'l-Baha in one of His Tablets(23) states that when Baha'u'llah was informed of this request He directed Muhammad-Khan to go home via Tihran especially to meet Mirza Yusuf Khan, give him a sugar plum to eat and convey to him the assurance that God would give him a son. It was on his final return to the Holy Land that Muhammad-Khan saw with his own eyes the fulfilment of that promise.
Muhammad-Khan was a devoted believer on fire with the love of Baha'u'llah. When he embraced the Faith and later attained Baha'u'llah's presence, he became an entirely new creation. The honour and high esteem in which he was held by his people and the comfort and prosperity he enjoyed in his life were now utterly worthless to him. His greatest desire was to relinquish his all and become a servant of Baha'u'llah as a doorkeeper. He attained his wish and for some years was a servant in the household of Baha'u'llah.
'Abdu'l-Baha has recounted his story as follows:

Haji Muhammad then went to the blissful future martyr
the King of Martyrs, and asked him to intercede, so that he
the Haji, might be allowed to keep watch at the doorway of
Baha'u'llah. The King of Martyrs sent in this request by <p389>
letter, after which Haji Khan duly arrived at the Most Great
Prison and made his home in the neighbourhood of his
loving Friend. He enjoyed this honour for a long time, and
later, in the Mazra'ih garden as well, he was very frequently
in Baha'u'llah's presence. After the Beloved had ascended,
Haji Khan remained faithful to the Covenant and
Testament, shunning the hypocrites. At last, when this
servant was absent on the journeys to Europe and America,
the Haji made his way to the travellers' hospice at the
Haziratu'l-Quds; and here, beside the Shrine of the Bab, he
took his flight to the world above.

May God refresh his spirit with the musk-scented air of
the Abha Paradise, and the sweet savours of holiness that
blow from the highest Heaven. Unto him be greetings and
praise. His bright tomb is in Haifa.[24]
Concerning this ever-present supernatural knowledge, Baha'u'llah addressing Mulla Muhammad-i-Qa'ini, Nabil-i-Akbar, reveals these words in the Lawh-i-Hikmat (Tablet of Wisdom):
Thou knowest full well that We perused not the books
which men possess and We acquired not the learning
current amongst them, and yet whenever We desire to quote
the sayings of the learned and of the wise, presently there
Will appear before the face of thy Lord in the form of a tablet
all that which hath appeared in the world and is revealed in
the Holy Books and Scriptures. Thus do We set down in
writing that which the eye perceiveth. Verily His
knowledge encompasseth the earth and the heavens.

This is a Tablet wherein the Pen of the Unseen hath
inscribed the knowledge of all that hath been and shall be--
a knowledge that none other but My wondrous Tongue can
interpret.(25)
The other story is that of Mirza Muhammad, entitled Na'im, a believer of remarkable faith and devotion and a poet of outstanding calibre. The following story is his spoken chronicle and demonstrates the truth of the words of <p390> Baha'u'llah when He said: 'We are with you at all times':
After my arrival in Tihran, I was once reading the Epistle to
the Son of the Wolf, and I came across a very beautiful and
penetrating prayer revealed by Baha'u'llah and quoted in
that book. I immediately wished in my heart that these
resplendent words had been revealed from the Pen of the
Most High for me, this insignificant servant. Some time
passed when one day I received a message from Haji Mirza
'Abdu'llah-i-Sahih-Furush... who was a well-known
figure among the Baha'is and a channel of communication
with the Holy Land. In this message he told me that a Tablet
in my name had arrived from the Realm of Glory and that I
should call in person at his office in Sabzih-Maydan and
collect it. I hastened to his office where I received an exalted
Tablet... as a result of this I was moved to the depth of my
emotions. I worked out carefully that at the same moment
that I had made a wish in my heart to have the above prayer
revealed for me, the bounties of Baha'u'llah had been
directed toward me in Tihran. He had re-revealed the same
prayer at that very moment in my name and He sent it to
me. The time that it normally took for communications to
arrive in Tihran from the Holy Land was the same as that
between my making a wish in my heart, and the arrival of
the Tablet. Glorified be God, the Lord of Grandeur and
Majesty! Although sufferings and tribulations had
encompassed the Realm of Glory from every direction, yet
the bounties of Baha'u'llah were being vouchsafed to His
most insignificant servants, and this demonstrates the truth
of the words: 'Nothing whatsoever keepeth Him from
being occupied with any other thing.'[1](26)
[1 For an explanation of these words of the Qur'an see vol. 1, pp. 262-3; vol. 2, p. 4l6.]
This is the text of the prayer that Na'im had wished for:
Glory to Thee, O my God! But for the tribulations which
are sustained in Thy Fath, how could Thy true lovers be
recognized; and were It not for the trials which are borne for <p391>
love of Thee, how could the station of such as yearn for
Thee be revealed? Thy might beareth Me witness! The
companions of all who adore Thee are the tears they shed,
and the comforters of such as seek Thee are the groans they
utter, and the food of them who haste to meet Thee is the
fragments of their broken hearts. How sweet to my taste is
the bitterness of death suffered in Thy path, and how
precious in my estimation are the shafts of Thine enemies
when encountered for the sake of the exaltation of Thy
Word! Let me quaff in Thy Cause, O my God and my
Master, whatsoever Thou didst desire, and send down upon
me in Thy love all Thou didst ordain. By Thy glory! I wish
only what Thou wishest, and cherish what Thou cherishest.
In Thee have I, at all times, placed My whole trust and
confidence. Thou art verily the All-Possessing, the Most
High.(27)

In His Tablet to Na'im, Baha'u'llah addresses him in words of loving-kindness, states that He has re-revealed the prayer as a token of His favours, and affirms that although it had been previously written for someone else, He had again revealed it for him especially, so that he might chant it with the melody of the birds of heaven and be of those who have achieved their heart's desire.
It is obvious that after having such an experience, the believer reaches the summit of certitude in his faith and this in turn gives birth to a courage which no earthly man can ever exhibit. This is the courage of the martyr and the hero and nothing but the power of God can produce it in a believer.
Na'im was a truly devoted servant of Baha'u'llah. As a result of embracing the Faith, he suffered great persecutions in his native village of Sidih near Isfahan. By order of the clergy, he and four other believers had their arms tied to their bodies; they were then tied closely together with a rope and paraded barefoot through the village. Crowds had gathered from neighbouring villages to watch them being tortured. For about fourteen hours the victims were alternately beaten with sticks <p392> by the officials. Their bare bodies, painted in different colours, were exposed to the severe winter cold and were so badly battered that many spectators were horrified to witness them. After some time in prison in Isfahan, they were exiled from their homes. In the case of Na'im, his wife was taken from him and married to another man without any divorce proceedings.
Na'im and his fellow believers left Isfahan on foot. They were penniless and suffered great hardships on the way until they arrived in Tihran. Na'im, to earn a living, at first occupied himself with transcribing the Writings of Baha'u'llah which were usually bought by the believers at a modest price, as there were no printing facilities available at that time. His income was so inadequate that he lived in the utmost poverty for some time. Later, however, through his literary talents he secured a prestigious post as a teacher and became prosperous.
Neither in poverty nor in prosperity did Na'im ever fail in his devoted services to the Cause, services that he rendered with the utmost devotion and self-sacrifice. He occupied most of his free time with teaching the seekers after truth, and deepening the Baha'is, until the end of his life. Noteworthy among his activities was a special class he conducted for several years, teaching and deepening a limited number of Baha'i youth, most of whom became very prominent teachers of the Cause.
Na'im's contribution to the literature of the Faith is outstanding. His poetry, deservedly regarded as brilliant, was only matched by his deep understanding of the Faith of Baha'u'llah and other religions. Among his works is an enchanting book of proofs in verse which is a brilliant exposition of the truth of the Cause of Baha'u'llah. This book has been used in many study circles in Persia for deepening in the knowledge of the Faith and understanding the significance of many abstruse passages in the Holy Books of older religions (especially the Qur'an), demonstrating the truth of the Cause of Baha'u'llah and proving the authenticity of its divine origin.
The poems of Na'im, those gem-like verses that this highly <p393> gifted believer has left to posterity, will no doubt be for all time a source of teaching material for seekers of truth, and a wellspring of inspiration for the believers.
The Kitab-i-Aqdas, the Most Holy Book, stands out as the mightiest testimony to the sovereignty of Baha'u'llah. To any Baha'i who deeply meditates on this book, Baha'u'llah appears as the ruler of all mankind. In the words of Shoghi Effendi, He will be acclaimed by posterity in the same way that He is already recognized by his followers as:
The Judge, the Lawgiver and Redeemer of all mankind, as
the Organizer of the entire planet, as the Unifier of the
children of men, as the Inaugurator of the long-awaited
millennium, as the Originator of a new 'Universal Cycle', as
the Establisher of the Most Great Peace, as the Fountain of
the Most Great Justice, as the Proclaimer of the coming of
age of the entire human race, as the Creator of a new World
Order, as the Inspirer and Founder of a world civilization.(28)
There is no doubt that when the station of Baha'u'llah is universally recognized, posterity will look at the story of His life with awe and wonder. People in the future will be amazed at the blindness of man in His days, and astonished at the treatment that was meted out to Him. When the glory of his station is unveiled to the eyes of humanity, it will be hard to imagine that the Lord of Hosts was made to live in the most desolate of the cities, the Heavenly Father held as a captive by a perverse generation and the King of Kings confined in a small room unfit to be a dwelling. And yet in that small room devoid of all the luxuries of life and not even properly furnished, the Kitab-i-Aqdas described by Him as His 'weightiest testimony unto all people'(29) was revealed. It is a staggering thought that in such a room, in an obscure corner of a prison city, unknown to the world, such a mighty instrument as the Kitab-i-Aqdas, the great Charter for future world civilization, should have been born. <p394>
Indeed, there can be no greater tragedy than God manifesting Himself in all His glory, and mankind being blind to His Revelation. And there can be no greater feeling of loss than realizing this fact when it is too late. Baha'u'llah in the Kitab-i-Aqdas states:
The peoples of the world are fast asleep. Were they to wake
from their slumber, they would hasten with eagerness unto
God, the All-Knowing, the All-Wise. They would cast
away everything they possess, be it all the treasures of the
earth, that their Lord may remember them to the extent of
addressing to them but one word. Such is the instruction
given you by Him Who holdeth the knowledge of things
hidden, in a Tablet which the eye of creation hath not seen,
and which is revealed to none except His own Self, the
omnipotent Protector of all worlds. So bewildered are they
in the drunkenness of their evil desires, that they are
powerless to recognize the Lord of all being, Whose voice
calleth aloud from every direction: 'There is none other
God but Me, the Mighty, the All-Wise.'

Say: Rejoice not in the things ye possess; tonight they are
yours, tomorrow others will possess them. Thus warneth
you He Who is the All-Knowing, the All-Informed. Say:
Can ye claim that what ye own is lasting or secure? Nay! By
Myself, the All-Merciful. The days of your life flee away as a
breath of wind, and all your pomp and glory shall be folded
up as were the pomp and glory of those gone before you.
Reflect, O people! What hath become of your bygone days,
your lost centuries? Happy the days that have been
consecrated to the remembrance of God, and blessed the
hours which have been spent in praise of Him Who is the
All-Wise. By My life! Neither the pomp of the mighty, nor
the wealth of the rich, nor even the ascendancy of the
ungodly will endure. All will perish, at a word from Him.
He, verily, is the All-Powerful, the All-Compelling, the
Almighty. What advantage is there in the earthly things
which men possess? That which shall profit them, they have
utterly neglected. Ere long, they will awake from their
slumber, and find themselves unable to obtain that which <p395>
hath escaped them in the days of their Lord, the Almighty,
the All-Praised. Did they but know it, they would renounce
their all, that their names may be mentioned before His
throne. They, verily, are accounted among the dead.(30)
Those who recognized the station of Baha'u'llah in His days and were numbered among His followers often availed themselves of the opportunity to have their names mentioned in His presence, and this was considered an inestimable privilege. They often requested a pilgrim who was on his way to the presence of Baha'u'llah, to mention their names to Him. Sometimes the pilgrim would write their names on a list and hand it to Mirza Aqa Jan, Baha'u'llah's amanuensis, for presentation to Him. In all these cases, Baha'u'llah conferred a measure of His loving-kindness and bounties upon these believers. This He did either verbally, or in many cases in His Tablets. There were also many who wrote to Baha'u'llah and in the course of the letters, mentioned the names of some of the believers. In such cases, the Tablet revealed in reply to, and in honour of, the writer contained passages addressed to those whose names were given.
The mere act of Baha'u'llah in remembering a believer and vouchsafing His bounties upon him was sufficient to endow his soul with boundless blessings. This was a heavenly favour, and if the individual was able to play his part in living the life and in promoting the Cause with purity of motive, he could become a spiritual giant and a devoted servant.
One of the inestimable privileges which Baha'u'llah has conferred upon His followers is that He has summoned them to serve His Cause. In older Dispensations, the Cause of God was usually administered by a few, the religious leaders or clergy. The rest of the people did not have the same opportunity. But in this Dispensation every human being who recognizes the station of Baha'u'llah and is enlisted in His Faith, whether young or old, learned or unlettered, rich or <p396> poor, can render services to the Cause of God. In many of His Tablets Baha'u'llah urges the believers to arise and promote the Faith of God. In the Kitab-i-Aqdas too there are several references to this. There is no limit to serving the Cause. One need not be educated or have influence and standing in society to serve. Often it is the simple people of the world, sometimes illiterate, who rise to great heights of service in the Faith of Baha'u'llah.
There can be no greater bounty in this life than serving the Cause, provided one's motive is pure. If service is rendered in the hope of securing fame, influence and other personal gains in this world or even in the next,[1] then such a service becomes a great burden on the soul. It fills one's life with sadness and frustration and as Baha'u'llah has declared in His Writings, it will not be pleasing to God, for nothing but pure deeds and pure motives can be acceptable in His sight.
[1 For a discussion of attachment to the next world see vol. 2 pp. 36-43.]
The Cause of God revealed in this day is very great, and so must be human effort in its determination to promote and serve it with devotion and self-sacrifice. To the extent that a believer recognizes the exalted station of Baha'u'llah will he be able to purify his motive in the service of the Cause, and to the same extent he will be rewarded spiritually. Baha'u'llah often proclaimed the stupendous character of His Revelation. In the Kitab-i-Aqdas He reveals these moving words:

O peoples of the earth! God, the Eternal Truth, is My
witness that streams of fresh and soft-flowing waters have
gushed from the rocks, through the sweetness of the words
uttered by your Lord, the Unconstrained; and still ye
slumber. Cast away that which ye possess, and, on the
wings of detachment, soar beyond all created things. Thus
biddeth you the Lord of creation, the movement of Whose
Pen hath revolutionized the soul of mankind.

Know ye from what heights your Lord, the All-Glorious
is calling? Think ye that ye have recognized the Pen
wherewith your Lord, the Lord of all names, commandeth <p397>
you? Nay, by My life! Did ye but know it, ye would
renounce the world, and would hasten with your whole
hearts to the presence of the Well-Beloved. Your spirits
would be so transported by His Word as to throw into
commotion the Greater World--how much more this small
and petty one! Thus have the showers of My bounty been
poured down from the heaven of My loving-kindness, as a
token of My grace; that ye may be of the thankful.(31)
Some of the disciples of Baha'u'llah had reached this summit of faith and discovered for themselves the loftiness of the station of Baha'u'llah. When these embodiments of detachment attained His presence, they were carried away to other realms beyond this world. They wanted to express the depth of their devotion to their Lord. But words were not adequate to describe their feelings of utter dedication and self-effacement. Above all, the majesty of Baha'u'llah was such that they were unable to utter a word in His presence, unless He empowered them to do so. Therefore, each person demonstrated the measure of his love and his readiness to lay down his life in His path by some act. Some went down on their knees in His presence, others prostrated themselves at His feet, yet others stood in silence rapt in spiritual communion with Him. Here is a story of Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali, in the presence of Baha'u'llah in 'Akka, as he himself recounts:
One day I attained His presence. I was standing and the
Blessed Beauty was pacing up and down the room. The
ocean of His utterance was surging, and the sun of His
bounteous favours was shedding its luminous rays upon my
soul. The thought occurred to me, as I found myself in His
presence, that I should throw myself on His blessed feet and
kiss them,[1] as this had been one of my cherished desires for
a long time. Every time He walked towards me, I found
myself pinned motionless like a painting to the wall. But <p398>
when He turned away, I moved one, two or three steps
forward with the intention of prostrating myself at His feet.
Then as He turned back and walked toward me, the awe and
majesty of His glorious person drove me back to the wall
where I stood motionless. Three or four times I went
forward in this way and then back to the wall. His Blessed
Person noticed this and, smiling, said: 'What happens to
you? You keep taking a step forward and then retreating.'
He then signalled to me with His hand to stay in my place.
[1 To prostrate oneself at someone's feet and kiss them was considered by the people of the Orient to be the profoundest expression of humility.]
Although it was the greatest ambition of my life and the
most cherished desire of my soul to throw myself at His
feet, an act which I was prevented from carrying out, and I
should have been disappointed and sad, yet the few words
that He uttered and the movement of His hand created in
me such joy that till eternity I shall remain in a state of
happiness and feel greatly honoured by what happened on
that day.(32)
The Kitab-i-Aqdas is truly like an ocean and it is difficult to describe every subject revealed in that book. We have so far referred to some of its major themes. References have also been made previously to some of Baha'u'llah's teachings and prophecies in the Kitab-i-Aqdas. These subjects include the appearance of the next Manifestation of God,[1] the praising of the learned in the Faith,[2] Baha'u'llah's summons to the kings and rulers and ecclesiastics,[3] the signs of the maturity of mankind[4] and other topics.[5]
[1 See vol. 1, p. 280.]
[2 See vol. 2, p. 265.]
[3 See vol. 2, pp. 304-5.]
[4 See p. 157.]
[5 For some other topics in the Kitab-i-Aqdas see vol. 1, pp. 47, 124, 212 301; vol. 2, pp. 122, 240, 355; and the discussions in this volume.]
The spiritual truths revealed in the Kitab-i-Aqdas are fathomless. No one in this life can ever claim to have fully appreciated the potentialities hidden within each one of its revealed words. For (with the exception of its laws which are to be followed literally) the Kitab-i-Aqdas is full of hidden <p399> significances. Baha'u'llah reveals these words in the Kitab-i-Aqdas:
Immerse yourselves in the ocean of My words, that ye may
unravel its secrets, and discover all the pearls of wisdom that
lie hid in its depths. Take heed that ye do not vacillate in
your determination to embrace the truth of this Cause--a
Cause through which the potentialities of the might of God
have been revealed, and His sovereignty established. With
faces beaming with joy, hasten ye unto Him. This is the
changeless Faith of God, eternal in the past, eternal in the
future. Let him that seeketh, attain it; and as to him that hath
refused to seek it--verily, God is Self-Sufficient, above any
need of His creatures.

Say: This is the infallible Balance which the Hand of God
is holding, in which all who are in the heavens and all who
are on the earth are weighed, and their fate determined, if ye
be of them that believe and recognize this truth. Say:
Through it the poor have been enriched, the learned
enlightened, and the seekers enabled to ascend unto the
presence of God. Beware, lest ye make it a cause of
dissension amongst you. Be ye as firmly settled as the
immovable mountain in the Cause of your Lord, the
Mighty, the Loving.(33)
In one of His Tablets,(34) 'Abdu'l-Baha states that when Baha'u'llah was engaged in formulating the teachings and revealing the verses of God which streamed from His pen, the power which was released by the revelation of the Word[1] created such a thrill in His heart that He could not eat His meals. Sometimes He used to eat very little and there were days when He could not eat at all.
[1 For more information on the manner of the revelation of the Word of God see vol. 1, ch. 3.] <p400>
Last Days Within the Citadel
The promulgation of the Kitab-i-Aqdas, which according to Shoghi Effendi may well rank as the most significant act of the ministry of Baha'u'llah, should be regarded as a potent source for the regeneration of mankind. The mysterious forces which the revelation of this Book released in the world may be said to have been a major factor in turning the tide of the fortunes of the Faith and its Author in 'Akka.
We recall, as we survey the history of those days, how Baha'u'llah and His companions were engulfed in a sea of tribulations as a result of the murder of the three followers of Mirza Yahya, a reprehensible act which had cast a shadow upon the community of the Most Great Name. Now, a year later, the gloom was beginning to lift and the prestige of the Faith had begun to rise. All the believers who had been put in gaol, with the exception of the seven actually responsible for that heinous act, were released. Once again confidence was restored among the inhabitants of the city towards the company of exiles whose integrity and uprightness had dispelled all the false accusations which had temporarily tarnished their good name.
The marriage of 'Abdu'l-Baha to Munirih Khanum[1] took place in the same year that the Kitab-i-Aqdas was revealed. 'Abbud, Baha'u'llah's next-door neighbour, who had through fear earlier on reinforced the partition between the two houses, was now moved to open a room from his own house to Baha'u'llah's in order to provide accommodation for 'Abdu'l-Baha and His bride. And then the partition between the houses <p401> was removed and 'Abbud left his house to Baha'u'llah and went to live elsewhere. In this way more accommodation became available for Baha'u'llah and His family.
[1 See vol. 2, pp. 204-9.]
Baha'u'llah Himself moved into a more spacious room with a veranda facing the sea and 'Abdu'l-Baha moved into the room which Baha'u'llah had occupied up until then. Compared to the old one, the new room of Baha'u'llah was a delightful place. Here He could see the sea as He walked on the veranda. Also the believers could attain His presence in more comfortable and brighter surroundings.
It was in this room that for some years the pilgrims from Persia came to His presence, and it was here that many important Tablets were revealed.
Baha'u'llah often walked on the veranda in front of His room where He could be in the open air and gaze out to sea. Usually he did this in the afternoon. The believers from 'Akka who had shared His imprisonment and sufferings with the greatest joy and fortitude and were now living and working in different parts of the city were immensely delighted by this new development.
Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali, an eye-witness to the events of those days, has left for posterity these reminiscences:[1]
[1 This account relates to the year 1877, a few months before Bah'u'llh left the house of 'Abbud and took up residence in Mazra'ih. (A.T.)]
There were about one hundred believers in 'Akka consisting
of those who resided there and the visitors. Most of these
people were engaged in some trade or business. There was
tremendous love and unity among these souls. They derived
great joy from associating with each other and were very
proud to have the privilege of serving one another. All this
made them feel that they were living in paradise.
It had become Baha'u'llah's established practice to
summon some of the believers to attain His presence. This
usually took place from three hours before sunset up to two
or three hours after sunset. Therefore, all the believers
would leave their work three hours before sunset and <p402>
assemble in the street outside the house of Baha'u'llah.
Some would walk around the house, others would stand
and some would sit in groups. There were those who were
inside the reception room of 'Abdu'l-Baha as they had some
duties to perform...
The believers were thus able to see their Lord as He
walked on the veranda of the house. Many a time through
His bounty and loving-kindness, He would, with His
blessed hand, signal to some to come up to His presence...
The unity which existed among the believers was such that
they were as one body; each one was ready to sacrifice his
life for the other. And when one individual or a group was
summoned in this way, the joy which flooded their hearts
was indescribable. The person would run inside with such
speed that even the door and the walls vibrated with
excitement. He would be so thrilled at that moment that he
could not recognize anybody, and if someone talked to him,
he could not hear it. He would be on his way to meet his
Lord, to reach the paradise of Divine Presence which is
much more glorious than paradise itself, a paradise which
cannot be seen or felt or heard by those who have not experienced
it. And, after being dismissed from Baha'u'llah's
presence, the individual was so carried away that it would
take him some time to regain consciousness, when he would
be able to recognize his friends and talk to them. Only one
out of many could perhaps recount, in a very inadequate
way, the words that he had heard in His presence. But no
one was ever able to describe the spiritual experiences of his
meeting with his Lord.(1)
The devotion and love which Baha'u'llah's companions had for Him were beyond measure. There was a believer in 'Akka, Mirza Muhammad-Hadiy-i-Sahhaf (bookbinder), who wanted to make sure that the eyes of Baha'u'llah would not fall on any unclean sight when He emerged from His room on to the veranda. Although he was an outstanding artist engaged in illuminating the Books and Tablets of Baha'u'llah, he nevertheless took upon himself the task of cleaning and <p403> sweeping[1] the area around the house of 'Abbud. 'Abdu'l-Baha has written his story in these words:
[1 The streets of 'Akka were covered in earth. There was no proper system of refuse collection at the time, and people often threw litter into the streets. This is why many householders would sweep the approaches to their houses, and sprinkle the ground with water.]
... among those who emigrated and came to settle near
Baha'u'llah was the bookbinder, Muhammad-Hadi. This
noted man was from Isfahan, and as a binder and
illuminator of books he had no peer. When he gave himself
up to the love of God he was alert on the path and fearless.
He abandoned his home and began a Dreadful journey,
passing with extreme hardship from one country to another
until he reached the Holy Land and became a prisoner. He
stationed himself by the Holy Threshold, carefully
sweeping it and keeping watch. Through his constant
efforts, the square in front of Baha'u'llah's house was at all
times swept, sprinkled and immaculate.

Baha'u'llah would often glance at that plot of ground, and
then He would smile and say: 'Muhammad-Hadi has
turned the square in front of this prison into the bridal-bower
of a palace. He has brought pleasure to all the
neighbours and earned their thanks.'

When his sweeping, sprinkling and tidying was done, he
would set to work illuminating and binding the various
books and Tablets. So his days went by, his heart happy in
the presence of the Beloved of mankind. He was an excellent
soul, righteous, true, worthy of the bounty of being united
with his Lord, and free of the world's contagion...

He was a man short of stature, lofty of station and mind.
His heart was pure, his soul luminous. During all those days
when he served the Holy Threshold, he was loved by the
friends and favoured by God. From time to time, a smile on
His lips, the Blessed Beauty would speak to him, expressing
kindness and grace(2)...
The extraordinary love and devotion that the companions of <p404> Baha'u'llah entertained in their hearts for Him, and their enthusiasm to attain His presence as described by Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali were mainly due to two things. One was the staunchness of their faith in Baha'u'llah as the Supreme Manifestation of God, and the other their complete surrendering of their own wills to His. To the extent that His disciples acquired these two qualities were they able to draw near to Him. There were also believers who gained admittance into the presence of Baha'u'llah, witnessed the outpourings of His Revelation, were awed at His majesty and were filled with the spirit of faith. But as they were not detached from the things of this world and could not subdue their self and ego, they remained remote from His bountiful favours.
In one of His Tablets(3) Baha'u'llah states that there were
some believers who attained His presence day and night[1] and
yet did not draw nigh to Him because they were spiritually
remote. And there were those who never attained His presence
outwardly, but enjoyed nearness to Him spiritually.
[1 Mirza Aqa Jan is an example of this. He was in Baha'u'llah's service most of the time, but at the end he became a Covenant-breaker and destroyed a forty-year life of service to Baha'u'llah.]
In this Tablet Baha'u'llah declares that the reward which God has destined for a sincere and pure-hearted believer who has attained His presence is far greater than the reward for all the good deeds in the world put together. Indeed, the reward for such a bounty, He testifies, cannot be described in words. Only God is aware of it.
Baha'u'llah states in this Tablet that even those who visit the land in which the throne of the Manifestation of God is established will be bountifully blessed in the world to come, how much more will be the reward of those who actually have attained His presence.
To subdue one's self and to surrender one's will to the will of the Manifestation of God may prove to be the most difficult task for man to achieve. When the individual achieves this exalted goal of submitting himself to God, he becomes the <p405> recipient of His boundless favours.
All living creatures submit themselves in a physical sense to the forces of nature. A tree shows no resistance to the rain and the rays of the sun. It receives their life-giving energies and as a result it grows and flourishes. In a spiritual sense, man must do the same if he is to receive the bounties of God. The only difference is that whereas other living creatures submit themselves involuntarily to the forces of nature, man has free will to decide his options.
'Abdu'l-Baha in one of His Tablets(4) states that the highest degree of sacrifice in the path of God for a believer is to surrender his will entirely to the will of God, and become a true servant of the loved ones of the Blessed Beauty. For God, in His essence, is exalted above man's servitude to Him. Therefore to become a servant of God, one must serve His loved ones. 'Abdu'l-Baha in this Tablet reiterates His station of servitude stating that in His innermost heart, He considers Himself to be the lowliest servant of the believers, and that His greatest ambition is to be able to render devoted service to each and every one of the friends.
The story of 'Abdu'l-Baha's servitude is widely acknowledged by those who came in contact with Him. His Writings also bear ample testimony to his unique life of service to all the human race. As the 'perfect Exemplar' of the teachings of Baha'u'llah, 'the embodiment of every Baha'i ideal', and 'the incarnation of every Baha'i virtue',(5) 'Abdu'l-Baha's life has already inspired many, and will continue to inspire countless generations of the future in their endeavour to become selfless and live a life of humility and servitude.
Dr Yunis Khan-i-Afrukhtih[1] served the Master for some years in 'Akka. His love for 'Abdu'l-Baha and His constant association with Him left an abiding impression upon his life. He became one of the spiritual giants of this Faith, a magnetic personality and an illumined soul endowed with great humour <p406> and talent. He has written a great deal in His memoirs about the Master. In them he states that after the passing of Baha'u'llah, the Covenant-breakers arose in opposition against 'Abdu'l-Baha. They did everything in their power to discredit Him and belittle His station as the Centre of the Covenant of Baha'u'llah. The reaction of the steadfast believers was to exalt the station of the Master to the point of exaggeration. This displeased Him immensely, for He always considered Himself to be only a servant. The following is a translation of Dr Yunis Khan's thoughts and recollections concerning 'Abdu'l-Baha's station of servitude.
[1 See p. 361.]
As the Covenant-breakers intensified their campaign of
trouble-making for the Master and went on belittling His
station, many of the steadfast believers, due to their
enormous love for Him, exaggerated His station.
Eventually all this resulted in a situation that if a believer
was moved, for instance, to compose a poem about 'Abdu'l-Baha's
servitude, he would assuredly become the recipient
of the Master's unbounded favours and bounties. But if, on
the contrary, he would sing His praises and exalt His name,
He would be displeased, and even ask the writer to repent
and beg forgiveness.[1]
[1 see vol. 2, pp. 395-6]
The only station that He retained for Himself was that of
the appointed Interpreter of the Writings of Baha'u'llah.
And this He did so that if a person ever sought to glorify His
station by referring to the many exalted titles by which
Baha'u'llah had designated Him, He then would merely
say, 'I am the Interpreter of the Words of God and my
interpretation of all these designations is 'Abdu'l-Baha
(Servant of Baha'u'llah)'... At one stage He wrote many
Tablets and prayers concerning His own station of
servitude. Among them was a prayer which is now used as a
Prayer of Visitation for 'Abdu'l-Baha. Concerning this
prayer He wrote, 'Whoso reciteth this prayer with lowliness
and fervour will bring gladness and joy to the heart of
this servant; it will be even as meeting Him face to face.'
In this prayer He describes His station of servitude in <p407>
such lowly terms: 'Lord! Give me to drink from the chalice
of selflessness; with its robe clothe me, and in its ocean
immerse me. Make me as dust in the pathway of Thy loved
ones, and grant that I may offer up my soul for the earth
ennobled by the footsteps of Thy Chosen ones in Thy path,
O Lord of Glory in the Highest.'
O dear reader! Most of the believers know this prayer by
heart and are in the habit of reciting it every morning. This is
why this servant has not quoted its full text here. My appeal
to you now is to recite this prayer[1] first and then read the
following which is entitled:
[1 'Tablet of Visitation' of 'Abdu'l-Baha, in most Baha'i prayer books. (A.T.)]
The story of a bitter-sweet experience
In those days when the friends in Persia were aflame with
the fire of love, and at the same time, with a spirit of
forbearance, burning in that fire of envy and hatred, of
calumny and slander, created by the people of malice and
the Covenant-breakers, Baha'i poets and people of letters in
that country used to write poems in praise and glorification
of 'Abdu'l-Baha. In laudatory and most eloquent language
they used to acclaim His exalted station.

But we, the resident Baha'is of 'Akka, the spot round
which the Concourse on High[1] circle in adoration, were
very careful not to breathe a word about the station of
sovereignty and lordship of the blessed Person of 'Abdu'l-Baha.
We knew well that He had often advised the poets
that instead of singing His praise they ought to exalt His
station of servitude and utter self-effacement.
[1 See p. 180n. (A.T.)]
During this time, one day I received a letter from one of
the handmaidens of God[1]... This letter, composed in
verse, and laudatory in its tone, was addressed to 'Abdu'l-Baha
in the form of a supplication to the holy presence of
God. I handed the poem to the Master as He was coming
down the steps of the house in front of the sea. I thought it <p408>
was the right moment to give it to Him. He had hardly read
one or two lines when He suddenly turned His face towards
me and with the utmost sadness and a deep sense of grief
said: 'Now even you hand me letters such as this! Don't you
know the measure of pain and sorrow which overtakes me
when I hear people addressing me with such exalted titles?
Even you have not recognized me! If you have not
appreciated this, then what can be expected of others?...
Don't you see all that I do day and night, and everything I
write in my letters... I swear by Almighty God that I
consider myself lowlier than each and every one of the loved
ones of the Blessed Beauty. This is my firm conviction...
Tell me if I am wrong. This is my greatest wish. I don't even
wish to make this claim, because I dislike every claim. He
then turned towards the Qiblih and said, 'O Blessed Beauty,
grant me this station'...
[1 Baha'u'llah often designated the male believers as 'servants of God' and the female as 'handmaidens of God'. (A.T.)]
'Abdu'l-Baha spoke angrily in this vein with such vigour
that my heart almost stopped. I had a sensation of choking,
my whole body became numb. Truly, I felt that life was
going out of me. Not only was the power of speech taken
from me, but energy for breathing seemed to have gone also
I wished the earth would open and swallow me up so that I
might never again see my Lord so grief-stricken as this.
Truly for a moment I was not present in this world. Only
when the Master resumed His walking down the stairs, the
sound of His shoes jolted me. I quickly followed Him. I
heard Him say: 'I told the Covenant-breakers that the more
they hurt me, the more will the believers exalt my station to
the point of exaggeration...'

Now that the blame was removed from the believers and
placed on the Covenant-breakers, I somewhat regained
consciousness and a little life. I listened carefully to His
words, but my thoughts were elsewhere. I now understood
that it was the iniquities and transgressions perpetrated by
these ruthless Covenant-breakers which had produced a
strong reaction among the believers who could not control
their feelings and sentiments.

This bitter experience of mine was ended now. The
Master was pacing up and down the hall and speaking more <p409>
about the machinations of the Covenant-breakers. But I
was not in a position to think properly or meditate deeply. I
was very perturbed that I had brought such grief upon the
Master, and I did not know what to do. Then I heard Him
say: 'This is in no way the fault of the friends. They say these
things because of their steadfastness, their love and devotion
...' Again my thoughts were directed to His words. Then I
heard Him say to me: 'You are very dear to Me, etc...'[1]
From these utterances I realized that it was always the
Master's way never ever to allow a soul to be hurt. And now
this was a time for giving me comfort and encouragement.
The pressure in my heart was now released. All the anguish
pent up in me was gone. I burst into tears which flowed in
great profusion upon my cheeks and I listened more
carefully. I heard His utterances as He showered His
bounties upon me in such heartwarming and affectionate
terms that they went far beyond the normal limits of
encouragement. So much loving kindness and favour He
bestowed upon me that when I considered my limited
capacity and worth, I could not bear to hear Him; therefore
I never allowed those words to enter into my memory.
Nevertheless, I was filled with such an indescribable joy and
ecstasy that I wished the doors of heaven would open and I
could ascend to the Kingdom on high.
[1 It is obvious that through his modesty and humility Dr Yunis Khan does not wish to reveal all the praise and encouragement which the Master had showered upon him.]
When He dismissed me from His presence I went
towards the Pilgrim House in such a state of intoxication
and excitement that I walked all around the streets of 'Akka
not knowing where I was going!

And now, my dear reader, you can see how a bitter
experience turned into a sweet one, and how it all ended.
The earth did not open up to swallow me, neither did the
heavens open to let me go up! And, so I can write down the
stories o those days and in memory of His radiant
countenance may say to you: 'Allah'u'Abha!'[1](6)
[1 Literally: God is most glorious.] <p410>
During the time that Baha'u'llah resided in the house of 'Abbud, His fellow exiles had fully settled down in the city of 'Akka, and most of them were successful in their humble professions. During the governorship of Ahmad Big Tawfiq, they enjoyed relative peace in their work. But with the arrival of a new Governor, 'Abdu'r-Rahman Pasha, the situation changed. For he proved to be one of the most hostile Governors towards Baha'u'llah and His companions. He was very covetous and when his designs to extract money from the company of exiles failed, he submitted an inflammatory report to the authorities in Istanbul. He complained that instead of imprisonment, all the Baha'is in 'Akka were free and working. The response from the Sublime Porte--the office of the Grand Vizir in Istanbul--was that the edict of the Sultan must be obeyed, that they were prisoners and had no right to work.
Husayn-i-Ashchi has given a detailed account of this episode in his memoirs. It must be noted that Aqa Husayn was at the time serving a sentence in prison because of his part in the slaying of the three Azalis in 'Akka, but through the goodwill of some of the authorities, he was allowed to go every morning to the house of Baha'u'llah where he used to work as a cook and return to the prison at night. The following is a summary of his notes:
When 'Abdu'r-Rahman Pasha received the note from the
Sublime Porte condemning the exiles to imprisonment, it
boosted his arrogance. He decided to use it as a means of
extracting some money for himself... Having failed to do
this, one evening he called on Shaykh 'Aliy-i-Miri, the
Mufti[1] of 'Akka who was an admirer of 'Abdu'l-Baha, and
shared with him his plan of arresting the Baha'is in the
morning. His plan was to arrest them as they came to open
their shops and send them to prison. He also planned to
restrict 'Abdu'l-Baha's freedom of movement in the city.
He solicited the support of the Mufti in this plan... That <p411>
same night the Mufti went to 'Abdu'l-Baha, told him the
news and strongly urged the Master to bribe the Governor,
as otherwise everyone would be arrested in the morning.
Disapproving the Mufti's solution, 'Abdu'l-Baha assured
him that God was compassionate and merciful, and that He
would leave this matter in the hand of God. He advised him
to go home and to rest assured of the outcome. It was late
and Baha'u'llah had just retired. Nevertheless, 'Abdu'l-Baha
went to Him and gave Him the news. Baha'u'llah
ordered that the believers be advised not to go to work in the
morning. Everyone was informed and they all assembled in
the reception room of 'Abdu'l-Baha in the morning.
[1 The religious leader of the city who usually wielded greater influence and authority than a governor.]
I was, at the time, confined to prison... but each
morning was permitted to go to the house of Baha'u'llah
where I worked as a cook and at night I returned to prison.
On that morning, on my way, I noticed that the shop of Aqa
Muhammad-Ibrahim, the coppersmith, was closed and so
were other shops belonging to the believers. I was very
surprised and wondered what had happened. I hastened to
the house of Baha'u'llah where I found all the shopkeepers
assembled in the reception room. I was told the news and
went into the kitchen to work. It was approximately two
hours after sunrise when a man pushed aside the curtain in
front of the door with his walking stick. I looked up and it
was Iskandar Effendi, the head of the telegraph office. He
was in great haste but signs of joy could be detected in his
appearance. He wanted to see the Master who was upstairs
at the time. I went up and found that He was in the presence
of Baha'u'llah. I told the Master that Iskandar Effendi had
come to see Him and he was in a happy mood. The Blessed
Beauty smiled and said 'Go downstairs, Aqa![1] He has good
news. No one can frustrate God in His purpose.'
[1 The Master, one of 'Abdu'l-Baha's titles given to Him by Baha'u'llah. He usually addressed 'Abdu'l-Baha as Aqa.]
'Abdu'l-Baha went to the reception room where He was
shown a telegram just received containing the order of
dismissal of 'Abdu'r-Rahman Pasha.[1] After a few minutes <p412>
He went hurriedly upstairs. Halfway up, I asked Him if he
could tell me the news. He smiled and said in a loud voice,
'God has struck a severe blow at the Pasha.' He then went to
convey the news to Baha'u'llah.
[1 It was not unusual for a telegraph office to share such news with people, as there were no other news media. The fact that 'Abdu'l-Baha received the news before the Governor shows the deep regard some officials had for the Master.]
As to 'Abdu'r-Rahman Pasha, in the morning, accompanied
by a few soldiers, he went to arrest the believers at
their shops and send them to prison. To his surprise he
found the shops were closed. At first he thought the late
opening was perhaps due to the month of Ramadan when
people were going late to work. Soon after, he went to the
Police Station where he waited for the shops to open up.
During this time he was unaware of God's intervention...
The above telegram was addressed to Shaykh 'Aliy-i-Miri,
the Mufti of 'Akka, who communicated its content to the
Pasha... The Mufti had been truly astonished by this
event. For it was late in the evening when the Governor's
scheme had come to light, and in the morning the telegram
arrived. He considered this incident to have been a miracle.
He said to the Master, 'I am almost on the verge of losing my
mind over this episode. Please tell me, what did Baha'u'llah
say late that evening when you informed Him of the plot?'
'Abdu'l-Baha responded by saying that the Blessed Beauty
ordered the believers not to open their shops in the morning
and advised them to leave their affairs in the hand of God
Baha'u'llah also declared that when a person leaves his
affairs to God, he ought not to take any other measures
himself, otherwise he could frustrate the plan of God.(7)
In a Tablet(8) Baha'u'llah describes 'Abdu'r-Rahman Pasha as an embodiment of Satan, one who ruled over God in 'Akka. He asserts that God assisted him in his evil schemes for some time, until suddenly He took hold of him with might and power. Admonishing the ousted Governor, Baha'u'llah states that he was unable to prevent God from executing His will, and reminds him that men greater than him did not succeed in frustrating His purpose. He also refers to the fate of other <p413> hostile governors and officials who were either dismissed or stricken with disease through the power of God.
Other Governors who followed 'Abdu'r-Rahman Pasha were friendly. First Asa'd Effendi was dispatched to 'Akka. He was Acting Governor for a short time and was especially commissioned to investigate the condition of the exiles. Although Baha'u'llah did not usually give interviews to anyone outside the circle of His followers, He gave permission to Asa'd Effendi to see Him. This was a result of repeated requests by Asa'd Effendi and the intercession of 'Abbud. Asa'd Effendi was so impressed by the glory of Baha'u'llah's countenance that he knelt before Him and when he was leaving, he kissed the hem of His garment.
The next Governor was Faydi Pasha to whom we have referred previously.[1] During his short stay of about two months in 'Akka as Governor, he became one of the ardent admirers of 'Abdu'l-Baha. One day he noticed that some religious leaders, including the Mufti of 'Akka, were taking part in religious discussions in the Mosque. He conveyed to them his displeasure at seeing that 'Abdu'l-Baha was not there to conduct such classes. He was told that the reason was the order of the Sultan which prohibited such an activity. On another occasion, when he noticed that 'Abdu'l-Baha did not leave the city boundaries, he sent word that He should feel free to visit other localities outside 'Akka. Faydi Pasha was a man of action. His admiration for and support of 'Abdu'l-Baha boosted the prestige of the community. This is a summary of Husayn-i-Ashchi's memoirs concerning Faydi Pasha:
[1 See p. 25.]
One day the Master was in the presence of Baha'u'llah and
was talking about Faydi Pasha. I was present on that
occasion when the Master was recounting in detail some of
the activities of the Governor and praising his steadfastness,
his services and his sincerity. Baha'u'llah said, 'Aqa! this
Pasha is a great personality. A man as great as he will not be <p414>
allowed to remain here very long. You will find that he will
be summoned to Istanbul suddenly by a telegram. If there
were a few personalities such as this among the Ottoman
rulers, the Government would have made good progress.'

Then 'Abdu'l-Baha left and went to the reception room
downstairs. It did not take more than one hour and a half
before a telegram arrived from the Sublime Porte directing
Faydi Pasha to go to Istanbul. The telegram was first shown
to the Master by the chief of the telegraph office and then
was taken to the Governor... When he came to say
farewell, he particularly offered his help if in his absence any
difficulties should be created for the company of exiles. He
told us to send him a telegram and he would do his best to
assist. He was a very influential man. He treated us with
loving-kindness and in various gatherings he spoke highly
of the community.(9)
After Faydi Pasha, Ibrahim Pasha, who was friendly, was installed as Governor, and after him Mustafa Diya Pasha, who was so impressed with 'Abdu'l-Baha and the whole community that, although it was against the edict of the Sultan, he indicated that Baha'u'llah was free to pass through the gates of the city. However, Baha'u'llah declined his suggestion and remained in the House of 'Abbud until June 1877 when the Mufti of 'Akka, as we shall see, literally fell on his knees and begged Him to leave 'Akka.
For almost nine years since His arrival in 'Akka, Baha'u'llah had not left the confines of His residence. Although, as we have already stated, the water supply was brought in, the air purified and the brackish water of the wells changed into fresh water, yet the city, devoid of all greenery, was a gloomy prison in itself. From the Writings of Baha'u'llah we have learned that the Manifestation of God abides in a spiritual realm far from the ken of men. In that station, imprisonment and calamities have no effect on Him. But the human part feels pain and suffering. <p415>
When we survey events in the ministry of Baha'u'llah, these nine years spent in the city of 'Akka can be regarded as the most depressing in His earthly life. For He was, from a human point of view, extremely enamoured of the beauty of nature. He loved oriental gardens with their perfumed flowers and shrubs. In His youth, before the birth of the Babi Revelation until He was deprived of all His possessions at the time of Siyah-Chal,[1] He spent much of His time during spring and summer in the open countryside. In His ancestral home in the village of Takur, in the district of Nur, He lived in beautiful surroundings. For days He used to tarry in gardens of exquisite beauty. And when the Babi Faith was born, He used to entertain the believers on His regal estates.
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 7-11.]
'Abdu'l-Baha in a Tablet(10) describes the beauty of the scenery of a summer residence where Baha'u'llah stayed one summer. This was in one of the villages in the area of Shimiran close to the Alburz mountain near Tihran. This place had beautiful gardens and a lake. A huge stone platform was built in the middle of the lake. Upon it a tent was pitched surrounded by flowers. This was in the early days of the Babi Faith and the believers used to come there, sometimes a hundred and fifty of them. Enchanted by the presence of Baha'u'llah, they would all sit around and chant the divine verses amid the charm of the surroundings. This is just an example of how He loved to spend His days in the countryside.
In Baghdad too, where Baha'u'llah lived an austere life for many years, He was free to walk along the banks of the Tigris in the open air, or to pitch his tent in certain of the garden parks outside the city, and stay there for some time. And in Adrianople there were occasions when Baha'u'llah was able to spend some time in gardens which He rented. But in 'Akka for nine years He did not see even a blade of grass to rejoice His heart. Once He had made a remark to this effect and 'Abdu'l-Baha knew that through the creative power of His Father's <p416> words, it was time for Him to move out of 'Akka. 'Abdu'l-Baha tells the story of how Baha'u'llah's confinement came to an end:
Baha'u'llah loved the beauty and verdure of the country.
One day He passed the remark: 'I have not gazed on
verdure for nine years. The country is the world of the soul,
the city is the world of bodies.' When I heard indirectly of
this saying I realized that He was longing for the country,
and I was sure that whatever I could do towards the carrying
out of His wish would be successful. There was in 'Akka at
that time a man called Muhammad Pasha Safwat, who was
very much opposed to us. He had a palace called Mazra'ih,
about four miles north of the city, a lovely place,
surrounded by gardens and with a stream of running water.
I went and called on this Pasha at his home. I said: 'Pasha,
you have left the palace empty, and are living in 'Akka.' He
replied: 'I am an invalid and cannot leave the city. If I go
there it is lonely and I am cut off from my friends.' I said:
'While you are not living there and the place is empty, let it
to us.' He was amazed at the proposal, but soon consented. I
got the house at a very low rent, about five pounds per
annum, paid him for five years and made a contract. I sent
labourers to repair the place and put the garden in order and
had a bath built. I also had a carriage prepared for the use of
the Blessed Beauty. One day I determined to go and see the
place for myself. Notwithstanding the repeated injunctions
given in successive firmans that we were on no account to
pass the limits of the city walls, I walked out through the
city gate. Gendarmes were on guard, but they made no
objection, so I proceeded straight to the palace. The next
day I again went out, with some friends and officials,
unmolested and unopposed, although the guards and
sentinels stood on both sides of the City Gates. Another day
I arranged a banquet, spread a table under the pine trees of
Bahji, and gathered round it the notables and officials of the
town. In the evening we all returned to the town together.

One day I went to the Holy Presence of the Blessed
Beauty and said: 'The palace at Mazra'ih is ready for you, <p417>
and a carriage to drive you there.' (At that time there were
no carriages in 'Akka or Haifa.) He refused to go, saying: 'I
am a prisoner.' Later I requested Him again, but got the
same answer. I went so far as to ask Him a third time, but he
still said 'No!' and I did not dare to insist further. There was,
however, in 'Akka a certain Muhammadan Shaykh, a well-known
man with considerable influence, who loved
Baha'u'llah and was greatly favoured by Him. I called this
Shaykh and explained the position to him. I said, 'You are
daring. Go tonight to His Holy Presence, fall on your knees
before Him, take hold of His hands and do not let go until
He promises to leave the city!' He was an Arab... He went
directly to Baha'u'llah and sat close to His knees. He took
hold of the hands of the Blessed Beauty and kissed them and
asked: 'Why do you not leave the city?' He said: 'I am a
prisoner.' The Shaykh replied: 'God forbid! Who has the
power to make you a prisoner? You have kept yourself in
prison. It was your own will to be imprisoned, and now I
beg you to come out and go to the palace. It is beautiful and
verdant. The trees are lovely, and the oranges like balls of
fire!' As often as the Blessed Beauty said: 'I am a prisoner, it
cannot be,' the Shaykh took His hands and kissed them. For
a whole hour he kept on pleading. At last Baha'u'llah said,
'Khayli khub (very good)' and the Shaykh's patience and
persistence were rewarded. He came to me with great joy to
give the glad news of His Holiness's consent. In spite of the
strict firman of 'Abdu'l-'Aziz which prohibited my meeting
or having any intercourse with the Blessed Perfection, I
took the carriage the next day and drove with Him to the
palace. No one made any objection.(11)
This episode alone demonstrates the spiritual supremacy of Baha'u'llah, His majesty and greatness. Although the decree of the despotic Sultan condemning Him to solitary life imprisonment was still in force, it was the highest dignitary of the city of 'Akka who with great humbleness knelt before Him and insisted that He leave the prison city and take up residence wherever He wished. 'Abdu'l-Baha describes this event as one <p418> of Baha'u'llah's greatest miracles. These are the words of the Master:
For the Most Great Name was held prisoner and confined
nine years in the fortress-town of 'Akka; and at all times,
both in the barracks and afterward, from without the house,
the police and farrashes had Him under constant guard. The
Blessed Beauty lived in a very small house, and He never set
foot outside that narrow lodging, because His oppressors
kept continual watch at the door. When, however, nine
years had elapsed, the fixed and predetermined length of
days was over; and at that time, against the rancorous will of
the tyrant, 'Abdu'l-Hamid, and all his minions, Baha'u'llah
proceeded out of the fortress with authority and might, and
in a kingly mansion beyond the city, made His home.

Although the policy of Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid was
harsher than ever; although he constantly insisted on his
Captive's strict confinement--still, the Blessed Beauty now
lived, as everyone knows, with all power and glory. Some of
the time Baha'u'llah would spend at the Mansion, and again,
at the farm village of Mazra'ih; for a while He would
sojourn in Haifa, and occasionally His tent would be
pitched on the heights of Mount Carmel. Friends from
everywhere presented themselves and gained an audience.
The people and the government authorities witnessed it all,
yet no one so much as breathed a word. And this is one of
Baha'u'llah's greatest miracles: that He, a captive, surrounded
Himself with panoply and He wielded power. The
prison changed into a palace, the jail itself became a Garden
of Eden. Such a thing has not occurred in history before;
no former age has seen its like: that a man confined to a
prison should move about with authority and might; that
one in chains should carry the fame of the Cause of God to
the high heavens, should win splendid victories in both East
and West, and should, by His almighty pen, subdue the
world. Such is the distinguishing feature of this supreme
Theophany.(12)
Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baha'i Faith, has also <p419> referred to the same subject. Citing some passages from the words of Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha, he writes:
'Sultan 'Abdu'l-'Aziz,' Baha'u'llah is reported by one of His
fellow-exiles to have stated, 'banished Us to this country in
the greatest abasement, and since his object was to destroy
Us and humble Us, whenever the means of glory and ease
presented themselves, We did not reject them.' 'Now, praise
be to God,' He, moreover, as reported by Nabil in his
narrative, once remarked, 'it has reached the point when
all the people of these regions are manifesting their submissiveness
unto Us.' And again, as recorded in that same
narrative: 'The Ottoman Sultan, without any justification,
or reason, arose to oppress Us, and sent Us to the fortress of
'Akka. His imperial farman decreed that none should
associate with Us, and that We should become the object
of the hatred of everyone. The Hand of Divine power,
therefore, swiftly avenged Us. It first loosed the winds of
destruction upon his two irreplaceable ministers and
confidants, 'Ali and Fu'ad, after which that Hand was
stretched out to roll up the panoply of 'Aziz himself, and to
seize him, as He only can seize, Who is the Mighty, the
Strong.'

'His enemies,' 'Abdu'l-Baha, referring to the same theme,
has written, 'intended that His imprisonment should
completely destroy and annihilate the blessed Cause, but
this prison was, in reality, of the greatest assistance, and
became the means of its development.' '... This illustrious
Being', He, moreover, has affirmed, 'uplifted His Cause
in the Most Great Prison. From this Prison His light was
shed abroad; His fame conquered the world, and the
proclamation of His glory reached the East and the West.'
'His light at first had been a star; now it became a mighty
sun.' 'Until our time,' He, moreover, has affirmed, 'no such
thing has ever occurred.'

Little wonder that, in view of so remarkable a reversal in
the circumstances attending the twenty-four years of His
banishment to 'Akka, Baha'u'llah Himself should have
penned these weighty words: 'The Almighty... hath <p420>
transformed this Prison-House into the Most Exalted
Paradise, the Heaven of Heavens.'(13)
The sufferings of Baha'u'llah during the nine years of His confinement within the walls of the prison city of 'Akka and especially the two years in the barracks, were the most grievous of His ministry. Yet it was in this period that some of the most momentous Writings were revealed by His Pen. The Kitab-i-Aqdas, the Mother Book of the Dispensation of Baha'u'llah, described by Shoghi Effendi as the 'brightest emanation of the mind of Baha'u'llah', was revealed, as we have noted, at this time of great afflictions and sorrows. The proclamation of His Message to the kings and rulers of the world reached its final consummation during this period. And it is significant that most of His summons to the crowned heads of the world were delivered from within the confines of that prison city. It was also in this period that the foundations of the Baha'i community in the land of its birth were greatly strengthened, on the one hand by the heroism and self-sacrifice of its martyrs such as Badi', and on the other by the appearance of dedicated and highly gifted teachers of His Cause, among them the learned apologist Mirza Abu'l-Fadl.
And, significantly, it was during these calamitous years, and as a direct result of the afflictions and sufferings which were heaped upon the Supreme Manifestation of God in this Most Great Prison, that enormous spiritual forces were released causing humanity to be freed of all fetters which had been placed upon it in the course of past ages and centuries. As testified by Baha'u'llah in the following Tablet, revealed in 'Akka, He had consented to be bound in chains so that generations yet unborn might find themselves freed from the curse of oppression and injustice and be enabled to live a noble life in real freedom and peace.
The Ancient Beauty hath consented to be bound with
chains that mankind may be released from its bondage, and
hath accepted to be made a prisoner within this most mighty <p421>
stronghold that the whole world may attain unto true
liberty. He hath drained to its dregs the cup of sorrow, that
all the peoples of the earth may attain unto abiding joy, and
be filled with gladness. This is of the mercy of your Lord,
the Compassionate, the Most Merciful. We have accepted to
be abased, O believers in the Unity of God, that ye may be
exalted, and have suffered manifold afflictions, that ye
might prosper and flourish. He Who hath come to build
anew the whole world, behold, how they that have joined
partners with God have forced Him to dwell within the
most desolate of cities!(14) <p422>
APPENDIX I
The Transfer of the Remains of the Bab
The remains of the Bab and His disciple Mirza Muhammad-Aliy-i-Zunuzi who was martyred with Him were taken to the edge of the moat outside the gate of the city of Tabriz on the evening of the day of martyrdom, 9 July 1850, and ten sentinels were posted to guard them.
The person who became instrumental in removing the remains of the Bab and His companion from the edge of the moat was His courageous and faithful follower Haji Sulayman Khan, the son of an officer in the service of the father of Muhammad Shah. He was a highly influential man. Amir Nizam, the Prime Minister of the time, was induced to spare his life, in spite of the fact that many of his fellow believers were being put to death.
However, two years after the death of his Master, he too died as a martyr in a spirit of jubilant heroism, and shed a great lustre upon the infant Cause of God. It was he in whose body several incisions were made and burning candles inserted. He chanted the praises of His Lord as he was being paraded in the streets of Tihran prior to his martyrdom with blood pouring all over his body and his flesh sizzling with the flame of the candles.[1]
[1 For details of his martyrdom see The Dawn-Breakers, pp. 610-21.]
The following words, uttered prior to his martyrdom and when he was informed that his life could be spared if he recanted his faith, are indicative of the courage and devotion of one who had set off from Tihran for Tabriz with the intention of rescuing the Bab from the imminent danger that threatened His life. Having arrived two days too late, he instead had <p423> carried out the dangerous and most difficult task of removing the remains of the Bab from the hands of the enemy:
'Never, so long as my life-blood continues to pulsate in m
veins, shall I be willing to recant my faith in my Beloved!
This world which the Commander of the Faithful[1] has
likened to carrion will never allure me from my heart's
Desire.' He was asked to determine the manner in which he
wished to die. 'Pierce holes in my flesh,' was the instant
reply, 'and in each wound place a candle. Let nine candles be
lighted all over my body, and in this state conduct me
through the streets of Tihran. Summon the multitude to
witness the glory of my martyrdom, so that the memory of
my death may remain imprinted in their hearts and help
them, as they recall the intensity of my tribulation, to
recognise the Light I have embraced. After I have reached
the foot: of the gallows and have uttered the last prayer of my
earthly life, cleave my body in twain and suspend my limbs
on either side of the gate of Tihran, that the multitude
passing beneath it may witness to the love which the Faith of
the Bab has kindled in the hearts of His disciples, and may
look upon the proofs of their devotion.'(1)
[1 Imam 'Ali. (A.T.)]
He died exactly as he had wished.
Only a few hours after his arrival in Tabriz, Haji Sulayman Khan, with the help of the Mayor of the city (who was a personal friend) succeeded in planning his strategy for the rescue of the remains of the Bab. The Mayor called on the venturous Haji Allah-yar, a courageous and daring man, to render this service to his friend. In the middle of the night Haji Allah-yar took some of his men accompanied by two Babis from Milan (a town in the province of Adhirbayijan) to the spot where the remains of the Bab and His disciple lay. The soldiers guarding the bodies did not dare to challenge the Haji's men, and in the morning they had no choice but to announce that the wild beasts at night had devoured the bodies! <p424>
The sacred remains were wrapped in the 'aba[1] of one of the believers and delivered to Haji Sulayman Khan who with the help of Husayn-i-Milani took them to the silk factory of Haji Ahmad, a believer of Milan. Husayn-i-Milani (who was one of the two believers accompanying Haji Allah-yar on that historic night) was later martyred in Tihran on the same day that Haji Sulayman Khan laid down his life in the path of his Beloved. For two days the remains were left in the silk factory. They were wrapped in shrouds and hidden under the bales of silk. They were then placed in a special casket and transferred to another place of safety. Haji Sulayman Khan communicated the news to Baha'u'llah and awaited His instructions.
[1 Cloak worn by Persian men at the time.]
It is important to realize that the arrival of Haji Sulayman Khan at Tabriz was an act of providence directed by Baha'u'llah Himself. As soon as He was informed that the martyrdom of the Bab was imminent, Baha'u'llah had summoned Haji Sulayman Khan to His presence and instructed him to proceed immediately and speedily to Tabriz.
Now, when the latest news reached Him, He directed His faithful brother, Mirza Musa (entitled Aqay-i-Kalim) to send a trusted person to Tabriz and bring the casket to Tihran. This was done and the sacred remains were taken via Zanjan (where they were kept for one night) to Tihran. The casket arrived at a time when Baha'u'llah had departed from Tihran for Karbila. According to His instructions the casket containing the remains of the Bab and His companion was delivered to Aqay-i-Kalim who placed it in the Shrine of Imam-Zadih Hasan[1] in a safe location. The only other person who was involved in this mission was Mirza 'Abdu'l-Karim-i-Qazvini, known as Mirza Ahmad.
[1 A Muslim shrine in Tihran.]
From there they transferred it after some time to the house of Haji Sulayman Khan in Tihran; later it was placed in the Shrine of Imam-Zadih Ma'sum. It was concealed in a northern corner of the shrine and a wall was constructed in front of it. <p425> No one except these men knew its whereabouts. But Mirza 'Abdu'l-Karim and Haji Sulayman Khan were both martyred in Tihran in 1852 during the great massacre of the Babis following an attempt on the life of Nasiri'd-Din Shah. The only person left who knew of its exact whereabouts was Aqay-i-Kalim.
The sacred casket remained concealed in Imam-Zadih Ma'sum until AH 1284 (1867-68). From Adrianople, Baha'u'llah directed Mirza Aqa of Kashan (entitled Munib[1]) to transfer the remains to another place. Aqay-i-Kalim briefed him as to its exact location, but Munib failed to find it. Baha'u'llah then addressed a Tablet to Mulla' Ali-Akbar-i-Shahmirzadi, known as Haji Akhund,[2] and Jamal-i-Burujird[3] instructing them to remove the casket immediately. The details of its whereabouts were again furnished by Aqay-i-Kalim.
[1 See vol. 1, pp. 283-7.]
[2 He was appointed later as a Hand of the Cause of God. We shall refer to his life and services in the next volume.]
[3 He was an outstanding teacher of the Faith who later became a Covenant-breaker, see vol. 2.]
The transfer of the remains proved to be an act of providence directed by Baha'u'llah. For very soon after, the custodians of the Shrine of Imam-Zadih Ma'sum carried out extensive reconstruction work which would have definitely revealed the secret of that precious trust reposing behind one of the walls of the Shrine. Such a discovery could have had disastrous consequences for the protection of the sacred remains.
Haji Akhund and Jamal succeeded in finding the casket and removing it from the Shrine of Imam-Zadih Ma'sum. They carried it to a village outside Tihran in which stands the celebrated shrine of Shah 'Abdu'l-'Azim. Finding conditions unsatisfactory for depositing the casket in that area, they moved towards the village of Chashmih-'Ali. On the way they came upon the Mosque of Masha'u'llah, an old and dilapidated building which was not commonly visited by people. They waited there until sunset. Haji Akhund opened the casket and <p426> in the dim twilight gazed upon the remains of the Martyr-Prophet of the Faith. What feelings of awe, reverence and grief must have descended upon his soul and what emotions must have erupted in his heart at that time, no one can tell. But knowing the degree of his faith and devotion to the Cause and the vibrant nature of his personality we can imagine the impact of such a mighty event on his soul. It is said that he found a flower which had dried up placed on the old shroud, probably a symbol of loving devotion by Haji Sulayman Khan.
Haji Akhund and Jamal wrapped yet another silken shroud around the remains and closed the casket. They placed it in a niche in a wall and bricked it up with old bricks which could be found in plenty in that dilapidated building.
That night the two returned to a village near by. The next morning they decided to visit the place on their way to the capital. Upon arrival at the spot they discovered to their consternation that someone had opened up the section of the wall and broken the casket. But soon they were relieved to find that the remains were untouched. This was the work of some men who must have seen the two placing the casket inside the old mosque and thought it was treasure of some sort, leaving it alone when they discovered it to be otherwise. Immediately Haji Akhund and Jamal closed the casket and took it away Both were riding on donkeys; one of the men held the casket in front of him and in this way proceeded towards Tihran.
In those days guards were placed at the gates of the cities and used to search people entering. Haji Akhund and Jamal were extremely worried in case the officials might attempt to open the casket. But Providence played its part in this episode. As the two approached the city gate, a severe gale unexpectedly arose, heavy rain began to pour and gusty winds blew it hard in every direction. Crowds of people ran through the city gate to find shelter and with them went Haji Akhund and Jamal.
They took the sacred casket to the home of Mirza Hasan-i-Vazir, a believer of note. Haji Akhund rented that house and lived in it as a custodian of that sacred trust. For about fourteen <p427> months it was kept in that house, but after some time its whereabouts were no longer a secret. Believers used to come from all over the country to visit the house and pray at the threshold of the room in which it was kept. Alarmed at the possible consequences of this discovery, Haji Akhund reported the matter to Baha'u'llah who by that time was imprisoned in the barracks of 'Akka. On receiving the news, Baha'u'llah ordered His Trustee Haji Shah-Muhammad to proceed immediately to Tihran and remove the holy remains to another place of safety.
Soon after this Haji Shah-Muhammad arrived in Tihran. He handed to Haji Akhund a Tablet of Baha'u'llah addressed to him. In that Tablet Baha'u'llah had directed Haji Akhund to hand over the sacred casket to Haji Shah-Muhammad. The emphasis was on secrecy and Baha'u'llah had bidden Haji Akhund not to question the bearer of that sacred trust as to the place of its safe keeping. Once Haji Akhund had consigned the casket to the Trustee of Baha'u'llah, he did not even look to see in which direction it was carried.
Haji Shah-Muhammad, assisted by one of the believers, succeeded in burying the casket beneath the inner sanctuary of the Shrine of Imam Zadih Zayd, where it remained for about sixteen years.
In the year AH 1301 (1884-85) Baha'u'llah instructed Mirza Asadu'llah-i-Isfahani,[1] one of the believers resident in Tihran, to remove the remains from Imam Zadih Zayn and take it to another place of safety. The exact location of the casket was charted by Baha'u'llah and the chart sent to Mirza Asadu'llah. It must be borne in mind here that the act of burying a casket in an Islamic shrine without anyone seeing it, and later removing it in similar circumstances, called for great wisdom, caution <p428> and courage. There is no doubt that all those who were charged by Baha'u'llah to carry out this important mission were assisted by the invisible forces of divine Providence.
[1 He had married the sister of Munirih Khanum (the wife of 'Abdu'l-Baha). Dr. Farid was their son whose contemptible behaviour brought much sorrow to the heart of 'Abdu'l-Baha and who was eventually announced as a Covenant-breaker. Mirza Asadu'llah himself also defected towards the end of his life. ]
Mirza Asadu'llah succeeded in removing the casket from the Shrine. He first took it to his own house and kept it there for some time, then he transferred it to other localities including the houses of Husayn-'Aliy-i-Isfahani (entitled Nur) and Muhammad Karim-i-Attar where it remained hidden till the year AH 1316 (1899).
The manner in which the remains of the Bab were taken to these homes is interesting. It demonstrates that those who were charged with their protection carried out their task with great caution and wisdom.
The following is the translation of the spoken chronicle of Mirza Husayn 'Aliy-i-Isfahani concerning the transfer of the remains of the Bab to his house:
It was about the year 1269 (AH solar) (AD 1891) that Mirza
Asadu'llah-i-Isfahani accompanied by his wife came to stay
with me at my home in Tihran... After a few days they
intimated to me that they were on their way to the Holy
Land, and wished to entrust me with a case containing some
important items. They indicated that they would collect it
on their return home. But they emphasized that I should
pay great attention to its safe keeping. I agreed. The next
day, he and his wife brought a wooden case and with much
reverence placed it in a room near the entrance to the house.
He requested that the room be locked and no one enter it for
a day or two. We locked the room and he took the key.

The following day Mirza Asadu'llah and his wife brought
an empty steel case. They went into the room and pulled the
curtains across. No one could see what they were doing
inside. For about four hours they stayed inside the room
Then they opened the door and called me in and said 'This is
the trust which is given to your care.'

I saw the steel case, which was new, placed in the middle
of the room, padlocked and sealed; a strong scent of attar of
rose had filled the room. We placed the case inside an alcove <p429>
in the room and one of the Baha'i youths who was a
bricklayer closed it in with bricks.[1]
[1 It was common practice by the believers in those days to place the Holy Writings in a steel case and bury it in the ground or place it inside a cavity in the wall and close it in with bricks, or other material.]
The protection and safekeeping of any trust is a difficult task, especially if one suspects that the items he is entrusted with are Tablets and Holy Writings in the handwriting of the Bab and Baha'u'llah.
This is why after Mirza Asadu'llah's departure, I committed myself wholeheartedly to the safekeeping of his trust. At night I used to stay in that room for hours to guard it. For some time I used to sleep in that room, but after a while I gave up sleeping there.
About two years had passed when the enemies of the
Faith in Tihran renewed their persecution against the
Baha'is and imprisoned certain believers... There were
rumours that the houses of the friends could be plundered.

This news caused us great anxiety as we were afraid that
the enemies might attack the house and take away the case
which was entrusted to us. Therefore we held a family
consultation and decided that it should be hidden in a safer
place. Immediately we transferred the case into another
room... We made an opening in one of the walls, placed
the case vertically in the middle and re-built the wall in front
of the case and plastered it during the night. We even lighted
a big fire inside the room so that by morning the plaster had
dried and it did not look different from the rest of the wall.
That day I wrote a letter to Mirza Asadu'llah-i-Isfahani
informing him of the disturbances in Tihran where the
fanatical mob and the ruffians were threatening to harm this
innocent community and if they found it possible they
might attack and plunder the homes of the believers...
Therefore I suggested to him to return to Tihran as soon as
possible and take away his trust.

Some time passed and a reply came from Mirza
Asadu'llah saying that at an appropriate time he would
mention the situation to the Master, and when permission
was granted he would return to take away the case. He <p430>
arrived in Tihran about one year later, and came to our
house. We took out the case from the wall and handed it to
him. After careful examination of the case, he took it away
and deposited it in the house of another believer, Aqa
Muhammad-Karim-i-Attar.

About six months passed by when I received a letter from
Mirza Asadu'llah thanking me for all my efforts in
protecting the case which had been entrusted to me for
about four years. He went on to say that the trust which had
been kept in my house was so precious that even my
descendants in the future would pride themselves on its
safekeeping in that house... He then revealed to me that
the case contained the sacred remains of the blessed Bab!...

Immediately after reading this letter I invited some of the
believers to the house and read the letter to them. We had
such a glorious meeting, the like of which has seldom been
experienced... The lovers of that Beloved of the world
were ecstatic They prostrated themselves at that holy place
and chanted joyous melodies and prayers.
The remains of the Bab were kept in the house of Aqa Muhammad-Karim-i-Attar until the year AH 1316 (AD 1899). As directed by 'Abdu'l-Baha, Mirza Asadu'llah, together with a number of other believers who did not know what the case contained, transported the sacred remains to the Holy Land via Baghdad, Damascus and Beirut. They arrived safely in 'Akka on 31 January 1899.
For ten years the sacred remains were secretly kept in the Holy Land, for a time in the home of 'Abdu'l-Baha in 'Akka and later in a place on Mount Carmel. In the meantime 'Abdu'l-Baha, in spite of great difficulties and in the midst of disturbances created by His enemies and misrepresentations by the Covenant-breakers, succeeded in building six rooms for the Shrine of the Bab on Mount Carmel at a site chosen by Baha'u'llah Himself.[1] 'Abdu'l-Baha asked the Baha'is of <p431> Rangoon to order the construction of a marble sarcophagus. This was done and the sarcophagus was presented to 'Abdu'l-Baha as a gift. It was carved out of solid stone and had the Greatest Name in the handwriting of Mishkin-Qalam[2] engraved on its sides. This together with a casket made of hardwood arrived in Haifa by sea. As there were no vehicles for its transportation, the crate containing the sarcophagus was placed on wooden rollers and dragged by men from the pier all the way up the mountain.
[1 We shall refer to this in greater detail in the next volume when describing Baha'u'llah's visit to Mount Carmel.]
[2 See vol. 1, pp. 26-8.]
Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Faith, describes the historic and moving occasion when 'Abdu'l-Baha laid to rest the sacred remains of the Bab and His companion in the Shrine He had built on Mount Carmel:
Finally, in the very year His royal adversary lost his throne,
and at the time of the opening of the first American Baha'i
Convention, convened in Chicago for the purpose of
creating a permanent national organization for the
construction of the Mashriqu'l-Adhkar, 'Abdu'l-Baha
brought His undertaking to a successful conclusion, in spite
of the incessant machinations of enemies both within and
without. On the 28th of the month of Safar 1327 AH, the day
of the first Naw-Ruz (1909), which He celebrated after His
release from His confinement, 'Abdu'l-Baha had the marble
sarcophagus transported with great labour to the vault
prepared for it, and in the evening, by the light of a single
lamp, He laid within it, with His own hands--in the
presence of believers from the East and from the West and in
circumstances at once solemn and moving--the wooden
casket containing the sacred remains of the Bab and His
companion.

When all was finished, and the earthly remains of the
Martyr-Prophet of Shiraz were, at long last, safely
deposited for their everlasting rest in the bosom of God's
holy mountain, 'Abdu'l-Baha, Who had cast aside His
turban, removed His shoes and thrown off His cloak, bent
low over the still open sarcophagus, His silver hair waving <p432>
about His head and His face transfigured and luminous,
rested His forehead on the border of the wooden casket,
and, sobbing aloud, wept with such a weeping that all those
who were present wept with Him. That night He could not
sleep, so overwhelmed was He with emotion.

'The most joyful tidings is this,' He wrote later in a Tablet
announcing to His followers the news of this glorious
victory, 'that the holy, the luminous body of the Bab...
after having for sixty years been transferred from place to
place, by reason of the ascendancy of the enemy, and from
fear of the malevolent, and having known neither rest nor
tranquillity has, through the mercy of the Abba Beauty,
been ceremoniously deposited, on the day of Naw-Ruz,
within the sacred casket, in the exalted Shrine on Mt.
Carmel... By a strange coincidence, on that same day of
Naw-Ruz,[1] a cablegram was received from Chicago,
announcing that the believers in each of the American
centres had elected a delegate and sent to that city... and
definitely decided on the site and construction of the
Mashriqu'l-Adhkar.'(2)
[1 See vol. 1, p. 268, for another important incident on that day. (A.T.)] <p433>
APPENDIX II
Mirza Abu'l-Fadl of Gulpaygan
The conversion of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl to the Faith of Baha'u'llah is described in Chapter 5 He was to become the foremost scholar of that Faith.
The teaching activities of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl began soon after he embraced the Faith. Almost all his Baha'i career, stretching over a period of well-nigh forty years, was spent in teaching the Cause to members of the public and in deepening the Baha'is in the verities of the Faith.
About five years after Mirza Abu'l-Fadl joined the ranks of the believers, Baha'u'llah in a Tablet(1) commanded him to arise in His Name and invite the peoples of the world to come to him so that he might recount to them the news of the 'Most Great Announcement', might show them the vista of the 'Most Exalted Horizon' and might enable them to hearken to the 'Voice of God' in this day.
This Tablet and the command of Baha'u'llah exerted a galvanizing influence upon Mirza Abu'l-Fadl. Some time later, quoting this Tablet and knowing that the confirmations of Baha'u'llah would surround him from every direction he wrote these challenging words addressed to the peoples of the world:
And lately this servant who considers himself to be the most
insignificant among the servants of the Lord of creation, and
one who has quaffed only a drop from the ocean of
certitude, is prepared, bearing in mind the auspicious
utterances of the Lord of Lords quoted above,[1] to inform <p434>
any person of any nationality in the world of the truth of
this great Cause, and to prove to him its authenticity based
on the clear proofs by which the truth of that person's
religion is also established. If he be of the people of
philosophy and logic, to prove by intellectual and rational
proofs, and if he belongs to the people of controversy and
contention, to convince and silence him by adducing
compelling and binding proofs. This is in order that the
right path may be distinguished from the path of error, truth
from falsehood and health from disease. And, in what we
say, we rely entirely upon God, exalted be He.(2)
[1 A reference to the Tablet of Baha'u'llah which had been revealed for him.]
They were not mere empty words that this great and godly man wrote and published in the Fara'id, one of his outstanding works. He lived up to everything he said. Not only did he hold discourses with countless souls of different backgrounds and religions, and converted hundreds of them to the Cause, but he also left for posterity the fundamentals of Baha'i proofs from every point of view, that generations yet unborn might learn from them and deepen their knowledge and understanding of the Faith of Baha'u'llah.
Mirza Abu'l-Fadl was renowned for his knowledge. His name 'Abu'l-Fadl' which he had adopted when he was a Muslim, means the father of knowledge. 'Abdu'l-Baha in a Tablet addresses him as the father of knowledge, its mother and its brother. But those who knew him have testified that as far as his knowledge and understanding were concerned there was a vast difference before and after he was a Baha'i. He himself has testified that before his coming in contact with the Faith of Baha'u'llah he was the embodiment of vain imaginings and idle fancy and his vision was obscured by these. Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali writes of him:
His honour, the dearly loved Abu'l-Fadl,... has adorned
the City of Isfahan with his presence. Since formerly he was a
student in Isfahan, he is well known by the scholars and men
of learning here. These men have met him and have realized <p435>
that he is not the same person as in the past. They confess
that his vast knowledge, learning and power of utterance
puts him in the forefront of all. In the past he was as a drop,
now he is as a billowing sea. He was then as a mere atom and
now he shines as a brilliant star...(3)

Soon after embracing the Faith of Baha'u'llah Mirza Abu'l-Fadl was forced to leave his post as head of a theological college in Tihran. The high esteem and honour in which he was held by the public as well as in government and ecclesiastical circles up till then, turned into abasement and persecution. He was twice imprisoned, the last time for about twenty-two months. He lived very modestly and earned a small income, often working as a scribe.[1] His attachment to Baha'u'llah knew no bounds. But he was as detached from this world as he was attached to His Lord, and this alone conferred upon him all his powers and virtues. Prayer and meditation were the cornerstone of his life and through them he polished the mirror of his heart so perfectly that he radiated the light of the Faith of Baha'u'llah to those who came into contact with him When he was in Egypt, he did not disclose his faith at first This was suggested to him by 'Abdu'l-Baha. A great many scholars and professors of the famous University of Al-Azhar and others recognized the depth and profundity of his knowledge and were attracted to his person. Since they did not suspect him of being a Baha'i there was no prejudice and they congregated around him in great numbers. So earnest was their quest for the outpouring of spiritual knowledge from his lips that they sat spellbound at his feet and some of them were enraptured with his explanations of the verities of the Qur'an and other spiritual subjects.
[1 In those days people who were illiterate would engage the services of a scribe to write letters for them. Mirza Abu'l-Fadl also used to earn a small sum of money by transcribing Baha'i holy books, which were in great demand by the believers.]
To cite one example of the homage that men of learning paid <p436> to Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, the following is a tribute by 'Abdu'r-Rahman-i-Baraquqi, a learned scholar and journalist of the time:
About eight years ago we heart that a learned man from
Persia by the name of Abu'l-Fadl was living in Cairo. We
were told that he had become a point of adoration for
scholars and a centre of pilgrimage for those who yearn after
knowledge and understanding. We sought his abode and
went to see him. There we saw a man of slender build and of
medium height. He was old, more than seventy Years of age,
but from the point of view of vitality, zest, intelligence and
keenness of insight he looked like a man of thirty... He
captivated our minds through the magic of his words and
the sweetness of his utterances. Soon we became his devoted
disciples in such wise that there was nothing more enjoyable
than to sit at his feet and no story could be found sweeter
than that which was recounted by him. The more we
associated with him and examined his person, the more we
respected him and became conscious of his exalted station.(4)
Among those scholars who venerated Mirza Abu'l-Fadl there were some who went as far as to believe that he was endowed with divine powers which are bestowed only upon God's chosen ones. One such person was a certain Shaykh Badru'd-Din-i-Ghazzi who later became an ardent believer, as about thirty other scholars did when they learned that Mirza Abu'l-Fadl was a Baha'i.
Shaykh Badru'd-Din describes how he was enraptured by listening to Mirza Abu'l-Fadl's discourses. After some time he came to the conclusion that Mirza Abu'l-Fadl was one of the chosen ones of God, possessed of a great spiritual station and exalted above other men. In a spoken chronicle to a number of friends, he said:
I asked him about his station and he said that he did not have
any. One day I told him plainly: 'O Master, why do you
hide from me? If you are a chosen one of God and have a <p437>
station, please tell me, for I will accept and follow you.' He
laughed at this statement and deferred the answer to this
mystery to a later time. Time passed and I had to depart for
Palestine. He then bade me attain the presence of 'Abdu'l-Baha
while there. I obeyed, attained His presence and
discovered the truth of the Cause.

Some years passed and I did not see Mirza Abu'l-Fadl.
When I returned to Egypt, I met him there, and said to him:
'When in the past I came in contact with you, I considered
you to be a unique person and one without a peer in this
world, but when I attained the holy presence of the Master,
I realized that you are no more than a drop in relation to that
billowing ocean.' Hearing this, Mirza Abu'l-Fadl became
filled with joy, and in a state of ecstasy threw his arms
around me and said: 'Now I know that you have recognized
the truth.'(5)
A striking feature of the life of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl was his absolute submission to the will of his Lord. His steadfastness in the Covenant and obedience to the wishes of Baha'u'llah and the Master knew no bounds. He would rather die than contemplate even a small deviation from the words and teachings of the Cause. The following story recounted by a certain believer, Husayn-i-Ruhi Effendi, who knew Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, illustrates this point clearly.
When I was in 'Akka, I procured a copy of a Tablet of
'Abdu'l-Baha known as Lawh-i-Dukhan which is written
in honour of Muhammad-Husayn-i-Vakil... When I
arrived in Egypt I shared the contents of this Tablet which
disapproved of smoking[1] with Mirza Abu'l-Fadl.
[1 This Tablet in the West is known as the 'Tablet of Purity' and is published in 'Abdu'l-Baha, Selections, pp. 146-50. Smoking is not forbidden in the Baha'i Faith, but 'Abdu'l-Baha has discouraged it for the sake of health and cleanliness.]
I had not yet finished the reading of the Tablet for him
when he took his cigar case, threw it out in the street and
said that this was the end of smoking for him, although he <p438>
was a chain-smoker. He used to roll his own cigarettes by
hand, light a new one with the old, and smoke non-stop
from morning till evening. He said to me: 'O Ruhi Effendi, I
have been smoking for fifty-five years and I am addicted to
it. And, soon you will see that because of the effect of
nicotine a member of my body will be paralysed.

It did not take very long until one of his arms was
paralysed and he could not move it. This lasted for two
years. The doctors strongly urged him to resume smoking
but he refused, saying, 'I prefer to die than to disobey
'Abdu'l-Baha.'(6)

The following is an extract from the Lawh-i-Dukhan:
Observe how pleasing is cleanliness in the sight of God, and
how specifically it is emphasized in the Holy Books of the
Prophets; for the Scriptures forbid the eating or the use of
any unclean thing. Some of these prohibitions were
absolute, and binding upon all, and whoso transgressed the
given law was abhorred of God and anathematized by the
believers. Such, for example, were things categorically
forbidden, the perpetration of which was accounted a most
grievous sin, among them actions so loathsome that it is
shameful even to speak their name.

But there are other forbidden things which do not cause
immediate harm, and the injurious effects of which are only
gradually produced: such acts are also repugnant to the
Lord, and blameworthy in His sight, and repellent. The
absolute unlawfulness of these, however, hath not been
expressly set forth in the Text, but their avoidance is
necessary to purity, cleanliness, the preservation of health,
and freedom from addiction.

Among these latter is smoking tobacco, which is dirty,
smelly, offensive--an evil habit, and one the harmfulness of
which gradually becometh apparent to all. Every qualified
physician hath ruled--and this hath also been proved by
tests--that one of the components of tobacco is a deadly
poison, and that the smoker is vulnerable to many and
various diseases. This is why smoking hath been plainly set
forth as repugnant from the standpoint of hygiene... <p439>
My meaning is that in the sight of God, smoking tobacco is deprecated, abhorrent, filthy in the extreme; and, albeit by degrees, highly injurious to health. It is also a waste of money and time, and maketh the user a prey to a noxious addiction. To those who stand firm in the Covenant, this habit is therefore censured both by reason and experience, and renouncing it will bring relief and peace of mind to all men. Furthermore, this will make it possible to have a fresh mouth and unstained fingers, and hair that is free of a foul and repellent smell. On receipt of this missive, the friends will surely, by whatever means and even over a period of time, forsake this pernicious habit. Such is my hope.
As to opium, it is foul and accursed. God protect us from the punishment He inflicteth on the user. According to the explicit Text of the Most Holy Book, it is forbidden, and its use is utterly condemned. Reason showeth that smoking opium is a kind of insanity, and experience attesteth that the user is completely cut off from the human kingdom. May God protect all against the perpetration of an act so hideous as this, an act which layeth in ruins the very foundation of what it is to be human, and which causeth the user to be dispossessed for ever and ever. For opium fasteneth on the soul, so that the user's conscience dieth, his mind is blotted away, his perceptions are eroded. It turneth the living into the dead. It quencheth the natural heat. No greater harm can be conceived than that which opium inflicteth. Fortunate are they who never even speak the name of it; then think how wretched is the user...
Make ye then a mighty effort, that the purity and sanctity which, above all else, are cherished by 'Abdu'l-Baha, shall distinguish the people of Baha; that in every kind of excellence the people of God shall surpass all other human beings; that both outwardly and inwardly they shall prove superior to the rest; that for purity, immaculacy, refinement, and the preservation of health, they shall be leaders in the vanguard of those who know. And that by their freedom from enslavement, their knowledge, their self-control, they shall be first among the pure, the free and the wise.(7) <p440>
And, finally, the writings of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl are the best proof that his person was assisted by the powers and confirmations of Baha'u'llah. It is no exaggeration to claim that apart from the Holy Writings and those of Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Faith, his are the most inspiring, the most informative, the most challenging and the most voluminous, in the literature of the Faith of Baha'u'llah. He may be described as the most able spiritual diver who immersed himself in the ocean of the Revelation of Baha'u'llah and brought out in profusion pearls of infinite preciousness--truths and mysteries which lay hidden in its depths and filled the pages of his numerous books with their verities. Almost all the Baha'i teachers in the East have used his writings as a basis for deeper study of religion in general, and proofs of the Faith of Baha'u'llah in particular. His explanations and profuse quotations from the Holy Scriptures of the past, as well as the apologies he has written in defence of the Faith have been used by scholars and writers of both East and West.
It is beyond the scope of this book to enumerate the vast range of his writings or write in appreciation of them. Suffice it to say that from the literary point of view alone his writings have been acclaimed by critics of the time as superb, while their contents have, on the one hand, inspired the friends and the fair-minded, and on the other, discomfited and silenced the enemies. Indeed, one of his great contributions to the promotion and protection of the Faith of Baha'u'llah is his voluminous oeuvre in defence of the Cause. Whenever the enemies opposed or misrepresented the Faith, his pen was ready to defend it with a vigour and assertiveness that confounded the enemy and strengthened the friends. The book of Fara'id, over 800 pages, written without revising or improving his original draft, from which it was printed, is the best example.
In praise of those who arise to defend His Faith, Baha'u'llah declares: <p441>
If any man were to arise to defend, in his writings, the Cause
of God against its assailants, such a man, however
inconsiderable his share, shall be so honoured in the world
to come that the Concourse on high would envy his glory.
No pen can depict the loftiness of his station, neither can
any tongue describe its splendour. For whosoever standeth
firm and steadfast in this holy, this glorious, and exalted
Revelation, such power shall be given him as to enable him
to face and withstand all that is in heaven and on earth. Of
this God is Himself a witness.(8) <p442>
APPENDIX III
The Burial of the Purest Branch and the Mother of 'Abdu'l-Baha
from an article by Ruhiyyih Rabbani(1)

The garden is dark. Twilight has fallen on Mount Carmel and the veils of dusk have deepened over the bay of 'Akka. A group of men stand waiting by the gate, beneath the steps. Suddenly there is a stir, the gardener runs to illumine the entrance and amidst the white shafts of light a procession appears. A man clothed in black rests the weight of a coffin on his shoulder. It is the Guardian of the Cause and he bears the mortal remains of the Purest Branch, Baha'u'llah's beloved son. Slowly he and his fellow bearers mount the narrow path and in silence approach the house adjacent to the resting place of the Greatest Holy Leaf. A devoted servant speeds ahead with rug and candelabra from the Holy Shrines and swiftly prepares the room. The gentle, strong face of the Guardian appears as he enters the door, that precious weight always on his shoulder, and the coffin is laid temporarily to rest in an humble room, facing Bahji, the Qiblih of the Faith. Again those devoted servants, led by their Guardian, return to the gate and again remount the path with another sacred burden, this time the body of the wife of Baha'u'llah, the mother of the Master.
What a wave of joy seems to come onward with those simple processions! A joy indefinable, touched with deep tenderness and pathos. Like a great white pearl the marble temple marking the grave of Bahiyyih Khanum glows in the light of its reflectors, seeming afire on the dark mountain side, lighting up and watching over those two approaching the scene of their last resting place. <p443>
When we enter to pay our respects to those beloved, revered and long since departed ones, their presence seems to fill the room. At last, after seventy years, that saintly mother lies reunited beside her son of whom Baha'u'llah wrote: 'He was created of the light of Baha.' Side by side, facing 'Akka, the sweet fumes of attar of rose with which they have been anointed by the Guardian filling the room, they lie. And above them, lit by the flickering lights of the sentinel candles, the picture of The Greatest Holy Leaf hangs, her beautiful eyes, so full of love and that purity which is goodness itself, looking out over her mother and brother. What cause for joy and gratitude!
That tender youth, born to affliction, reared in exile, died in prison, buried in solitary haste! Here he lies, raised up from the earth by the hands of the Guardian of his Father's Faith, removed from the lonely isolation of the Arab cemetery where he had been interred so long ago and placed beside his illustrious sister and holy mother, that mother who was affectionately known as 'Buyuk Khanum' or 'Great Lady.' Slender, stately, lovely to look on with white skin and blue eyes and dark hair; she who, when Baha'u'llah was thrown into the dungeon of Tihran, was abandoned by friend and foe alike and who purchased food for her children by selling the gold buttons of her robes; she who was forced to leave this same son, then a delicate child of four, behind her when she followed Baha'u'llah into exile; she whose tender hands, unaccustomed to work, bled as she washed the clothes of her family; who remained patient, devout, serene and selfless to the end of her life, and who was laid to rest near 'Akka in a cemetery away from her son, now lies beside him, so to remain forever more.
As we meditate beside those two eloquent coffins, covered with woven cloths, strewn with jasmine from the Threshold of the Bab's Tomb, so all pervading is the presence of their spirits--or maybe it Is their memory, as perfume lingers when the flower is withered--that the very room they rest in for so short a while becomes itself filled with the sweet peace of a shrine.
Not only has the Guardian raised them to rest in their <p444> rightful graves, put them where the whole world may see their honor and their glory, but in some mysterious way he has given them back to us. So long ago they passed away, so quietly, in days of such turmoil and oppression, were they laid to rest, that their places, at least to us of the West, were on written pages of the history of our Faith. But now their places are in our hearts. The veil of time and obscurity separating us has been rent asunder, and we find, to our joy and astonishment, two glowing and holy figures drawing nigh to us, entering into our lives, and ready to help us on that path which leads to their Lord and ours, Baha'u'llah...
Baha'u'llah asked of His dying son if he desired to live, but he replied that his sole desire was that the gates of the prison should be opened so that the believers might visit their Lord. Baha'u'llah granted that youth's earnest wish and sat beside His youngest son as they made him ready for the grave, and it was in those tragic circumstances that He revealed the following: 'At this very moment My son is being washed before My face after Our having sacrificed him in the Most Great Prison...' 'Glorified art Thou, O Lord, My God! Thou seest Me in the hands of Mine enemies, and My son blood-stained before My face!' Such sentences as these were wrung from the heart of the Blessed Beauty as He gazed upon His child. But then thundering forth came these marvelous words: 'I have, O My Lord, offered up that which Thou has given Me, that Thy servants may be quickened and all that dwell on earth be united.' The tremendous significance of these words is inescapable; Baha'u'llah designates to His own child the role of blood offering in order that the unity of all men which He has proclaimed may come about. The sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham is accomplished.
After, in secrecy, poverty, and haste, the Purest Branch had been interred, his gentle mother, the victim of so many sorrows and deprivations, saddened and wept unceasingly Baha'u'llah on learning of her plight came to her and assured her she had no cause for grief for God had accepted this precious son as His Ransom to draw not only the believers nigh unto their Lord but to unify all the sons of men. After hearing these words that saintly soul was greatly comforted <p445> and ceased to mourn her heavy loss.
And who was such a mother? Not merely a holy and faithful woman, willing in the path of God to sacrifice her all, but she of whom Isaiah, in his 54th chapter, says:[1] 'For thy Maker is thy husband; the LORD of hosts is his name; and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel; the God of the whole earth shall he be called.' 'For the mountains shall depart, and the hills be removed; but my kindness shall not depart from thee, neither shall the covenant of my peace be removed, saith the LORD that hath mercy on thee. And she to whom Baha'u'llah revealed the following: 'Hear thou Me once again, God is well pleased with thee... He hath made thee to be His companion in every one of His worlds and hath nourished thee with His meeting and presence so long as His name and His remembrance and His kingdom and His empire shall endure.'
[1 The authority for this statement is the words of 'Abdu'l-Baha Himself in Tablets of 'Abdu'l-Baha, vol. 1, p. 107. (R.R.)]
How fleeting and priceless the days that this mother and son lie side by side in that small room! To be privileged to draw close--in that strange and pitiful closeness one feels to a coffin in which all that remains of dear ones after the soul has flown rests, a token and reminder of our common mortality and immortality--is something never to be forgotten. Thousands will read these Prayers and Tablets of Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Baha forever immortalizing them. They will supplicate those radiant spirits to intercede on their behalf. They will seek humbly to follow in their noble footsteps. But it will never, so it seems to me, be as sweet and touching as to see them Lying there together under the watchful eyes of Bahiyyih Khanum.
Whilst their tombs were still in process of excavation from the solid rock of the mountain, the Guardian had learned that the Covenant-Breakers were protesting against the right of the Baha'is to remove the Mother and brother of 'Abdu'l-Baha to new graves, actually having the temerity to represent to the government their so called claim as relatives of the deceased. As soon, however, as the civil authorities had the true state of facts made clear to them--that these same relatives had been the arch-enemies of the Master and His family, had left the true Cause of Baha'u'llah to follow their own devices, and had been <p446> denounced by 'Abdu'l-Baha in His Will and Testament--they approved the plan of the Guardian and immediately issued the necessary papers for the exhumation of the bodies. Without risking further delay Shoghi Effendi, two days later, himself removed the Purest Branch and his mother to Mount Carmel where, watched over by the loving devotion of the believers, and safeguarded from any danger of insult or injury, they could await, close to Bahiyyih Khanum's shrine, their reinterment.
The last stone is laid in the two vaults, the floors are paved in marble, the name plates fixed to mark their heads, the earth smoothed out, the path that leads to their last resting place built, but storm and rain sweep unceasingly over the crest of the mountain postponing the final arrangements until the day before Christmas dawns, bright and clear, as if a sign that this is the appointed time. At sunset we all gather in that humble, twice blessed house. We hear the voice of one of the oldest and most devoted believers of the Near East raised, at the command of his Guardian, in prayer. Tremulous, faint, yet filled with a poignant faith and love hard to describe but never to be forgotten, he prays. As voice follows voice, one of them that of the Guardian himself, it seems as if one could almost hear the refrain of those prayers sung in triumphant joy by an invisible concourse on high.
And now, again on the shoulder of the Guardian, the are borne forth to lie in state in the Holy Tomb of the Bab. Side by side, far greater than the great of this world, they lie by that sacred threshold, facing Bahji, with candles burning at their heads and flowers before their feet. It is the eve of the birth of Christ. She who was foretold of Isaiah, he who was the son of Him of Whom Jesus said: 'Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you into all truth,' rest quietly here their last night before the earth hides them forever more from the eyes of men.
The following sunset we gather once again in that Holy Shrine. The Guardian chants the Tablet of Visitation, first in the Tomb of the Bab, then in the Tomb of the Master. The privileged friends who have been able to make the pilgrimage to Haifa for this sacred occasion enter with the Guardian a <p447> second time the Bab's Shrine. Slowly, held aloft on the hands of the faithful, led by Shoghi Effendi, who never relinquishes his precious burden, first the mother of 'Abdu'l-Baha and then the Purest Branch are ushered from that Holy Spot. Once they circumambulate the Shrines, the coffin of beloved Mihdi, supported by the Guardian, followed by that of the Master's mother, passes us slowly by. Around the Shrine, onward through the lighted garden, down the white path, out onto the moonlit road, that solemn procession passes. High, seeming to move of themselves, above the heads of those following, the coffins wend their way. They mount the steps and once again enter that gate leading to Bahiyyih Khanum's resting place. They pass before us, outlined against the night sky, across whose face fitful clouds make sport of the full moon. They approach, the face of the Guardian close to that priceless burden he bears. They pass on towards the waiting vaults.
Now they lay the Purest Branch to rest. Shoghi Effendi himself enters the carpeted vault and gently eases the coffin to its preordained place. He himself strews it with flowers, his hands the last to caress it. The mother of the Master is then placed in the same manner by the Guardian in the neighbouring vault. Not six feet apart they rest. The silent faces of the believers in the brilliant light of the lamps, form a waiting circle. Masons are called to seal the tombs. Respectfully and deftly they fulfil their task. Flowers are heaped upon the vaults and the Guardian sprinkles a vial of attar of rose upon them. The pungent scent is caught UP on the breeze and bathes our faces. And now the voice of Shoghi Effendi is raised as he chants those Tablets revealed by Baha'u'llah and destined by Him to be read at their graves.
Surely this is a dream? It cannot be I that stand here gazing at these new-made graves, laid in the breast of ancient Carmel! Beneath me stretches an endless vista. 'Akka gleams white across the bay, that onetime prison city where these two were so long captives, near which they were once buried. The reaches of the sea and plain lie before me, opening out to where the moon silvers the rims of the mountains of the Holy Land, the Land of the Prophets, the Land of the loved ones of God, the Land chosen to be the Seat of the Ark of God in this most <p448> glorious Day. Forever and increasingly about the resting place of this mother, sister, brother of 'Abdu'l-Baha, the life-giving activities of their Faith will gather. Close to them, focused on their shrines, great institutions will rise to strengthen the soul and body of mankind. And forever interwoven with those institutions will be the memory and example of these three holy persons. Their way has become our way and they lead us on before, heading the ranks of Baha'u'llah's followers. <p449>
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REFERENCES
Full details of authors and titles are given in the Bibliography.
CHAPTER 1: BAHA'U'LLAH'S ARRIVAL AT 'AKKA
1. Baha'u'llah, quoted by Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, p. 185.
2. Unpublished Tablet of Baha'u'llah.
3. Arabic no. 4.
4. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, Advent, p. 67.
5. Baha'u'llah, quoted by Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, p. 184.
6. God Passes By, pp. 183-4.
7. Quoted by Ishraq Khavari, Rahiq-i-Makhtum, vol. 2, p. 771.
8. Reported in Fadil-i-Mazindarani, Asraru'l-Athar, vol. 4, p. 349.
9. Quoted in Rahiq-i-Makhtum, vol. 1, p. 367.
10. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, p. 186.
11. Unpublished Tablet of Baha'u'llah.
12. Fara'id, pp. 523-4, translated by Khazeh Fananapazir.
13. Unpublished memoirs.
14. Gleanings, CXXXIX, 6.
15. Synopsis, p. 27.
16. Asraru'l-Athar, vol. 1, p. 103.
17. Gleanings, XIII, I.
CHAPTER 2: 'THE CAUSE OF GOD WILL FLOURISH THROUGH
PERSECUTION'
1. Unpublished.
2. Gleanings, XVII, 5.
3. Unpublished Tablet of Baha'u'llah.
4. Unpublished Tablet of Baha'u'llah.
5. Gleanings, XVI, 3.
6. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 5, p. 156.
7. The Hidden Words, Persian no. 57.
8. Unpublished memoirs, translated by Habib Taherzadeh. <p456>
9. Unpublished.
10. Unpublished, except for the last part, a prayer translated by
Shoghi Effendi, Prayers and Meditations of Baha'u'llah, no. 153.
11. Qur'an, ii. 154-5
12. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, Advent, p. 67.
13. God Passes By, p. 324.
14. Will and Testament.
15. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration, pp. 21-2.
CHAPTER 3: THE PRISONER
1. Published in Ishraq Khavari, Risaliy-i-Ayyam-i-Tis'ih, p. 313.
2. Gleanings, CXXIV, 2.
3. 27 October 1914, reported by Mu'ayyad, Khatirat-i-Habib, pp.
171-2.
4. Unpublished memoirs.
CHAPTER 4: TRUSTEES 0F BAHA'U'LLAH
1. Memorials of the Faithful, p. 46.
2. The Proclamation of Baha'u'llah, p. 22.
3. Tablets of Baha'u'llah, p. 219.
4. Zarqani, Badayi'u'l-Athar, vol. 2, pp 395-7
5. Tablets of Baha'u'llah, p. 83.
CHAPTER 5: LAWH-I-FU'AD
1. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, The Promised Day is Come, p. 63.
2. Gleanings, CLIV, I.
3. Synopsis, pp. 15-16.
4. Quoted by Samandar, Tarikh-i-Samandar, p. 204.
5. Kitab-i-Iqan, p. 3 (Brit.), p. 3 (US).
6. From a treatise known as Risaliy-i-iskandariyyih.
7. From Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali's unpublished biography of Mirza
Abu'l-Fadl.
8. Synopsis, p. 14.
9. The Baha'i World, vol. IX, p. 858.
10. Quoted by Mehrabkhani, Sharh-i-Ahval-i-Mirza Abu'l-Fadl-i-Gulpaygani,
p. 342.
11. The Baha'i World, vol. IX, p. 856.
12. ibid. p. 860.
13. Baha'i Proofs, pp. 244-5. <p457>
CHAPTER 6: THE WORLD'S MOST POWERFUL RULERS
1. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, p. 212.
2. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, The Promised Day Is Come, p. 28.
3. ibid. pp. 29-30.
4. PP. 52-3.
5. Gleanings, CLVIII
6. Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, p. 55.
7. The Proclamation of Baha'u'llah, pp. 83-5.
8. The Promised Day Is Come, pp. 55- 6.
9. Proclamation, pp. 27-8.
10. ibid. p. 29.
11. ibid. p. 27.
12. Unpublished memoirs.
13. Proclamation, p. 33.
14. ibid. p. 34.
15. Gleanings, CXIX, 3.
16. 'The Unfoldment of World Civilization', The World Order of
Baha'u'llah, pp. 162-3.
17. Gleanings, CXX.
18. ibid.
19. 'The Goal of a New World Order', The World Order of
Baha'u'llah, pp. 33-4 .
20. Tablets of Baha'u'llah, p. 222.
21. Qur'an, viii. 63.
CHAPTER 7: SURIY-I-HAYKAL
1. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, The Promised Day Is Come, pp. 47-8.
2. Quoted by Fadil-i-Mazindarani, Asraru'l-Athar, vol. 5, p. 277.
3. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, 'The Dispensation of Baha'u'llah'
The World Order of Baha'u'llah, p. 109.
4. Gleanings, XIV, 16.
5. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, 'Dispensation', idem, pp. 109-10.
6. ibid. p. 110.
7. ibid. p. 109.
8. ibid. p. 138.
9. ibid. p. 107.
10. ibid. p. 117.
11. ibid. <p458>
12. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, p. 250.
13. ibid. pp. 101-2.
14. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, 'Dispensation', The World Order of
Baha'u'llah, p. 109.
15. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, Advent, p. 66.
16. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, 'Dispensation', The World Order of
Baha'u'llah, p. 113.
17. ibid. p. 97.
18. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, 'The Unfoldment of World
Civilization', The World Order of Baha'u'llah, p. 169.
CHAPTER 8: KINGS AND ECCLESIASTICS
1. Synopsis, pp. 17-19.
2. ibid. p. 20.
3. ibid. p. 21.
4. ibid. p. 19.
5. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, 'Unfoldment', The World Order of
Baha'u'llah, p. 178.
6. Synopsis, p. 21.
7. 'Unfoldment', idem, pp. 173- 6.
8. Synopsis, pp. 20-21.
9. Gleanings, CXVIII, 6.
10. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, The Promised Day Is Come, p. 72.
11. ibid.
12. Tablets, p. 28.
13. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, The Promised Day Is Come, p. 76.
14. ibid. p. 73.
15. Synopsis, p. 19.
16. Unpublished memoirs.
17. Unpublished memoirs.
18. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, The Promised Day Is Come, p. 91.
19. Synopsis, pp. 22-3.
20. ibid. pp. 26-7.
21. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, The Promised Day Is Come, pp. 85-6.
22. ibid. pp. 76-7.
23. Qur'an, xxiii. 14.
24. From the memoirs of Mirza 'Aziz'u'llah-Jadhdhab, quoted by
Sulaymani, Masabih-i-Hidayat, vol. 7. <p459>
CHAPTER 9: THE PRIDE OF MARTYRS
1. Translated and quoted by Balyuzi, Baha'u'llah The King of
Glory, p. 299.
2. Quoted in Faizi, L'aliy-i-Darakhshan, p. 396.
3. Athar-i-Qalam-i-A'la, vol. I, p. 166.
4. ibid. p. 169.
5. ibid. p. 189.
6. Bihjatu's-Sudur, p. 243.
7. ibid. p. 244.
8. ibid. p. 245
9. Quoted by Malik Khosrovi, Tarikh-i-Shuhaday-i-Amr, vol. 3,
p. 368.
10. Translated by Balyuzi, Baha'u'llah The King of Glory, pp. 304-9.
11. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 4, pp. 175-6.
12. Unpublished History.
13. The Dawn-Breakers, pp. 245-8.
14. Athar-i-Qalam-i-A'la, vol. 1, p. 208.
15. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 4, p. 34.
16. Quoted by Faizi, L'aliy-i-Darakhshan, pp. 411-12.
17. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 4, p. 34.
18. Ishraqat, a compilation, p. 247.
19. Unpublished memoirs.
20. Athar-i-Qalam-i-A'la, vol. I, pp. 189-91.
21. Quoted by Muhammad'-'Aliy-i-Faizi, L'aliy-i-Darakhshan,
p. 191.
CHAPTER 10: THE DEATH OF THE PUREST BRANCH
1. Unpublished memoirs.
2. ibid.
3. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, 21 December 1939, 'The Spiritual
Potencies of that Consecrated Spot', Messages to America, p. 34.
4. God Passes By, p. 188.
5. Letter to the believers in the East, 25 December 1939.
6. Letter to the believers in the East, Ridvan 89 (= April 1933).
7. Quoted in Messages to America, p. 34.
8. 25 December 1939.
9. Messages to America, pp. 32-3.
10. Quoted in Messages to America, pp. 33-4. <p460>
11. Quoted by Haji Mirza Haydar-'Ali, unpublished biography of
Mirza Abu'l-Fadl, p. 150.
12. Tablets of Baha'u'llah, p. 126.
13. ibid. p. 257.
14. ibid. p. 88.
CHAPTER 11: THE WRONGED ONE OF THE WORLD
1. Qad Ihtaraqa'l-Mukhlisun (The Fire Tablet).
2. ibid.
3. Quoted in Ishraqat, a compilation, p. 15.
4. Gleanings, CXXX.
5. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, The Promised Day Is Come, pp. 42-3 .
6. ibid. p. 47.
7. Unpublished.
8. God Passes By, pp. 189-91.
9. Synopsis, p. 22.
10. p. 190.
11. Gleanings, XXXVI.
12. Quoted by Fadil-i-Mazindarani, Asraru'l-Athar, vol. 2, pp.
164_5.
13. Qur'an. vi. 59.
14. ibid. xix. 18.
15. ibid. iii. 183.
16. Risaliy-i-Iskandariyyih, a treatise by Mirza Abu'l-Fadl.
17. Bihjatu's-Sudur, p. 158.
18. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 7, pp. 236-8.
CHAPTER 12: FIRST CONVERTS OUTSIDE THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY
1. The Dawn-Breakers, pp. 100-101.
2. ibid. pp. 147-8.
3. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 4, p. 362.
4. Memorials of the Faithful, p. 8.
5. 'History of the Faith in the Province of Yazd', unpublished.
6. God Passes By, pp. 93-4.
7. Tarikh-i-Samandar, p. 348.
8. Unpublished.
9. A Traveller's Narrative, p. 34.
10. Majmu'iy-i-Alvah, p. 259.
11. Gleanings, CVI.
12. Quoted in The Promised Day Is Come, pp. 79-80. <p461>
CHAPTER 13: KITAB-I-AQDAS. I. THE LAW OF GOD
1. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, p. 216.
2. ibid.
3. Quoted by Fadil-i Mazindarani, Amr Va Khalq, vol. 1, p. 8.
4. ibid. p. 10.
5. Synopsis, pp. 3-5.
6. God Passes By, p. 214.
7. Quoted in Principles of Baha'i Administration, p. 7.
8. Letter of 23 February 1976.
9. Synopsis, p. 6.
10. ibid. p. ix.
11. Quoted in Principles of Baha'i Administration, pp. 6-7.
12. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 7, p. 119.
13. Synopsis, p. 11.
14. ibid. pp. 11-12.
15. 'The Unfoldment of World Civilization', The World Order of
Baha'u'llah, p. 199.
16. Synopsis, p. 11.
17. Tablets of Baha'u'llah, p. 164.
18. The Hidden Words, Arabic no. 2.
19. Lawh-i-Maqsud, in Tablets of Baha'u'llah, p. 164.
20. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 7, pp. 119-25.
21. Synopsis, p. 12.
22. ibid. p. 17.
23. ibid. pp. 24-5.
24. Unpublished memoirs.
25. ibid.
26. Unpublished memoirs.
27. ibid.
28. Mr. 'Ali-Akbar Furutan, Hand of the Cause of God, heard this
story from Siyyid Mihdi several times and recorded it in one of
his reminiscences.
29. Synopsis, p. 18.
30. The Bab, Selections, pp. 6-8.
31. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 2, p. 79.
32. Quoted in Selections from the Writings of the Bab, pp. 6-7.
CHAPTER 14: KITAB-I-AQDAS. 2. A NEW WORLD ORDER
1. Synopsis, p. 27. <p462>
2. 'The Unfoldment of World Civilization', in The World Order of
Baha'u'llah, p. 190.
3. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, ibid. p. 202.
4. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, 'The Goal of a New World
Order', The World Order of Baha'u'llah, p. 33.
5. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, The Promised Day Is Come, p. 121.
6. 'The Unfoldment of World Civilization', The World Order of
Baha'u'llah, pp. 168-9.
7. The Promised Day Is Come, pp. 128-9.
8. Synopsis, p. 13.
9. Lawh-i-Maqsud, in Tablets of Baha'u'llah, p. 168.
10. Consultation: A Compilation, p. 3.
11. ibid.
12. ibid. p. 9.
13. ibid. pp. 8-9.
14. Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, p. 332.
15. Tablets of Baha'u'llah, pp. 128-9.
CHAPTER 15: KITAB-I-AQDAS. 3. DIVINE EDUCATION
1. Prayer, Meditation and the Devotional Attitude, p. 1.
2. Synopsis, p. 27.
3. ibid. pp. 15-16.
4. Makatib-i-'Abdu'l-Baha, vol. 3, p. 333.
5. Tablets of Baha'u'llah, pp. 51-2.
6. ibid. p. 68.
7. Baha'i Education, p. 2.
8. Selections, pp. 126-7.
9. ibid. p. 127.
10. ibid.
11. Baha'i Education, p. 52.
12. From a letter written on his behalf, 7 June 1939, quoted in Baha'i
Education, p. 70.
13. See Synopsis, pp. 43-6.
14. Makatib-i-'Abdu'l-Baha, vol. 8, p. 51.
15. pp. 18-34.
16. Gleanings, CLVIII.
17. Tablets of the Divine Plan, p. 51.
18. Baha'i Administration, p. 66.
19. Quoted by Fadil-i-Mazindarani, Amr va Khalq, vol. 3, p. 121. <p463>
20. Bihjatu's-Sudur, p. 257.
21. Portals to Freedom, pp. 39-40.
22. ibid. pp. 54-9.
CHAPTER 16: KITAB-I-AQDAS 4. WORSHIP AND DAILY LIFE
1. Baha'i Writings on Music, p. 3.
2. ibid.
3. Quoted in The Baha'i World, vol. III, pp. 159-63.
4. Quoted by Fadil-i-Mazindarani, Amr Va Khalq, vol. 4, p. 92.
5. ibid. p. 93.
6. Baha'u'llah, Tablets, p. 26.
7. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 4, p. 33.
8. Tablets, p. 71.
9. ibid. p. 24.
10. ibid. pp. 24-5.
11. Synopsis, p. 24.
12. Persian no. 24.
13. Persian no. 25.
14. Persian no. 35.
15. Letter of 8 June 1948.
16. Unpublished memoirs.
17. Khatirat-i-Nuh-Saliy-i-'Akka, p. 336.
18. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, The Promised Day Is Come, pp. 26-7.
19. ibid. p. 25.
20. Synopsis. p. 17.
21. Selections, p. 117.
22. ibid. p. 118.
23. Baha'i Writings on Music, p. 3.
24. Baha'i World Faith, p. 378.
25. Synopsis, p. 25.
26. Arabic no. 68.
27. Persian no. 48.
CHAPTER 17: KITAB-I-AQDAS. 5. THE COVENANT OF BAHA'U'LLAH
1. Quoted by Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, p. 221.
2. Synopsis, p. 27.
3. ibid. p. 24.
4. ibid. p. 16.
5. Quoted by The Universal House of Justice, 7 December 1969. <p464>
6. Synopsis, p. 23.
7. The Brilliant Proof, pp. 24-6.
8. Arabic no. 5.
9. Bihjatu's-Sudur, pp. 242-3.
10. Arabic no. 42.
11. Synopsis, p. 16.
12. Lawh-i-Tibb (Tablet of Medicine) in Majmu'iy-i-Alvah.
13. Panj Sha'n.
14. Tablets, p. 84.
15. ibid. pp. 263-4.
16. Unpublished.
17. Gleanings, CXXIX, 3.
18. Tablets of Abdul-Baha, p. 348, quoted in The Individual and
Teaching, p. 9.
19. 28 March 1953, quoted in The Individual and Teaching, p. 32.
20. Synopsis, p. 14.
21. Unpublished memoirs.
22. Memorials, pp. 92-3.
23. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 5, p. 280.
24. Memorials, p. 93.
25. Tablets, pp. 148-9.
26. Qur'an, iv. 29. This spoken chronicle is published in Gulzar-i-Na'im,
p. 19.
27. Baha'u'llah, Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, p. 95.
28. God Passes By, pp, 93-4.
29. ibid. p. 216.
30. Synopsis, pp. 14-15.
31. ibid. pp. 16-17.
32. Bihjatu's-Sudur, p. 249.
33. Synopsis, pp. 27-8.
34. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 9, p. 26.
CHAPTER 18: LAST DAYS WITHIN THE CITADEL
1. Bihjatu's-Sudur, pp. 156-7.
2. Memorials, pp. 67-9.
3. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 1, pp. 59-60.
4. Makatib-i-'Abdu'l-Baba, vol. 4, p. 14.
5. Shoghi Effendi, 'The Dispensation of Baha'u'llah', The World
Order of Baha'u'llah, p. 134. <p465>
6. Khatirat-i-Nuh-Saliy-i-'Akka, pp. 331-6.
7. Unpublished memoirs.
8. Ma'idiy-i-Asamani, vol. 8, p. 63.
9. Unpublished memoirs.
10. A Tablet to Bashiru's-Sultan.
11. Quoted in Esslemont, Baha'u'llah and New Era, pp. 34-5.
12. Memorials, pp. 26-7.
13. God Passes By, pp. 195-6.
14. Gleanings, XLV.
APPENDIX I: THE TRANSFER OF THE REMAINS OF THE BAB
1. Nabil-i-A'zam, The Dawn-Breakers, pp. 617-18.
2. God Passes By, p. 276.
APPENDIX II: MIRZA ABU'L-FADL OF GULPAYGAN
1. Quoted in Kitabu'l-Fara'id, p. 424.
2. ibid. p. 429.
3. Unpublished biography of Mirza Abu'l-Fadl.
4. Article in Majillatu'l-Bayan, a magazine, months of Shavval and
Dhiqa'dih, AH 1313 .
5. Mehrabkhani, Sharh-i-Ahval-i-Mirza Abu'l-Fadl-i-Gulpaygani,
pp. 16-17.
6. ibid. pp. 328-9.
7. 'Abdu'l-Baha, Selections, pp. 147-50.
8. Gleanings, CLIV, I.
APPENDIX III: THE BURIAL OF THE PUREST BRANCH AND THE MOTHER OF 'ABDU'L-BAHA
1. Printed in The Baha'i World, vol. VIII, pp. 253-8.
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