| Originally published in Bahá'í
Studies Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 3 - vol. 6, no. 1, June 1991, pp. 84-113. Online version posted by author at http://www.northill.demon.co.uk/relstud/CyprusEx.htm; mirrored here with permission. Copyright restrictions apply. This copy has been scanned from the original and may contain errors. Not all of the original diacritical marks have been retained. The original page numbering has been retained. Page numbers appear at the top of the page. |
Bahá'u'lláh made an open declaration in Edirne in about 1866 of his claim to be the messianic figure "He Whom God shall make manifest" prophesied by the Bab. Bahá'u'lláh's half-brother, Mirza Yahyá, who had been widely considered the leader of the Babis, rejected this claim and so a split occurred in the Babi community. Eventually, this split was resolved in favour of Bahá'u'lláh as some 90% of Bab is became followers of Bahá'u'lláh. This article is mainly concerned with the fate of Mírzá Yahyá, the unsuccessful rival of Bahá'u'lláh.
After the events that led to the split between Bahá'u'lláh
and Mirza Yahya, two of Mírzá Yahyá's leading supporters,
Sayyid Muhammad Isfahani and Aqa Jan Big-i Kaj-Kuláh went to Istanbul.
According to Bahá'í histories, while there they began to
stir up trouble with the Ottoman authorities against the Bahá'ís.[1]
At about the same time, a number of Bahá'u'lláh's supporters
also went to live in Istanbul. One group was Mírzá `Ali Sayyáh,
Mishkín-Qalam, and Aqa Jamshíd Gurjí. It appears that
they had found it difficult to earn a living in Edirne and thought that
with Mishkín-Qalam's talent for calligraphy, they would fare better
in Istanbul.[2] A while later, Bahá'u'lláh instructed Darvish
Sidq-`Alí, Áqá Muhammad-Báqir Mahallátí
(Qahvihchi) and Ustád Muhammad-`Ali Salmani to proceed to Istanbul
in order to sell some horses that had been sent to Bahá'u'lláh.[3]
Aqa `Abdu'l-Ghaffár Isfahání had also been sent to
Istanbul.[4]
--------------
1. Hasan Balyuzi, Bahá'u'lláh: the King of Glory, Oxford:
George Ronald, 1980, p. 248.
2. Ustád Muhammad `Alí Salmání, My Memories
of Bahá'u'lláh (trans. M. Gail), Los Angeles: Kalimat
Press, 1982, p.59
3. Salmání, Memories, pp. 58-9. Balyuzi, Bahá'u'lláh,
pp. 250-2
4. Balyuzi, Bahá'u'lláh, p. 252
All of those who were arrested in Edirne with Bahá'u'lláh were eventually sent to `Akka with him but a different fate awaited the seven followers of Bahá'u'lláh arrested in Istanbul. Only one of them was sent with the rest of the exiles to `Akka, Darvish Sidq-`Alí. Two of them were sent back to Iran, Ustád Muhammad-`Alí Salmání and Áqá Jamshid. The other four were condemned to imprisonment in Cyprus along with Azal and his family. The two followers of Mírzá Yahyá that were also arrested in Istanbul were sent to `Akka.
On 31 August 1868, the Austrian Lloyd liner carrying Bahá'u'lláh and his companions reached Haifa. As the exiles were disembarking, Áqá `Abdu'l-Ghaffár, one of the four condemned to go on to Cyprus threw himself into the sea. He was rescued and resuscitated but the officials would not alter the sentence and he was taken on to Cyprus.
The exiles arriving at Famagusta in Cyprus on 5 September 1868 were:
Followers of Bahá'u'lláh:
Two servants also accompanied the exiles, one named Ruqiyya was
a servant of Shaykh `Ali Sayyah, the other was Mishkin-Qalam's.
The exiles, after interrogation by the police, were allocated houses in Famagusta. It is not clear from the records and accounts whether the family of Shaykh `Ali Sayyah, one of the followers of Bahá'u'lláh, accompanied them on their arrival or joined them later(probably the latter as one account gives the total number of the exiles as 14 persons and two servants[7]).
Aqa `Abdu'l-Ghaffar escaped from Cyprus on 29 September 1870 and went to `Akka. He lived in the Khan-i Afranj and in order to conceal his identity he changed his name to Aqa `Abdu'llah. After the passing of Bahá'u'lláh, he moved to Damascus where he died.
Mírzá `Ali Sayyah died in Famagusta on 4 August 1871.
His widow, Fatima, married Mishkin Qalam.
-------------------
6. List in Browne's diary of trip to Cyprus and `Akka, Browne manuscripts,
Cambridge University Library, Sup 21(8), p. 20; as amended in E.G. Browne,
A
Traveller's Narrative written to illustrate the Episode of the Báb,
Cambridge: University Press, 1891, vol. 2, 376-389.
7. Browne, Traveller's Narrative, p. 381.
Aqa Muhammad-Baqir Mahallati died on 22 November 1872 (in Famagusta?).
During his time in Cyprus, Mishkin Qalam had succeeded in converting
a Turkish Cypriot by the name of Na`im Effendi. He came to `Akka twice.
He achieved a high position in later life and his sons were also prominent
in Cyprus and Turkey in government and the military. It is not clear what
happened to this family. The descendants of Na`im Effendi have been traced
by the present-day Cyprus Bahá'í community and do not appear
know anything about the Bahá'í Faith.
The Family of Mírzá Yahyá
Mírzá Yahyá is reputed to have been an uxorious
man. His own son Ridvan-`Ali reports him to have had eleven or twelve wives
[10] while another source gives fourteen
-----------------------------
8. Browne, Traveller's Narrative, p. 388
9. Manuscript list of pilgrims that came to `Akka in 1304-5, copy
in Afnan library; original in Haifa. It would also appear that Mishkín-Qalam's
wife (the widow of Shaykh `Alí Sayyah) stayed on in Cyprus; see
Traveller's Narrative, p. 387, last few lines of the table on this page.
10. Browne, "Personal Reminiscences of the Babi Insurrection at Zanjan
in 1850, written by Aqa `Abdu'l-Ahad-i-Zanjani," Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society, (1897, pp. 761-827) p. 767.
The sources for this list are abbreviated as follows:
T - Browne, Traveller's Narrative, pp. 384-6;
P - Browne, "Personal Reminiscences", pp. 766-7;
M - Browne, Materials, pp. 314, 321-2;
J - Notes of Jalal Azal at Princeton University Library, pp. 560-572.
C - Browne's notebook for his journey to Cyprus and `Akka in 1890,
University of Cambridge, Browne Manuscripts, Sup. 21 (8), p .20
S - the genealogical table compiled by Shoghi Effendi and published
in Bahá'í World, vol. 5: 1932-4, New York: Bahá'í Publishing Committee,
1936, between pp. 204 and 205;
K - Malik-Khusravi, `Iqlim-i-Nur, pp. 202-205; and
I - information obtained during my trip to Cyprus.
1. Wife: Fatima,[12] daughter of Mirza Muhammad, the younger full brother of Mirza Buzurg Nuri and thus Mirza Yahya's cousin. Married in Iran in about 1850. She was arrested when Government troops attacked Takur. Mirza Yahya left her behind with the children when he fled to Baghdad. Resided in Takur (T,M,J,K)
Children:
i. Muhammad Hadi, b. 1848, Tihran; d. 1896, Tihran (T,P,M, J,S,K)---------------------
- had descendants living in Iran, among whom:a. Mahdi (S)
b. Diya'u'llah (S)
ii. Muhammad Mahdi, died young (J)2. Wife: Narjis. Married in Iran. Left behind when M i rza Yahya fled (J)
iii. son (J)3. Wife: Maryam, known as Qanita[13]. Married in Iran. Left behind in Baghdad in the care of Mirza Ja`far Naraqi when Mirza Yahya moved on to Istanbul. They returned to Iran in 1286/1869-70 (J,K)
iv. Mirza Nuru'llah, b. 1848 - a physician who lived at Rasht. Visited Cyprus on at least three occasions, once being in 1878 (T,P,M,J,S).One of these two daughters was called Khanum Gul and married Mutarjim Humayun[14] (S,K)
He had many wives and children, among whom:a. `Abdu'l-`Ali (S)
b. Ahmad (Ruhu'llah), visited Cyprus in 1896 (P,S)aa. `Inayat, `Inayatu'llah, b. c. 1889 (P,S)c. Maryam (S)
bb. `Atiyyih (S)
d. `Aliyyih (S)
aa. Hushang (S)
bb. Manuchihr (S)
cc. Fakhru'z-Zaman (S)
4. Fatima (Mulk-i-Jahan, Malakih Khanum) of Shiraz, the sister of
Mirza Baqir. Married in Iran. Followed her husband to Baghdad, Edirne and
Famagusta. d. l 868 in Famagusta. (T,M,J,C,K)
v. Ahmad Bahhaj. b. 1853. m. `Ulaviyya (or Fatima). Moved to Istanbul in
------------------------
13. Sayyid Mahdí Dihají, in his risala (Browne Manuscripts,
Cambridge University Library, Mss no.F. 57, pp. 94, 189), states that she
was from Isfahan. Malik-Khusraví states that she was from Kirmanshah
(op. cit., p. 203)
14. Shoghi Effendi's genealogical chart (Bahá'í World, vol. 5:
1932-4, between pp. 204 and 205), however, seems to have Khanum-Gul as
a daughter of M írza Yahya himself.
1884. His wife and two daughters adopted Protestantism in Istanbul. He moved to Haifa in 1921. d. 1933 and is buried in Bahá'í cemetery in Haifa. (For further details on him see below). (T,P,M,J,C,S,K)
Daughters:a. `Adila (`Adila Sultan, Ayatu'llah) b. Cyprus, 1880, moved to Istanbul - then moved to France and later became a missionary in Algeria. d. Switzerland - no issue (P,M,J,S)vi. `Abdu'l-`Ali, (known as `Ali Effendi) b. 1 857-8. Was a cloth merchant. m. `Ismat, daughter of Sayyid Muhammad. Lived on in Famagusta. Died 1956. (T,P,M,J,C,S,I,K)
b. `Ala'iyya (Grace) - married a German and went to live in Federal Republic of Germany - one son, one daughter (J,S)
Children:a. Wahida - a spinster, died of cancer of the breast (J,I)
b. Nayyira - was taken to Haifa by her uncle Ahmad but later returned to Cyprus - a spinster (had been engaged to a pilot who was killed in the war; is said to have gone mad after this) (J,I)
c. Jalal Azal (Celal Ezel) - went to visit `Abdu'l-Bahá and through him was employed in the Palestine civil service. Some time after 1948, he returned to Cyprus and was employed at a radio monitoring station in Cyprus - m. `Ismat, daughter of Badi`u'llah, son of Bahá'u'lláh. d. 5 April 1971. No children. (For further details of him see below.) (J,S)
d. `Alíma - married a Turk, Fadil Urfzadih (Fazel Orfzade). Is said to be still alive (J,I) Children:
--------------------------------vii. Ridvan-`Ali, b. 1863. Went to Istanbul to join his brother Ahmad. Visited `Abdu'l-Bahá in Haifa in about 1894. Adopted Christianity, took the name Constantine the Persian and married a Greek woman. Lived for a time in Larnaca where he was employed by Mr Cobham the British Commissioner - died without issue in about 1917 (T,P,M,J,C,S,K)aa. Sule Orfi (Shulay Urfi) married Mr. Hakki Suha, a prominent newspaper owner and later in charge of a television station. He died in 1987. She herself is a prominent person in Nicosia, works in the Australian High Commission and the U.N. High Commission for Refugees. Have several children (I)e. Tali`a - married but died without issue (J)
bb. Dr. Ezel (Orfzade (Urfi). Has English wife and is now living in Canada and is a radiologist. Returned to Cyprus for a time in 1970 (I)
f. The list of Ridvan-`Ali contains several other names. I am not sure if these are the same as the above or may have been children who did not survive to adulthood:
`Azima Sultan, Satwatu'llah, together with a daughter who died when 14 days old (P)viii. Muhammad (Mehmed, Bayanu'llah, Wali-Muhammad, Jamalu'llah), b. 1867. Described in 1912 as "not quite right in the head."[15] Went to Istanbul for a time to join his brother Ahrnad. Came to Haifa in
the time of `Abdu'l-Bahá, but proved troublesome and so was sent to Iran, where he was put into the care of his half-brother Mirza Nuru'llah. m. an Iranian woman and died without issue (T,P,M,J,S,K[16])
5. Wife: Ruqiyya, known as Hajjiyya, was sister of Fatima, Mirza
Yahya's first wife (see above) and thus also cousin of Mlrza Yahya. Married
in Baghdad. d. Cyprus. (T,M,J,C,K [16]
ix. Raf`at (Bahjat Raf`at, Bahjat al-Quds, Raf`atu'llah) b. 1861-2. died a spinster (T,P,J,C)---------------------------
x. Fu'ad (Fu'adu'llah). b. 1868-9. d. unmarried, Famagusta, 1888 (T,P,J,K)
xi. `Abdu'l-Wahíd (also known as `Abdu'l-Jalil, Muhammad Jamil, `Abdu'r-Rashid and is also probably identical with the Vahid on some lists). b. 1871-2. m. Hamida, daughter of Mirza Mustafa (Mirza Isma`il Sabbagh). He died without issue and his wife returned to Iran with her father and remarried (T,P,J,S,K)
xii. Maryam, b. 1873 - moved to Tihran in A.H. 1315 (1897), married her cousin in Iran and left several children, among whom: (T,J,S,K)a. `Aliyyih (S)xiii. Taqíu'd-Dín, also called Diya'u'd-Din, b. 1876-8. He died unmarried but in his will, he recognised an illegitimate son (from an affair with a Turkish Cypriot married woman, the wife of `Alí Rúhí): (T,P,M,J,S,K,I)
b. Maymanat (S)a. Riza Ezel, to whom he left a plot of land near Mirza Yahya's grave. Riza Ezel worked in the Customs department and is currently the caretaker of Mirza Yahya's grave and lives in a nearby house (I)
aa. Ruhi Ezel, the son of Riza is in the Police force in Cyprus (I)
xiv Muhtaram, this may be the same as Raf`at above (S,K)6. Wife: Fatima, the second wife of the Bab, the sister of Mulla Rajab-`Alí Isfahání; married in Baghdad in about 1854-6 (while Bahá'u'lláh was wandering in the hills of Sulaymaniyyih) for about a month before divorcing her and giving her in marriage to Sayyid Muhammad Isfahani[17].
7. Wife: Badri-Jan (Badr-i-Jahan), the sister of M irza Nasru'llah and
Mirza Rida-Quli Tafrishi; married in Baghdad but she had refused to live
with him after a time and was exiled to `Akka with Bahá'u'lláh. She was
sent to Cyprus by her brother but still refused to live with Mirza Yahya
and went to live in Nicosia instead. In 1886, she moved to Izmir and then
to Istanbul where her daughters married. In 1888, she returned to Cyprus
and died there after Azal (J)
xv. Safiyya (Rafiyya), b. 1861; exiled to Cyprus with her father, then moved to Istanbul with her mother in 1886. Married Mirza Aqa Khan Kirmani. But after two years left him and returned to Cyprus. Returned to Istanbul in about 1889. Died without issue (T,J,C,K[18])---------------------xvi. Tal`at or Tal`atu'llah, b. 1864; exiled to Cyprus with her father, then moved to Istanbul with her mother in 1886. Married Shaykh `Alí Rúhí. Left her husband in 1888 and returned to Cyprus. Returned to Istanbul in about 1889. She later remarried to Mirza Mahdi of Isfahan and died in childbirth (T,J,C,K)
Children from her first husband:a. Muhammad Diya'u'llah (Nuru'd-Din, Kalimu'd-Din,
8. Wife: Daughter of an Arab, married in Baghdad (K)`Izamu'd-Din), died before 1896. (P)
b. Fadila (Fadila Sultan). d. unmarried. (P,J)
c. `Aliyya. Married to Tám ibn `Abdu's-Salam, no issue[19] (J)
d. The list of Ridvan-`Ali also contains the name Abadiyya Sultan - this may be the last-named above (P)
xvii. Mirza Rivanu'llah (K)9. Wife: Daughter of Mulla `Abdu'l-Ghani or, by some accounts, Mulla `Abdu'l-Fattáh (K)
10. Wife: Daughter of Mirza Haydar-Quli Namad-sab; she was half-sister of Khanum-Jan, a cousin of Mirza Yahya (was possibly named Fatima) (K)
11. Wife: the wife of Mulla Muhammad Mu`allim Nuri, who was martyred at Shaykh Tabarsi (K)
12. Wife: Ruqiyya, daughter of A`raj Isfahani (K)
13. Wife: Nisa Khanum Tihrani (K)
14. Wife: Qanita, described as Ahl-i Balada and a companion of Tahirih when she was in Nur (K)
15. Wife: Sahib-Jan Isfahani (K)
xviii. Mirza Ruhu'llah (K)16. Wife: Wife of Shaykh `Ali Zanjani. Nabil Zarandi reports that he heard from Aqa
------------------
19. Mazandarani, Zuhur al-Haqq, vol. 6 (manuscript), p. 906-7
Yahya, the son of Muhammad Hasan-i Fata, a leading Azali of Qazvin, that when he went to Cyprus he heard the following from Shaykh `Ali Kaffash Zanjani[20]: His wife was taken into service in Mirza Yahya's household in Cyprus. Later she said to him that Mirza Yahya wanted her and so her husband consented to this. A while later, she was turned out of Mirza Yahya's house pregnant. Mirza Yahya and his eldest son Ahmad accused each other of being the father. The matter eventually went before the local court (saray). Aqa Yahya wanted to check this story that he had heard and therefore he asked Mirza Yahya about it. The latter asserted that it was his son, Ahmad, who had made the woman pregnant and on account of this he had withdrawn him from the position of being his heir and had made Mirza Yahya Dawlatabadi his heir.[21]
17. Wife: Mirza Yahya married the wife of the martyr Mirza `Abdu'l-Wahhab
Shirazi in Baghdad.[22]
There are a number of other children mentioned in some of the sources whom I have not been able to place exactly:
xix. Hibatu'llah or Jazbatu'llah. b. 1860; a daughter who was in Istanbul in 1896 - this may be another name for Safiyya (see above) (P)
xx. Mashiyyatu'llah; a daughter who died in 1875, then aged 8 (P)
xxi. Maryam Sultan; b. 1876, married in Istanbul in 1895 (P)
xxii. Fatima; d. 29 August 1871 (T,C)
xxiii. Ruhu'llah (S)
---------------------------
20. Presumably the same as Shaykh `Ali Bakhsh Zanjani met by Browne
in Cyprus. See "Personal Reminisences of the Babi Insurrection at Zanjan
in 1850", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 29 (1897) 761.
21. Mazandarani, Zuhur al-Haqq, vol. 6, p. 541n-2n..
22. Mazandarani, Zuhur al-Haqq, vol. 6, p. 1010
xxiv. Hamidih (5) 96 lThere is another grand-daughter (?great-grand-daughter) of Azal whose name is Sirin Birinci and who lives in Nicosia (I). The number of Mirza Yahya's wives led to some unusual domestic arrangements. An English observer describes a daily ritual that was to be observed in Famagusta:
xxv. `Aliyyih (S,I)a. Muhammad Rishat (Resat). A carpenter in Famagusta. Married a Turkish Cypriot woman named Munevver, d. 1986 (I)
aa. Ismet Ezel, works for the Famagusta lycee and is a part-time newspaper reporter (I)
He had two wives, each of whom had a separate house, and every day, at four in the afternoon, the first wife took him to the door of the second wife's house and handed him over. After twenty-four hours had passed, and punctually at 4 p.m., the second wife took Subh-i-Ezel back and handed him over to the safe-keeping of the first wife.[23]After some years in Cyprus, Mirza Yahya was joined by three of his followers from Zanjan: Aqa `Abdu'l-Ahad[24], Usta Mahmud and Shaykh `Ali Bakhsh.
---------------------
23. Rupert Gunnis, Historic Cyprus, London: Methuen, 1936, p.
89. I arn grateful to Mr Tacgey Debes for this reference.
24. He was the author of the account of the Zanján upheaval which
E.G. Browne published: "Personal reminiscences of the Babi Insurrection
at Zanjan in 1850" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 29,
1897, pp. 761-827. Sayyid Mihdí Dihaji reports that this man was
the brother of Aqa Naqd-`Alí Aba Basír, the blind Bahá'í
who was martyred in about 1867; Risala of Sayyid Mihdí Dihají,
University of Cambridge Library, Browne mss, F57, p. 286. While it is certainly
true that Aqa `Abdu'l-Ahad had a brother Aqa Naqd-`Ali as he states in
his reminiscences (p. 780), the account does not seem to indicate that
this brother was blind as Aba Basír had been since childhood.
Although freed from the conditions of his exile in 1881 after the British occupation of Cyprus Mirza Yahya preferred to remain in Famagusta as a pensioner of the British Government. Mirza Yahya died on 29 April 1912 at the age of about 80. According to the account by his son, Ridvan-`Ali, who had by this time become a Christian and taken the name Constantine the Persian, no "witnesses to the Bayan" (i.e. Babis) could be found to carry out the funeral ceremony and so it was carried out by the Imam-Jum`a of Famagusta and other Muslim clerics.[25]
All of Mirza Yahya's family in Cyprus maintained an outward appearance
of being Muslims. The people of Famagusta used to call them sun-worshippers
because of their custom of leaving the city at sunrise to go to Mirza Yahya's
grave to pray. Mirza Yahya's descendants at the present time appear to
know little about their family history or religious past and can for all
practical purposes be regarded as Turks and Muslims. Riza Ezel, the caretaker
of Mirza Yahya's grave at present, told us that his grand-father was a
Muslim holy man. Since Jalal Azal's death, his widow `Ismat has put an
annual notice in the newspapers on the anniversary of his death inviting
people to a Mevlid recital and Qur'an reading in his memory (this being
the traditional Turkish Muslim custom).[26]
-------------------
25. Browne, Materials for the Study of the Babi Religion, p.
312
26. The information in the last two paragraphs was obtained during my
trip to Cyprus in October and November 1989. I am most grateful to Mr Mustafa
Salman and Mr Erol Olkar, two Bahá'ís of Famagusta whose families have
been closely associated with Mirza Yahya's descendants. I am also grateful
to Mr Tacgey Debes for much information conveyed to me in correspondence
since my visit.
The grave of Mirza Yahya was originally about a mile from the old walled city of Famagusta but the modern city has now encompassed it. The grave is situated inside a small simple flat-roofed shrine building about 7 metres by 5 metres with a small portico at the front. I was unable to ascertain the date of the building. Inside the building, there is a single bare-walled room with a low grave in the centre. There at two chairs at one end of the grave and at the other end of the grave there were placed three books:
- a Qur'an;At the same end of the room there are a number of items on the wall:
- a hand-written volume consisting of a number of ziyarat-namihs (tablets of visitation) for Mirza Yahya, Tahirih, `Azím, and other material;
- a printed book of poems called Sham`-i Jam` by Fathu'llah Qudsi (pen-name Fu'ad, of Kirman), presented by Jalíl Karímí (?) in 1366 (A.D. 1987).
- on the right as viewed a plaque in English which reads: "The holy tomb of Subh-i-Azal Mirror of God 1831 - 1912. The text on the wall has been written by the Bab, "The Primal Point'' - Great and Glorious is His Dignity - nominating Subh-i-Azal as His Successor in the Babi Religion."-in the centre a portrait of Mirza Yahya. I was informed that it was painted by Dr. Philotheos Mughapghap, a well-known citizen of Famagusta[27], but that it is not a good likeness.
-----------------------
27. Presumably the same person as in Browne, Materials, p. 314.
- on the left is the text referred to above of the nomination in Arabic. This also records the information that Mirza Yahya was born in 1247 and died at 7 in the morning on Saturday 12 Jamadi al-Awwal 1330.The building is immediately surrounded by some twelve cypress trees and it is set in a field of some 10 acres. But the city is encroaching on it and a few years ago Mehmed Resat sold one large lot on the edge of this area which is already being built upon. The caretaker of the grave and shrine is a grandson of Mirza Yahya, Riza Ezel but the overall control rests with Mrs Sule Orfi.
Ahmad Bahhaj and Jalal Azal
Ahmad Bahhaj was the eldest of Mirza Yahya's children to accompany him
to Cyprus. In 1884, he moved to Istanbul where he worked in a bank.
He was joined there by his wife daughters. At some stage, his wife and
daughters became Protestant Christians in Istanbul. In about 1899, Ahmad's
employment at the bank ceased for some reason and by 1912, we find him
impoverished and working as a railway porter in Famagusta. His wife daughters
appear to have remained in Istanbul. Then in 1921, learning of `Abdu'l-Bahá's
presence in Palestine from his nephew Jalal and remembering `Abdu'l-Bahá's
kindness to him as a young boy in Baghdad and Edirne, he came to Haifa.[28]
He appears to have become a Bahá'í and remained in Haifa as a rather reclusive
figure until his death in 1933 He is buried in the Bahá'í cemetery in Haifa.
----------------
28. Based on statements made by Ahmad to Lady Blomfie]d in 1922; Lady
Blomfield, The Chosen Highway, Bahá'í i Publishing Trust, 1967, pp. 237-8.
See also Balyuzi, Bahá'u'lláh, King of Glory, p. 232n
After some years however, he appears to have become disaffected. This was also perhaps connected with his marriage to `Ismat, the daughter of Badi`u'llah, the son of Bahá'u'lláh and brother of Mirza Muhammad `Ali. At some time, presumably in 1948 at the end of British Mandate, he returned with his wife to Famagusta. He took up employment in the radio monitoring station at Cyrenia run by the American intelligence services.
Some in the 1950s or 1960s, Jalal Azal changed to active attempts to
advance the Azali cause and to attack the Bahá'í Faith. This may have been
precipitated by the arrival in Famagusta of Bahá'í "pioneers" and the conversion
of a number of local people well-known to Jalal Azal. There was a concerted
effort by a number of people including Jalal Azal, his wife `Ismat, and
her sister Qamar Musa Bahá'í (d. 10 November 1970), who had
Jalal Azal was of course the Azali link in this scheme. His wife and
her sister Qamar Musa Bahá'í were representatives of the second generation
and in close contact with the other members of the second generation. The
second generation had already put themselves in close contact with the
third generation. After the marriage of several of `Abdu'l-Bahá's grand-children
with the descendants of Sayyid `Ali Afnan (who had vacillated for some
time between `Abdu'l-Bahá and Mirza Muhammad-`Ali ), almost all of the-descendants
-----------------
29. Evidence for this plan comes in Peter Berger, "From Sect to Church:
a sociological interpretation of the Bahá'í movement", Ph. D. Thesis, New
School for Social Research, New York, 1954, p. 140, n. 4; Azal's Notes,
Princeton University Library, see supra.
30. I was informed by the Cyprus Bahá'ís that in fact `Ismat,
although married to Jalal Azal, had no time for Mirza Yahya's claims and
openly derided these even in front of her husband.
Part of this combined plotting was a court case raised by Qamar Bahá'í, Jalal the grandson of Mirza Musa and others in about 1950-1, challenging Shoghi Effendi's right to carry out major construction work around the shrine of Bahá'u'lláh. One of their key witnesses, Nayyir Afnan, died shortly before the case was due to open, and it all came to nothing. One of the culminations of this plotting was a grand meeting that was held in Famagusta in the late 1950s. Representatives of all three generations were present including: Jalal Azal, `Ismat and other representatives of the second generation opponents and Ahmad Sohrab. One of the aims of this conference was to build a mausoleum over the grave of Mirza Yahya. To this end, an amount of money was collected but it "disappeared" and nothing came of the project.
Jalal Azal provided information to Dr Imani from Beirut who was researching
a book attacking the Bahá'í Faith. Later in America, Dr Imani was in contact
with Rev. William Miller. Imani put Miller in touch with Jalal Azal. Between
March 1967 and February 1971, the latter provided Miller with a great dead
of material with which to attack the Bahá'í Faith in his book, The Bahá'í
Faith: its history and teachings[32]. Miller also arranged for the
material that Jalal Azal had sent him to be deposited in Princeton University
Library.
------------------------
31. One of the of the main episodes in this planned attack was a court
case over access to the shrine of Bahá'u'lláh. This case was brought by
Qamar Bahá'í, who was a second generation opponent and the star
witness was to have been Nayyir Afnan, who was married to Shoghi Effendi's
sister and was a third generation opponent. But the death of the latter
in 1952 aborted the plan.
32. South Pasadena: William Carey Library, 1974.
Comparison and Analysis
In 1972, Eric Cohen published a sociological analysis of the followers of Mirza Muhammad `Ali in `Akka.[33] These were the Bahá'ís who, after the passing of Bahá'u'lláh in 1892, had turned away from `Abdu'l-Bahá's leadership and attached themselves to his half-brother, Mirza Muhammad `Ali. Cohen found that from an initial position of strength within the Bahá'í community of `Akka, they had gradually declined into stagnation, inactivity and insignificance as compared to the main-line Bahá'í community which had continuously extended its activities and influence in the Haifa-`Akka area.
Cohen was unable to find a suitable name in the existing sociological literature to describe this group. He rejected the application of the term "sect" to them because "though outwardly resembling a sect, [they had] sunk into a kind of ossification." Cohen proposes the term "residual religious community" to describe them. In his paper, Cohen defines this as a community "either a remnant of a sect which was side-tracked by its rivals, or a once important religious organisation, such as a church or denomination, which has gradually been reduced to relative insignificance."[34] He gives the remnants of the followers of Mirza Muhammad `Ali in `Akka as an example of a sect that has been side-tracked by its rivals, and the Samaritans as an example of a church that has been reduced to insignificance.
I was very struck by the parallels between the group in `Akka described
by Cohen and the remnants of the Azalis in Cyprus. My brief enquiries during
the few days that I was able
----------
33. "The Bahá'í community of Acre" Folklore Research Center Studies,
vol.
3 (1972) pp. 119-141.
34. Cohen, Bahá'í community", p. 140.
Both groups can be described as having been side-tracked by a more successful rival. As Cohen has described, the faction of Mirza Muhammad `Ali (hereinafter called "the `Akka group") began as a very serious challenge to `Abdu'l-Bahá's leadership. Most of the leading Bahá'ís of `Akka supported the challenge as did almost all of Bahá'u'lláh's family. Similarly, Mirza Yahya's challenge to Bahá'u'lláh's leadership was at first very serious. Mirza Yahya was widely regarded as the successor of the Bab and so his rejection of Bahá'u'lláh's claim was a serious blow. Thus initially both groups began as very considerable challenge to their rivals.
Despite this initially strong position, both groups saw their position rapidly eroded as their rivals gained the initiative and won the allegiance of the majority of the community. Within a decade of the split, both groups had been comprehensively defeated and reduced to insignificance. Mirza Muhammad `Ali, was at first able to recruit most of the influential Bahá'ís of `Akka and several important figures in Iran. His flagging fortunes were then shored up again in 1900 when Ibrahim Kheiralla, the key Bahá'í teacher in America, defected to his side. During the 1930s and 1940s, a number of members of `Abdu'l-Bahá's family disobeyed Shoghi Effendi and were expelled from the Bahá'í community. These effectively became incorporated into the `Akka group. But even these events were not sufficient to reverse the steady decline in his position. A similar course of events occurred with Mirza Yahya. Over 90% of the Babis of Iran gave their allegiance to Bahá'u'lláh within a short period of his putting forward his claim. Browne, visiting Iran in 1888 was hard pressed to find any Azalis at all. Mirza Yahya's position in Cyprus became increasingly isolated and marginal. Even of his sons, one became a Christian and another later joined `Abdu'l-Bahá in Haifa.
main body of Bahá'ís remain outward-looking, innovative and expansionist (seeking new converts); they actively encourage the spread and universalisation of their religion. With them the religion is constantly grow and developing. The Akka group became, by contrast, inward-turning, conservative and defensive, struggling to protects its interests and right to exist. It deplored the recruitment of various nationalities (especially Amei icans) to run the world centre in Haifa and the changes made in the religion as it adapted itself to these new cultures. It made no attempts to reach the non-Bahá'í world. Most of the literature produced by the group consisted of apologetics for its position vis-a-vis its rival. While the main body of Bahá'ís was recognised by the Israeli government as a separate religious community, the status of the `Akka group is undefined. Similarly the Azalis, especially in Cyprus, became an inward-turning and defensive group. It represented the conservative faction who did not like the changes that Bahá'u'lláh introduced It tried to become in effect an ossification of the structures of the earliest period of the religion, except that it could not really be that since it had neither the numbers nor the enthusiasm nor were the circumstances the same. It made no attempt to convert the local population or any other group. Its literature has mainly been polemics against Bahá'u'lláh Its status as a group is indefinite in Turkish Cyprus.
Cohen states that part of the conservative and traditional aspect of
the `Akka group is that it remains in effect Muslim. The members of the
group attend mosque and receive religious services (for births, marriages,
death, etc) from the official Muslim establishment of `Akka. They remain
socially identified with traditional Muslim family and social norms. This
feature of outward blending with the established religious norm is also
a feature of the Azalis in Cyprus. They are to all intents Turkish Muslims.
They go to the mosque and receive religious services from the official
Muslim establishment. `Ismat organised Mevlid recitations and Qur'an readings
on the anniversaries of Jalal Azal's death.
Cohen makes the point that although the `Akka group is small and threatened with extinction, it is also internally divided due to an ossified accumulation of the conflicts of the past. My sources for the Cyprus Azalis was not sufficiently informed to be able to tell me of any internal divisions. Jalal Azal however refuted the commonly-held position that Mirza Hadi Dawlatabadi was the appointed successor to Mirza Yahya as the leader of the Azalis [35] thus indicating the existence of splits among the Azalis.
Cohen refers to the fact that the `Akka group having been comprehensively
defeated on all issues (especially to do with authority over the Bahá'í
shrines), has acknowledged defeat, and ceased active opposition. The last
serious attempt at active opposition was the 1952 court case.[36] Similarly,
the Azalis have long since ceased any active opposition. The short foray
into activity by Jalal Azal in the 1960s was something of an anachronism.
Indeed it difficult to see it as a serious attempt to revive the Azali
position. Had he been serious attempting to do this, he would scarcely
have co-operated so enthusiastically with Rev. Miller, whose only interest
was in combatting both Mirza Yahya's and Bahá'u'lláh's positions.
-------------------
35. Jalal Azal's Notes, pp. 557, 791-2; this is alluded to in Miller,
The
Bahá'í Faith, p. 107, 114, n.53.
36. See note 30 above
It would appear therefore that the Azali community of Cyprus provides a further example of Erik Cohen's characterisation of a "residual religious community".