Published:
January 2000 Also
Published: Proceedings of the Association for
Bahá'í Studies Australia
and New Zealand Conference, Auckland, 11-12 July 1998
Bahá'í Communities emerged in
North Asia and in Australasia in the early years of the Twentieth
Century, and throughout most remaining regions of the
Asia-Pacific by its mid-point. In the 1950s Shoghi Effendi
(Guardian of the Faith 1921-1957) articulated the relationship
between the Bahá'ís of the northern and southern regions of the
Asia-Pacific as that of poles to a spiritual axis.
This metaphor was used to deliver to small religious communities
the tasks that they faced in establishing closer relations. It
also sought to raise consciousness of the geographic, cultural,
political, and economic barriers impeding their close relations.
This paper reviews Bahá'í Scripture on cultural relations in
the Asia-Pacific and the activities undertaken by regional
Bahá'í Communities to accomplish their unifying task. It also
places the activities of Bahá'í Communities in the context of
wider social change and asks whether the resulting Bahá'í model
of cultural unity in diversity can be useful in wider
contexts. This paper seeks to understand the
relationship between the diverse Bahá'í Communities in the
Asia-Pacific region, as outlined in the Bahá'í Writings and
embodied in practice. For believers, the Bahá'í sacred
Scriptures express the will of the Divine Mind. As
with other religions, the Bahá'í Writing comprise laws and
exhortations, parables and metaphors. The meaning of some texts
is clear and apparent (with reproaches to those who seek to
complicate it) while the meaning of other texts is multi-layered
and open to hermeneutic interpretation. Impetus toward the growth of
Bahá'í Communities derives from three "charter
documents": Bahá'u'lláh's Tablet of Carmel (which
sowed the seeds of Bahá'í governance on Mt Carmel, Israel),
'Abdu'l-Bahá's Tablets of the Divine Plan (letters to the
Bahá'ís of North America that outline a program of geographic
dispersion that commenced following World War One and was only
completed in the early 1990s), and 'Abdu'l-Bahá's Will and
Testament (which creates the Institution of 'Guardianship'
occupied by Shoghi Effendi, as well as other administrative
bodies). Of course, Bahá'í Scripture includes a great many
works besides these, and is complemented too by the
interpretative texts of Shoghi Effendi and the
divinely-sanctioned texts issued by the Universal
House of Justice. The first intimations of what
Shoghi Effendi later identified as a "spiritual axis"
appeared in 'Abdu'l-Bahá 's Tablets of the Divine Plan:
a party, speaking the
languages, severed, holy, sanctified and filled with the
love of God, must turn their faces to and travel through
the three island groups of the Pacific Ocean,--Polynesia,
Micronesia, and Melanesia, and the islands attached to
these groups, such as New Guinea, Borneo, Java, Sumatra,
Philippine Islands, Solomon Islands, Fiji Islands, New
Hebrides, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, Bismarck
Archipelago, Ceram, Celebes, Friendly Islands, Samoa
Islands, Caroline Islands, Low Archipelago, Marquesas,
Hawaiian Islands, Gilbert Islands, Moluccas, Marshall
Islands, Timor and other islands. In the same Tablet 'Abdu'l-Bahá
says: Likewise, if some teachers
go to other islands and other parts, such as the
continent of Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, also to
Japan, Asiatic Russia, Korea, French Indo-China, Siam
Straits Settlements, India, Ceylon and Afghanistan, most
great results will be forthcoming"; and "Likewise, from
Germany teachers and believers may travel to the
continents of America, Africa, Japan and China; in brief
they may travel through all the continents and islands of
the globe. Abdu'l-Bahás nomination of
specific locations (some geographic, others political, as
described in atlases of the period) established a global template
for Bahá'í expansion for the remainder of the twentieth
century. Clara and Hyde Dunn arrived in Australia in 1920 from
California and their early achievements culminated in the
formation in 1934 of the National Assembly of the Bahá'ís of
Australia and New Zealand. The Bahá'í teachings were taken to
Japan by Agnes Alexander, who arrived in 1914 from Hawaii
(Kanichi Yamamoto was the first Japanese to become a Bahá'í, in
Hawaii in 1902). In 1921 Miss Alexander took the Bahá'í
Teachings to Korea, and in 1922 the Dunns promoted it in New
Zealand. If courage were required of a
retired couple to migrate to an insecure future in the South
Pacific, the decision of a single white female to reside in Japan
demonstrated an equally rare determination. The Dunns resided in
a post-colonial society that was racially arrogant and
politically and economically associated with Britain and other
colonies of the Empire rather than with its closer neighbours;
Miss Alexander befriended a people whose government was
increasingly militaristic, and which was harbouring dreams of
imperial expansion. Such limited relations between Australia and
Asia as existed in the inter-war period were conducted on both
sides through a veil of ignorance, and in a climate of fear,
uncertainty, and possibly - hatred. Given the mood of the times only
small numbers were impressed by the Bahá'í Teachings on
universal racial equality and a vision of a globally harmonious
society. The experience of the Second World War may have further
diminished the numbers of those who were receptive to the idea
that the human family has common interests and a common destiny.
In the post war years, however, Bahá'í Communities continued to
emerge throughout the Asia-Pacific. It was on the occasion of the
formation of the National Assemblies in New Zealand and in North
East Asia in 1957 that Shoghi Effendi referred to a 'spiritual
axis' linking the destinies of the Bahá'í Communities of the
north and south Pacific. There were at that time no other
National Bahá'í Communities in the region - few, in fact, in
any part of the world. Shoghi Effendi said formation of
the Regional Spiritual Assembly for North East Asia in 1957
marked the opening of the second chapter in the history of
the evolution of His (ie Bahá'u'lláh's) Faith in the North
Pacific area and that it could not fail to lend a
tremendous impetus to its onward march in the entire Pacific
Ocean... It was an "event of far-reaching historic
significance," whose repercussions were "bound to
affect the immediate fortunes of the entire Bahá'í world."
In a letter to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'í s
of Australia written just four days later Shoghi Effendi further
developed his theme, contrasting the unfolding spiritual unity of
the Asian/Pacific region with its resistant material obstacles,
and suggesting that Japan was destined "to have a
preponderating share in awakening the peoples and races
inhabiting the entire Pacific area," and to "act as the
Vanguard of His hosts in their future spiritual conquest of the
main body of the yellow race on the Chinese mainland." He defined the "spiritual
axis" as "extending from the Antipodes to the northern
islands of the Pacific Ocean", one whose "northern and
southern poles will act as powerful magnets, endowed with
exceptional spiritual potency, and towards which younger and less
experienced communities will tend for some time to
gravitate." The Bahá'í Communities of the north and the
south had "weighty and inescapable" responsibilities,
which included working continually and confidently to overcome
such obstacles as "distance, race, language, custom and
religion," and refusing to allow powerful "political
forces" to foment "racial and political
antagonisms" that would impede the proper functioning of the
spiritual axis. This effort required "close and continued
association" between all the Bahá'í communities of the
Pacific area, but especially between the two poles, for they are
the nations endowed with "exceptional spiritual
potency." The "peculiar and paramount task" of the
Bahá'ís, wrote Shoghi Effendi, was to concentrate on building
up their own Order (ie their administrative system), transforming
within their own community relations those competing divisions
that are evident in contemporary society into complementary
distinctions within their Faith. When Japan and Australia worked
together they influence the development of the entire
Asian/Pacific region. When their Bahá'í communities cooperate
even greater wonders spiritually can be wrought in what Shoghi
Effendi called "vast area of the globe, an area endowed with
unimaginable potentialities, and which, owing to its strategic
position, is bound to feel the impact of world shaking forces,
and to shape to a marked degree through the experience gained by
its peoples in the school of adversity, the destinies of
mankind." Shoghi Effendi's letter explained
how the Australian Bahá'ís had a twofold task of
multiplying and expanding Bahá'í institutions in the
Australian commonwealth and in the islands beyond its
confines, and forging fresh links with its sister
communities, and particularly those situated in the North,
in preparation for future tasks they were destined and are
collectively called upon to discharge. The Australian Bahá'í Community
is to lend whatever assistance is possible to the New
Zealand Bahá'í Community, to prepare it for participation in
collective enterprises that must, sooner or later, be
launched and carried to a successful conclusion by the island
communities situated in the Northern and Southern regions as well
as in the heart of the Pacific Ocean. The people of Japan
had acquired innate capacity and... spiritual
receptivity as a consequence of the severe and
prolonged ordeal they had experienced, and the Japanese
Bahá'í Community is destined to have a preponderating
share in awakening the peoples and races inhabiting the entire
Pacific area to the Message of Bahá'u'lláh, and to
act as the Vanguard of His hosts in their future spiritual
conquest of the people of mainland China. The Asia-Pacific
Region is one having unimaginable potentialities, and
a strategic position, and is bound to feel the
impact of world shaking forces, and to shape to a marked degree
through the experience gained by its peoples in the school of
adversity, the destinies of mankind. Thus, in just two communications,
Shoghi Effendi shaped the destinies of the oldest and largest
Bahá'í Communities in the region as well as the newest and
smallest. Each was to pursue progress within the traditional
boundaries of nation and culture, and at the same time was to
participate in the forging of new spiritual relationships. Forty
years of effort have shown how difficult such a task has proven
to be. If "Community" in the sense that Bahá'ís
experience at the regional level in the Asia Pacific is not a
political community, nor a cultural nor economic one, how is it
to be characterised? What is the content of spiritual
community? In the Guardian's messages to the Bahá'ís of
Australia one is struck by his repeated emphasis upon the
intimate spiritual connections these believers had with regions
physically distant from them, and of the spiritual
responsibilities geographically remote peoples shared by being
members of the same Faith and sharing the same ocean. For
example, he said in 1950 that the establishment of the Faith by
the Australian believers in the islands of the Pacific linked
them with "their sister communities in the American
continents" and with "the communities in South-Eastern
Asia." The Six-Year Plan, concluded in
1953 infused the 'poles' of the Spiritual Axis, Shoghi Effendi
suggested, with the "spiritual potentialities essential to
the launching of a mighty Crusade" and fitted their
community to shoulder the more arduous task of initiating, in
conjunction with "its neighboring sister communities in
Latin America and in the Indian Sub-continent", the
"spiritual conquest of the multitudinous islands of the
South Pacific Ocean." In that same message he reminded them
to remain "conscious of the substantial share of
responsibility they must assume, in conjunction with the Indian,
the Pakistani, the North American, and the Latin American
followers of the Faith of Bahá'u'lláh, in uplifting the banner of
the Most Great Name amidst the dwellers of these scattered,
distant and in some cases isolated, Islands of the South, and in
drawing them into the orbit of His constantly evolving
Administrative Order..." Thus not just the parent Bahá'í
communities in the spiritual axis, nor even these communities
plus those of North America shared responsibility for the early
development of the spiritual axis. The Bahá'í communities of
Latin America, South-East Asia, and the Indian sub-continent have
important parts to play also. These all are part of what is now
called the Pacific Rim. For Shoghi Effendi material events
signified unfolding spiritual processes. Tumultuous relations
between peoples, races and nations were, under the guidance of
Providence, gradually shaping different regions to conform to
divine will and vision. The term Spiritual axis
provided Shoghi Effendi with a metaphor with which to convey to
the Bahá'í Communities the tasks they faced at regional level.
A second metaphor, that of magnetism, conveyed the idea that
despite geographic, cultural, political, and economic barriers,
other Bahá'í Communities in the region would
gravitate toward the poles. This
paralleling of the idea of magnetism in the physical world and in
the spiritual realm was at the heart of a commentary on the
Spiritual Axis by Peter Khan. Shoghi Effendis letters also
use fluid descriptions to convey the implications of the
processes that he saw in place in the region, both within and
outside the Bahá'í Community. His references to
"reciprocity", "equilibrium", organic growth,
etc. encourage a sense of evolution and forward progress in
Bahá'í activities. Quite possibly, the concept of the
"Spiritual Axis" linking Bahá'í Communities in the
Asia-Pacific region was paralleled by linkages between countries
in other parts of the world, generated by Shoghi Effendi to
embody the crucial task of binding diverse peoples into a common
cause in tangible ways. There are parallels in the tasks
allocated to Bahá'ís in other parts of the world: the British
who established Bahá'í Communities in colonial Africa, and the
American Community, allocated the task of re-establishing the
Faith in post-war Germany. In Asia, the complex matter of
Japanese military expansion throughout the North Pacific Islands
and South East Asia in the first half of the twentieth century
provides a backdrop to the work which is to be achieved by the
Bahá'í communities. Equilibrium In April 1957 Shoghi Effendi said
the formation of a regional Assembly in Northeast Asia
represented both "the culmination of a fifty-year old
process" begun by 'Abdu'l-Bahá and "the opening of the
second chapter in the history of the evolution of His Faith in
the North Pacific Area." In his July letter Shoghi Effendi
added definition to these sentences, stating: The rise and expansion of
the Administrative Order of the Faith in the northern
region of the vast Pacific Ocean fills a great gap, and
constitutes a notable parallel to the rise of similar
institutions in the Antipodes, establishing thereby a
spiritual equilibrium destined to affect, to a marked
degree, the destinies of the Faith throughout the islands
of the Pacific Ocean, in the years immediately ahead. It
should be hailed, moreover, as a momentous development
paving the way for the eventual introduction of the Faith
into the far-flung Chinese mainland and, beyond it, to
the extensive territories of Soviet Russia. Clearly, Shoghi Effendi envisaged a
collaborative process in which Pacific Islands' communities
somehow combine with the Bahá'ís of Japan and Korea to
contribute to the growth of the Bahá'í Faith in what were then
the communist states of Russia and China. The idea of
'equilibrium' suggests that a certain 'balance' between the
capacities of the communities was essential to their successful
collaboration. To this was added a further necessary condition,
synchronicity. Synchronicity Great developments in one Bahá'í
community synchronize with developments in other Bahá'í
communities, revealing hidden influences operating between them.
The "vibrating influence" of the construction of one of
the important institutions of the Faith upsets the equilibrium of
the "old world order" and further integrates the new.
These are not separate events. It upsets the old order because it
integrates the new. In his first spiritual axis letter, the
Guardian informed the Bahá'ís of the North Pacific area that
the Six-Year Plan of 1957-1963 was a "God-given
opportunity" presented, as is so often the case, at "so
critical a stage in the history of the peoples and nations"
of this region. The phrase "a God-given
opportunity" was a challenge to people in the entire region
to radically redefine themselves spiritually rather than just
reform themselves materially, though there were abundant material
signals indicating this spiritual opportunity. They must tap the
lingering spiritual effect created by the appalling slaughter of
the Second World War and harness it to noble spiritual ends. The
Six-Year Plan was "designed to lend a tremendous impetus to
the awakening of the peoples and races in those regions."
Thus for them the words "so critical a stage" meant
that an ominous double challenge had arisen. The Bahá'ís had to
inwardly resist at all costs the pull of a widening vortex of
materialism emanating out of the Western Hemisphere and outwardly
work as never before to build the promised Order while it was
still relatively easy to do so. Evolution Shoghi Effendi saw the world as one
and unified. Its unity was unfolding in stages by its own inner
logic. The Order established by Bahá'u'lláh similarly unfolded by
degrees, through a process of maturation. The full potential of
the human body is latent in the first cell and unfolds according
to the spiritual directives deposited within it. Similarly, the
evolving Bahá'í community is a growing organism, in
which events in any part have a profound impact on developments
in other parts. Until 1957 and even many years after, the
principle messages indicating the flow of divine energy were
directed to communities outside the axis region or to the parent
communities of the axis. But in studying these messages one gets
the very palpable sense of a world order unfolding, of
communities working together, assisting each other in the
erection of an immense structure; that to counter the
world-shaking forces attacking the axis region world unifying
forces were marshalled. With the passing of Shoghi Effendi
in November 1957 the task of elucidating the unfolding tasks
facing the "spiritual axis" communities fell to the
Hands of the Cause (1957-1963) and since 1963, to the Universal
House of Justice. The idea thus had its genesis in 'Abdu'l-Bahá's
Tablets of the Divine Plan, its clear presentation in
three communications from Shoghi Effendi (his Message to the
Northeast Asia Regional Spiritual Assembly Convention of April
1957; his letter to the Northeast Asia Regional Spiritual
Assembly of 15 July 1957, and his letter to the National
Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Australia of 19 July
1957). Further clarifications are found in a letter from the
Universal House of Justice to the National Spiritual Assembly of
the Bahá'ís of Australia of 12 July 1982, and the message to
the Asian-Australian Conference in Canberra of 2 September 1982. The Universal House of Justice
Ridvan message to the Bahá'í Communities in 25
Pacific countries of Ridvan BE 1953 (April 1996) is
the most recent source of guidance concerning their relationships
and mutual responsibilities. It speaks of "the vital role to
be played by the Bahá'í communities of Northeastern Asia and of
the Antipodes in the spiritual illumination of the surrounding
areas" because the " Bahá'í communities of
Northeastern Asia and of the Antipodes" are called by the
Guardian "powerful magnets." An important point about a
physical magnet is that its respective poles are the
complementary concentration of the forces in the whole magnet.
The positive pole concentrates and organizes all the positive
forces, and they literally gravitate toward that pole, while the
negative charges gravitate toward and concentrate into a negative
pole. Japan in the north and Australia in
the south concentrate within themselves forces that are diffused
throughout the entire region of the spiritual axis. Thus the
Ridvan 153 Message almost in its entirety is applicable to these
two lands, as the immediate needs for creating strong and equal
human relationships within the axis region are found in these two
countries. The House of Justice mentions the need for indigenous
believers to develop their potential; they call upon the women to
uplift their status by demonstrating "the transforming power
of this Revelation"; they discuss the importance of
children's education for Bahá'í and non- Bahá'í children
alike. All these find some resonant point in the social life of
these lands which they have the material means to address, and
which the Bahá'í communities must urgently meet. When the
experienced Bahá'í communities living in the poles work hand in
hand great unifying energies are released throughout the axis
region. These complementary forces create a powerfully magnetic
spiritual field that attracts both blessings and tests, yet form
a vast union that cannot easily be broken. These sentences evoke the
Guardian's words in the spiritual axis letters where he spoke of
the "weighty and inescapable" responsibilities of the
peoples inhabiting the poles of the axis to fight against those
various obstacles and barriers of "distance, race, language,
custom and religion," and refusing to allow powerful
"political forces" to foment "racial and political
antagonisms" that would impede the proper functioning of the
spiritual axis. In regards to the specific tasks
confronting Japan and Korea, which together form the northern
pole of the axis, we read how: "In Northeastern Asia, the
progress of the Faith has been most encouraging, and a good
foundation has been laid for the Bahá'ís of Japan and Korea to
magnify the size of their communities substantially during the
Four Year Plan, while making a notable contribution to the work
of the Faith in neighboring countries. Special attention should
be given to the development of the Faith in the Ryukyu Islands
and also to the exploration of any opportunities which might
arise to carry the healing Message of Bahá'u'lláh to all parts of
the Korean peninsula". The three tasks--magnifying the size
of the national community, notably contributing to the work in
neighboring countries, developing the Faith in the Ryukyu
islands--are intimately connected. The Ryukyu island culture represent
a sub-culture within Japan that is perceived as not really
Japanese. It is worthwhile briefly exploring the historical
relations between the Ryukyu islanders, especially Okinawa, and
mainland Japanese in light of this goal of the Four-Year Plan.
Historically, the Ryukyu kingdom had close relations with many of
the peoples of the Pacific islands and with the Chinese and
peoples of Southeast Asia. Native Ryukyu islanders are of
Polynesian descent. Ruled by independent kings in early times,
the Ryukyus came under strong Chinese domination in the
fourteenth century. Though still under their own kings, Chinese
culture remained a powerful influence among Ryukyu people through
most of the nineteenth century. The Ryukyu Kingdom made great
strides forward in culture and civilization, experiencing golden
periods in the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. The island of
Okinawa was a great trading center, linking the peoples of the
Asian mainland to the islands peoples of the Pacific. In the seventeenth century Japan
invaded the islands, and 1872 the Ryukyu Kingdom came under Meiji
jurisdiction. In 1879 the kingdom officially came to an end when
the Shuri Castle was turned over under police threat, ending 450
years of dynastic rule. The name was changed to Okinawa. In 1951
Japan renounced sovereignty over Okinawa, and handed the islands
over to the United States. They were given back in 1972. But
Ryukyu islanders, especially those inhabiting the two southern
island groups of Okinawa and Sakishima, remain geographically and
in many respects culturally closer to Taiwan, Hong Kong and
southeast Asia than to mainland Japan. Beyond the immediate focus on the
spiritual regeneration of the Ryukyu islands, though, there are
larger goals for the Bahá'í Community of Japan of which this
forms an initial part. For the Japanese, the Ryukyu's are the
gateway to the Pacific islands. Developing the Faith in the
Ryukyu islands can be seen as the first major step toward the
realization of Shoghi Effendi's promise that Japan would
"have a preponderating share in awakening the peoples and
races inhabiting the entire Pacific area." But, too,
developing the Faith in the Ryukyus can be considered the first
step toward conquering the Chinese mainland. How? The "neighboring
countries" of Japan which this community is supposed to make
"a notable contribution to" are nearly all
Chinese--Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and mainland China, lands and
cultures with which the Ryukyu peoples traditionally had a strong
connection. Developing the Faith in the Ryukyu's then may
indicate one way for Japan to realize its destiny to "act as
the Vanguard of His hosts in their future spiritual conquest of
the main body of the yellow race on the Chinese mainland"
lies through Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands. Relations between the Antipodean
and Japanese Bahá'í Communities were scant through the 1940s,
and the desire for unity was tested by the imposition of war. The
son of Sydney Bahá'í Mrs Hutchinson-Smith was a prisoner of
war, and at the close of hostilities Australian Bahá'í Gordon
McLeod visited Japan with British military forces. In the
post-war years small connections began to be made: The National
Assembly of India & Burma sent copies of radio talks by Mrs
Emily Axford radio talks to a radio station in Tokyo; K.
Robertson spoke on Japan at Aucklands Summer
School in January 1949; Agnes Alexander reported on conferences
of the Asian World Federation and Japanese Esperanto movement in
the Australian Bahá'í Bulletin; in the early years of
the World Crusade Australian Bahá'ís read of the arrival of
Iranian pioneers in Japan, and of the first Asian Regional
Teaching Conferences; Japanese Bahá'í donated beautiful carpets
to the Mashriqul-Adkhar in Sydney at the time
of its dedication in 1961; Bill Washington moved to Japan, and
returned several years later with his wife Hiroko Washington, who
now serves on the Auxiliary Board in Tasmania. Over the years a series of
international conferences have drawn together Bahá'ís from Asia
and the Pacific Islands: in Sydney (1958, 1967 and 1992),
Canberra (1982), Auckland (1977 and 1996), Suva (1971) and
Sapporo (1971). Mr Michitoshi Zenimoto, who attended a major
Bahá'í Conference in Sydney in 1958, was the first Japanese
Bahá'í to visit Australia. Members of the Australian, New
Zealand and North East Asian Assemblies met at that time to
discuss future collaboration; they met again on the occasion of
the Canberra conference. Interrelations between the Bahá'í
communities have taken small steps forward, such as through
participation in sister-city relationships, through
the movement of pioneers, and through efforts by individuals to
learn each others languages. Throughout this period of political
turmoil and cultural estrangement experienced by peoples of the
Asia-Pacific region, Shoghi Effendi referred to their shared
destiny, and to the role that their Bahá'í Communities and
Institutions shared for establishing and consolidating pillars of
Bahá'u'lláhs World Order. Today, Asia-Pacific cooperation
takes many forms - cultural, political, and economic: there does
indeed appear to be a "magnetism" attracting the
diverse cultures of the region to each other. Have the Bahá'í
Communities been at the forefront of this magnetism, contributing
to its strength? Or have the incidences of their association been
more a result of external events? In time observers both within
the Bahá'í Community and beyond it will examine the record, and
compare the mandate given by Shoghi Effendi with the size of its
accomplishments. The
Bahá'í Community as a model community The Bahá'í Community seeks to
model relations between diverse peoples and cultures in a manner
that attracts the attention of others seeking similar ends:
social harmony, unity in diversity. This modelling requires of
Bahá'ís a strict adherence to the principles of their Faith
(moral conduct, the application of social and administrative
principles, etc) and at the same time encourages diverse
responses to opportunities and the maximisation of individual
initiative. Thus, while much activity undertaken by Bahá'í
Communities focuses on shared goals, attention is similarly given
to the origination of non-target goals: goals established by
individuals for their own accomplishment. Planning
and goal-directed behaviour Pursuit of progress through
individual and group goal-setting is a fundamental element of the
Bahá'í social order. It is intriguing, therefore, to note that
Shoghi Effendi did not impose specific goals and objectives on
the spiritual axis communities. If he had wanted to establish a
formal framework for Spiritual Axis activities he
need only have given the instruction. National bodies would have
incorporated such goals within their existing plans, and would
have devoted resources to them. If the spiritual axis activities
were described as having extreme urgency, why did Shoghi Effendi
chose to set them in a more voluntaristic frame? The answer may
relate to Shoghi Effendi's desire that relations be established
through individual and community volition, rather than though a
sense of institutional obligation. Rather than direct that
Spiritual Axis activities be incorporated in existing plans,
Shoghi Effendi spoke of a two-fold responsibility
that of conducting the plans as they were, and of also
fostering relations between Bahá'í Communities at regional
level. Any resulting activities, whether initiated by Bahá'í
Institutions or by individuals, would demonstrate the free
association of groups from diverse cultures, undertaken in
addition to other responsibilities and concerns. Part of being a model Community is
the expression of multi-racial union. At the level of the
individual, a Bahá'í may choose to live in another culture,
whether for professional or other reasons. In 1996 there are
Bahá'ís of Asian background living in various Pacific Islands.
Robert Imagire, for example, a Japanese American who became a
Bahá'í in the 1940s, resides in the Cook Islands. There are
Malaysian Bahá'ís living in Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands,
and elsewhere in the Pacific. (A larger study would note the
presence of Australian and New Zealand Bahá'ís not only in
Japan but elsewhere in Northeast Asia, just as it would note the
extent to which Bahá'ís from Japan and Korea now live elsewhere
in the region). A number of Australian Bahá'ís
now reside or have spent periods of residence in Japan, and
others are Japanese speaking and travel to Japan professionally.
Michael Day, for instance, a journalist resident in Perth, met a
scientist in Kyoto in 1994, Professor Kanji Kajiwara, who is a
BahÇ 'ê . On his return to Perth he assisted in connecting
Professor Kajiwara, with a scholar at Murdoch University, Dr Alan
Barton, who was in the same field. As a result Dr Barton went to
Kyoto on exchange in 1997, and Michael Day published an article
on this exchange in The West Australian. A number of Japanese and Australian
youth have undertaken a "youth year of service" in
countries in the region. At the time of the Asian-Australian
Conference in Canberra 1982 the NSAs of Australia and Japan met.
The NSAs agreed to produce a pamphlet about the spiritual axis
for the conference containing letters of Shoghi Effendi about the
axis in English and Japanese. It was be designed by the National
Assembly of Japan, produced in Japan and jointly financed. In the
1980s the Australian Pioneer Committee was conscious of the
spiritual axis responsibilities, and promoted awareness of travel
teaching and pioneering opportunities in the Pacific. An article
titled "Evaluation: Results of the International Conference
in Canberra" appeared in the March 1983 Australian
Bahá'í Bulletin: The National Teaching
Committee was asked by the National Spiritual Assembly to
supply evidence of the effects on the community of the
Bahá'í International Conference. (p5) The report mentions results in
travel teaching, publicity, and teaching, and the fact that
'sister city relationships had been established between Japan,
USA and Australia.' One of these sister city relationships was
established between Rockhampton and Ibusuki. Collis and Madge
Featherstone visited the mayor of Ibusuki with Counsellor
Ruhu'llah Mumtazi and Mrs Motoka Power. Another twin city
relationship was established between Newcastle and Ube. Onoda,
just west of Ube, is a sister city of Redcliffe near Brisbane,
although the Redcliffe Bahá'ís had decided not to be involved.
Manukau City and Auckland City Bahá'ís have been involved in
twinning cities in Japan. Another initiative of the 1980s was
the relaunching in 1984 of the magazine Herald of the South,
which first appeared in 1925 as a means of informing its
readership of Bahá'íactivities in the region. The past decade has seen a
proliferation of projects in the Bahá'í Communities that could
be characterised as lending impetus to the goals of collaboration
along the Spiritual Axis. These include exchanges between
students, youth, professionals, and communities. Other projects
foster the arts, education, and the sciences. Some exist through
the initiative of individuals and others through institutional
support. Systematic plans of recent years have moved from simple
models emphasising numeric expansion to more developed ones that
also consider issues of Community and Institutional Development.
Pacific Island Bahá'ís, for instance, are increasingly lending
their expertise to the challenges of leadership, and the
traditional roles of pioneers are consequently being reassessed
and redefined. Despite ongoing challenges presented to these
Communities by the forces of political confusion and social
decline that are affecting all Pacific Islands Societies,
the Bahá'í Communities are uniquely positioned to act as a
positive moral force in the decades immediately ahead. The message of the Universal House
of Justice at BE 153 draws on these strengths, and is calling on
Pacific Islands Bahá'í Communities to undertake
collaborative programs at regional as well as national and local
levels. Within your region is to be
found a vast diversity of races, cultures, languages and
religious traditions, illustrative of the major
influences which have shaped the affairs of humanity
throughout history. One of this region's distinguishing
features is described by the Guardian as "a
spiritual axis extending from the Antipodes to the
northern islands of the Pacific Ocean -- an axis whose
northern and southern poles will act as powerful magnets,
endowed with exceptional spiritual potency, and towards
which other younger and less experienced communities will
tend for some time to gravitate." This emphasizes
the vital role to be played by the Bahá'í communities of
Northeastern Asia and of the Antipodes in the spiritual
illumination of the surrounding areas. Every country of the region
must witness, in the course of the Four Year Plan, a
significant advance in the process of entry by troops. It
is essential that the plans formulated on national and
local levels reflect this vital aim. The advancement of
this process will require that greater attention be given
not only to fostering individual initiative in the
teaching work, but also to developing human resources
through the establishment and efficient operation of
training institutes and other centres of learning, and to
vastly increasing the strength and quality of the
functioning of the Local Spiritual Assemblies. At one point the message reads:
"In Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii, there are
well-established and soundly functioning Bahá'í communities,
each characterized by an admirable record of accomplishments on
the home front and by a notable contribution to the work of the
Faith in other parts of the Pacific and beyond. We call upon the
believers of these countries to strive for a fuller realization
of their duty to advance the interests of the faith on the home
fronts and throughout the length and breadth of the Pacific
region. In their own countries, they should aspire to far greater
attainments, marked by a substantial increase in the number of
adherents and an enhanced public awareness of the distinctive
character of the Bahá'í Faith and its followers. They can
render invaluable assistance to other Bahá'í communities, not
only in the Pacific region but in Southeast Asia and beyond,
because of the experience they have acquired in the teaching and
administrative fields and the resources to which they have
access. The believers from the Pacific Islands who have taken up
residence in these three countries should be mindful of the
responsibilities which rest upon them to devise means by which
they can contribute to the strengthening of the Bahá'í
communities in the island nations from which they have
come." (P.4:11) The Pacific Horizons
conference in Auckland in January 1996, which attracted
participants from throughout the Pacific, as well as Japan,
China, Hong Kong, Tawain, Thailand and Malaysia, stimulated
relations between Bahá'í Communities throughout the region.
Most recently, a "Spiritual Axis" meeting in Sydney in
February 1997 hosted by the Australian National Spiritual
Assembly facilitated consultation among some 80 representatives
from at least 10 regional countries. An Australia-Japan Spiritual
Axis Working group was subsequently established with membership
in Australia and Japan, to identify potential collaborative
projects. The Australian NSA considered its recommendations in
December 1997 and made a number of decisions about the way
forward. One additional major initiative has been the
establishment of an internet list for discussion of the spiritual
axis. The first edition of a new video title, Asia-Pacific
Newsreel, established to report on the activities of the
Bahá'í Communities of the region, appeared in May 1998. The
Bahá'í Community as a learning community Recent messages from the Universal
House of Justice suggest the need for a more visionary approach
to the possibilities created by the concept of the spiritual
axis. After forty years, sufficient experience has been
accumulated by Bahá'í Communities in the region to allow for
reflection and evaluation, and possible modification of
approaches should they seem to require it. The emerging
literature on 'learning organisations' provides some of the
necessary tools. At the most fundamental level, there is a need
to share Shoghi Effendi's messages with the Bahá'í s of the
region, for the challenges of distance, literacy and translation,
mean that the majority do not know of the concept and are
therefore not well placed to contemplate possibilities for
action. Secondly, there is need for a small
but responsive task force to oversee the coordination of
Spiritual Axis projects on behalf of all participating
communities. There are, apparently, a number of such task forces
in existence, but their composition, terms of reference,
communicative capacity, and method of operation could be
beneficially reviewed. Spiritual Axis projects require a capable
communicative capacity, both to inform participating communities
of projects and their outcomes, and to educate an interested
audience in the processes being undertaken. Commitment to being a
learning organisation requires the digestion of learned
experience, to ensure that the project moves forward, away from
'blockages', and not in repetitive or circular motions. Four
evident blockages are a) the slow response rate of response to
communications from task forces; b) the slow internal operation
of task forces; c) the extended time interval between task force
recommendations and the deliberations of key administrative
bodies; and d) the absence of reporting and evaluation procedures
that allow the Community and its institutions to learn from
experience. Given the diffuse nature of
"spiritual axis" activities, an adequate reporting
structure must be established, whereby the efforts of numerous
projects sponsored by individuals and by Bahá'í agencies can be
easily drawn on, and whereby those who have the desire to
participate actively in "Axis" activities can do so. Activities of the Association for
Bahá'í Studies, the Bahá'í Business and Professional
Association, and national and continental Pioneer Committees come
to mind. Daystar International School, the only Social and
Economic Development project of the NSA of Japan at the present
time, is consciously developing relations along the Spiritual
Axis. The school has also hosted several groups of Koreans on
one-week homestay/language and culture study programs, and hosted
scholars from Australia (Stephen Hall, Golshah Nahgdy) and the
Philippines (Philip Flores, Humaida Jumalon). Two exchange
students from Tonga attended the school for two years. An
instance of an individual initiative is New Zealand Bahá'í Eric
Neal's "Unitylink" homepage, which allows individuals
and communities to establish friendships and 'sister community'
relationships. Projects that advance the interests
of the spiritual axis might include collaboration on beneficial
educational and social research and development projects; sharing
existing materials and working together to create materials and
select viable methods for families to use to deepen their
understanding of the Faith; 'home-stay' programs that facilitate
the visits of Bahá'í s to other countries and Bahá'í
Communities in the region for the sharing of their cultures and
the relating of their experiences as Bahá'ís in their own country
or the country in which they are living as pioneers. When an
initiative is commenced, it will be desirable to ensure the most
widespread consultation possible, to ensure that all Bahá'í
Communities in the region have the opportunity to participate and
to benefit from both contributing to and receiving from,
Spiritual Axis initiatives. "Axis" related activities
need not be commenced by Bahá'ís, but may consist in Bahá'ís
joining in other organisations. Service organisations such Rotary
International exist throughout the region. In Japan there is a
Japan-Australia and in Australia, an Australia-Japan Society,
established to promote understanding between the two countries.
Japanese cities have established extensive ties with cities in
other countries, in keeping with their preference for
international contact within a formal, controlled environment. In
1995 Craig Volker, who teaches South Pacific Studies at Gifu
Shotoku Gakuin University, facilitated a visit by three students
to the Bahá'í Community of Madina, New Ireland, in Papua New
Guinea. The students took part in traditional dances to mark the
20th anniversary of Independence and several chiefs mentioned
that it was the first time they had seen Japanese adopt
Melanesian culture. The BahÇ 'ê Community of Cairns,
Queensland, has recently established a relationship with a
Japanese-owned school which accommodates Japanese students who
come to Australia for their education. They have hosted them to a
couple of picnics and are planning other events. Keith Whenmouth,
a member of the Community who is an architect, designed the
school, and the Whenmouth family has made good friends with the
owner and principal, as well as some of the students. Many projects have been established
in the Pacific Islands which could use the resources and
expertise of Bahá'í communities. These include Bahá'í schools
in Tonga, Kiribati, Guam and the Marshall Islands. Regional
projects will require financial support, which is best achieved
in the Bahá'í view through universal participation. Most importantly, guidance in the
Bahá'í Writings on the Spiritual Axis emphasises the need for
urgent attention to be given to the establishment of close
harmonious relations between divergent peoples and cultures in
the region. The deterioration of social and political conditions
on a global scale is stimulating returns to nationalism and
racism, and more moderate voices are seeking quite desperately
for embodied examples of racial and cultural harmony and
reciprocity. If Bahá'í Communities in this region do not fulfil
their divine mandate during this crucial time they will have
failed to heed Shoghi Effendi's original call. A responsibility, at once
weighty and inescapable, must rest on the communities
which occupy so privileged a position in so vast and
turbulent an area of the globe. However great the
distance that separates them; however much they differ in
race, language, custom, and religion; however active the
political forces which tend to keep them apart and foster
racial and political antagonisms, the close and continued
association of these communities in their common, their
peculiar and paramount task of raising up and of
consolidating the embryonic World Order of Bahá'u'lláh
in those regions of the globe, is a matter of vital and
urgent importance, which should receive on the part of
the elected representatives of their communities, a most
earnest and prayerful consideration. Appendix
I: Shoghi Effendi's letter to Australia Dear and valued
co-workers: The progress achieved in
recent years, rapid and extraordinary as it has been, by
the Bahá'í Communities labouring so patiently, so
methodically, and so faithfully, for the consolidation
and expansion of the institutions of the embryonic World
Order of Bahá'u'lláh in the Antipodes, has been highly
gratifying and has served to deepen my confidence in
their ability to achieve their high destiny, and to evoke
sentiments of ever-increasing admiration for the manner
in which they have acquitted themselves of their task in
the face of varied and almost insurmountable obstacles. Particularly
commendable, and indeed exemplary, has been the share of
the Australian believers in enabling the New Zealand
Bahá'í Community to make such rapid strides, in recent
years, strides that have prepared it for the assumption
of its sacred and vital function as an independent
community, and which culminated in the formation of a
body qualified to take its place, and assume the weighty
responsibilities incumbent on it, as a distinct and
separate member of the world-wide family of Bahá'í
National and Regional Spiritual Assemblies. The great and
signal honour, conferred upon their homeland through the
selection of one of the most highly advanced, the most
populous, and one of the most progressive of its cities -
enjoying already the distinction of being the first among
them to be opened to the Message of Bahá'u'lláh and to
be warmed by the rising Sun of His Revelation - as the
site of the Mother Temple of the Antipodes, and indeed of
the whole Pacific area, moreover, proclaims their right
to be considered the vanguard of His hosts, and the
defenders of the stronghold of the Administrative Order
of His Faith, in that vast area of the globe, an area
endowed with unimaginable potentialities, and which,
owing to its strategic position, is bound to feel the
impact of world shaking forces, and to shape to a marked
degree through the experience gained by its peoples in
the school of adversity, the destinies of mankind. The emergence of a new
Regional Spiritual Assembly in the North Pacific Area,
with its seat fixed in the capital city of a country
which by reason of its innate capacity and the spiritual
receptivity it has acquired, in consequence of the severe
and prolonged ordeal its entire population has
providentially experienced, is destined to have a
preponderating share in awakening the peoples and races
inhabiting the entire Pacific area, to the Message of
Bahá'u'lláh, and to act as the Vanguard of His hosts in
their future spiritual conquest of the main body of the
yellow race on the Chinese mainland - the emergence of
such an Assembly may be said to have, at long last,
established a spiritual axis, extending from the
Antipodes to the northern islands of the Pacific Ocean -
an axis whose northern and southern poles will act as
powerful magnets, endowed with exceptional spiritual
potency, and towards which other younger and less
experienced communities will tend for some time to
gravitate. A responsibility, at
once weighty and inescapable, must rest on the
communities which occupy so privileged a position in so
vast and turbulent an area of the globe. However great
the distance that separates them; however much they
differ in race, language, custom, and religion; however
active the political forces which tend to keep them apart
and foster racial and political antagonisms, the close
and continued association of these communities in their
common, their peculiar and paramount task of raising up
and of consolidating the embryonic World Order of
Bahá'u'lláh in those regions of the globe, is a matter
of vital and urgent importance, which should receive on
the part of the elected representatives of their
communities, a most earnest and prayerful consideration. The Plan, which it is
the privilege of the Australian Bahá'í community to
energetically prosecute must, simultaneously, be assured
of the unqualified, the systematic and whole-hearted
support of its members. Theirs indeed is a
twofold task which must under no circumstances be either
neglected or underrated. The one aims at the
consolidation, the multiplication and expansion of the
institutions so laboriously erected throughout the length
and breadth of the Australian commonwealth and in the
islands beyond its confines, in strict accordance with
the provisions of the Ten-Year Plan, while the other is
designed to forge fresh links with its sister
communities, and particularly those situated in the
North, in anticipation of the Mission which the newly
fledged Bahá'í communities, now rapidly multiplying
throughout the length and breadth of that area, are
destined and are collectively called upon to discharge. Whilst addressing itself
to the meritorious twofold task with which it is now
confronted, this wide-awake, swiftly expanding, steadily
consolidating, highly promising community must lend
whatever assistance is possible to its newly emerged
sister community in the South, and enable her, as her
institutions develop and become firmly grounded, to share
in a befitting manner, in the collective enterprises that
must, sooner or later, be launched and carried to a
successful conclusion by the island communities situated
in the Northern and Southern regions as well as in the
heart of the Pacific Ocean. May this community
which, with its sister community in the North, has had
the inestimable privilege of being called into being in
the lifetime of, and through the operation of the dynamic
forces released by the Centre of Bahá'u'lláh's
Covenant, continue, with undimmed vision, with redoubled
vigour, and unwavering fidelity and constancy, to
discharge its manifold and ever increasing duties and
responsibilities, and lend, as the days go by, an impetus
such as it has not lent before, in the course of almost
two score years of its existence, to the propagation of
the Faith it has so whole-heartedly espoused and is now
so valiantly serving, and play a memorable and
distinctive part in hastening the establishment, and in
ensuring the gradual efflorescence and ultimate fruition,
of its divinely appointed embryonic World Order. Shoghi. Appendix
II: Asia-Pacific Chronology 1914 Agnes Alexander
arrives in Japan 1920 Clara and Hyde
Dunn arrive in Australia 1921 Agnes Alexander
arrives in Korea 1934 Formation of NSA
of the Bahá'ís of Australia and New Zealand 1947-1953 Australia and
New Zealand undertake Six Year Plan 1953-1963 Ten Year
Crusade 1953-54 Opening of
Pacific Island virgin territories 1954 Appointment of
first Auxiliary Board Members 1957 Formation of NSA
of New Zealand and Regional SAs of North East Asia
and South East Asia 1958 Intercontinental
Conferences held in Sydney and Singapore 1959 Formation of NSA
of Burma 1961 Dedication of
Sydney, Australia, Mashriqul-Adkhar
in September 1964 Formation of NSAs
in Korea, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Vietnam, Southwest Pacific (Solomon Islands) and
Hawaii 1966 Formation of NSA
of Brunei 1964-1973 Nine Year
Plan. Commencement of First Stage of second Epoch in
the Evolution of Bahá'ís Divine Plan 1967 Formation of NSAs
in Taiwan, Gilbert and Ellice Islands and Laos 1968 Head of State of
Western Samoa Malieatoa Tanumafilii II accepts
Bahá'u'lláh (this announced publicly in 1973) 1968 Eleven Continental
Boards of Counsellors established, including Boards
for Australiasia (3), Northeast Asia (2) and
Southeast Asia (3). 1969 Formation of NSA
in Papua New Guinea 1970 Formation of NSA
of Tonga and the Cook Islands 1971 Oceanic
conferences held in (Jakarta moved to Singapore) in
January; in Suva, Fiji, in May; and in Sapporo, Japan
in September. 1972 Formation of NSA
in Singapore and the Regional Spiritual Assembly of
the North West Pacific Ocean (based in Pohnpei - U.S.
Trust Territory,. Caroline Islands, Marshall Islands
and Mariana Islands) 1974-79 Five Year
Plan 1974 Formation of NSA
of Hong Kong 1976-77 International
Conferences held to mark mid-point of Five Year Plan
(Hong Kong in November 1976, Auckland in January
1977). 1977 Formation of NSA
of the New Hebridese (Vanuatu) 1978 Formation of NSA
of the Mariana Islands. NSA of the North
West Pacific becomes NSA of the Caroline Islands. 1979 Formation of NSA
of Marshall Islands 1979-1986 Seven Year
Plan 1980 Number of
Continental Boards of Counsellors reduced to 5,
including (16) and Australasia (7) 1981 Formation of NSA
of Tuvalu 1982 International
Conference held in Canberra, Australia (moved from
Manila) 1984 Dedication of
Apia, Western Samoa, Mashriqul-Adkhar
in August 1985 Formation of NSAs
of Cook Islands and Western Carroline Islands (Yap
& Belau). NSA of the Caroline Islands becomes NSA
of the Eastern Caroline Islands (Truk, Pohnpei,
Kosrae) 1986-1992 Six Year
Plan Commencement of Fourth Epoch of the Formative
Age. Bahá'í community
is 1% or more in 34 countries and territories
(Kiribati 17.9%) 1988 (December) Sean
Hinton named Knight of Bahá'u'lláh for Mongolia 1990 (March) Abbas and
Rezvanieh Katirai named Knights of Bahá'u'lláh for
Sakhalin Islands 1992-93 Holy Year.
"Ocean of Light" campaign commences 1992-1995 Three Year
Plan 1994 Reformation of NSA
of Cambodia, formation NSA of Mongolia 1996-2000 Four Year
Plan 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Tablets of
the Divine Plan. Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust,
1959, 1971 reprint. Hassall, Graham (ed), Messages
to the Antipodes: Communications from Shoghi Effendi to
the Bahá'í Communities of Australasia, Mona
Vale: Bahá'í Publications Australia, 1997. Sims, Barbara (comp.), Japan
Will Turn Ablaze: Tablets of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Letters of
Shoghi Effendi and the Universal House of Justice, and
Historical Notes about Japan, Tokyo: Bahá'í
Publishing Trust. 1992 revised edition. " Barbara, Traces
that Remain: A Pictorial history of the Early Days of the
Bahá'í Faith Among the Japanese, Tokyo:
Bahá'í Publishing Trust. 1989. Shoghi Effendi, The
Advent of Divine Justice. Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing
Trust. 1971. " Bahá'í Administration.
Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1953, 6th
edition. " Citadel of Faith:
Messages to America 1947-1957. Wilmette: Bahá'í
Publishing Trust, 1965, 1980 printing. " Messages to the
Bahá'í World: 1950-1957. Wilmette: Bahá'í
Publishing Trust. 1971. " The World Order
of Bahá'u'lláh. Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust,
1955, reprint 1969. Star of the West: The
Bahá'í Magazine. Oxford. George Ronald Publisher.
1978. The Process of Entry by
Troops: A Statement and Compilation Prepared by the
Research Department of the Universal House of Justice.
Bahá'í Publications, Australia. 1994. Bahá'í News
Magazine; Distributed by United States National
Spiritual Assembly, May 1983. Universal House of Justice,
Ridvan 153 Message to Peoples of the Spiritual Axis.