Tablet (Lawh) in Baha'i Usage
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Source: Bahá'í Library Online (bahai-library.com), curated by Jonah Winters. Used by permission of the curator. Original citation: Todd Lawson, Tablet (Lawh) in Baha'i Usage, bahai-library.com.
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Tablet (Lawh) in Bahá'í Usage

Todd Lawson

2005

In the Bahá'í corpus (which for the purposes of this
discussion will include the writings of the Báb), several different technical
terms are used to designate various types and styles of writing: ketáb,
sahífa, resála, lawh, tawqí`, dast khat, súra,
khutba, payám, namá. Just as the term bayán was used
by the Báb, Sayyid `Alí Muhammad Shírází, 1819-1850 (q.v.) to designate the whole
body of his vast literary output, so the term alwáh "Tablets"
is used to designate the entire literary legacy of Bahá'u'lláh, Mírzá Hosayn-`Alí
Núrí, 1817-1892, (q.v.) even though various individual works of both authors might
carry distinct modifiers such as tafsír, khutba, sahifa,
du`a, resála, ketáb, and so on. In addition, the terms áya/áyát
(not bayt/abyát) are used to refer to individual "divine verses"
— lines or sentences, composing a larger work. The Báb's Qáyyúm al-asmá'
(q.v.) was structured by him to be comprised of 111 súras each containing
40 or 42 verses (áyát) and in his Bayán-i Fársí, the Báb himself
refers to His entire ouput as exceeding 500,000 verses. (MacEoin, p.15) Bahá'u'lláh,
passim, refers to his writings as revelation whose components include divine
verses (áyát). Thus, there is a clear and unambiguous choice by these two
authors to designate their writings by generic terminology that had traditionally
been restricted to referring to literary works of divine revelation — the
Koran and other scriptures — esteemed as such by a greater Islamicate
religio-cultural ethos. The use of súra, áya, sahífa and
even the more generic but potentially highly charged term ketáb and finally
lawh is meant to proclaim the re-occurence of divine revelation. Here,
as has been suggested elsewhere, the medium is indeed the message. (Lawson, 1988,
p. 252.)

Despite the truly vast and variegated literary legacy
of the Báb, the term "lawh" was employed in only one instance
as part of the title of an actual work by him: the Lawh al-Hurúfát, sometimes
referred to as the Lawh-i hayákil. Even here, though, it is not certain
that the Báb himself gave the work this title, since it has been demonstrated
that the composition that goes by this name is in a reality a part of a much longer
work. (MacEoin, p. 88-9, 95). In the Bayán-i Fársí, the Báb refers to his
writings as "tablets" in a general way (BF, p.293: váhid
8, báb 11; see also pp. 67; 2:17 & 100; 3:15 & p.97; 3:14, discussing
how the holy verses should be written down). The Báb also refers to letters he
has written to individuals as tablets (Afnan, p. 610). Also, in his Dalá'il-i
Sab`a he refers to that composition as a tablet (p.55).

However, the Báb did use the word lawh to refer
to various metaphysical "tablets" whose place and function in his teachings
remain to be studied. In his earliest sustained work, the Tafsír súrat al-baqara,
the term occurs several times, e.g. in his reference to a lawh al-sadád,
a repository of divine revelation (Baq, p.55). In the Qayyúm al-asmá
there is frequent mention of "lawh" as in such epithets as the
Koranic, lawh mahfúz, or the variation lawh hafíz (QA, p.7)
or the tablets on which the deeds of mankind are inscribed (QA, p. 58)
and other usages to indicate that the heavenly Preserved Tablet has now been fully
communicated to the sublunar realm: lawh-i mastúr, lawh-i manshúr
(SWB, p.109/154). In these cases, and in line with standard Islamic teaching
(Wensinck), the Báb is referring to the heavenly source or archetype of revelation.

The infrequently used term lawh to designate
works written by the Báb, came to be regularly used in titles of works by Bahá'u'lláh
and, to a lesser extent, in works by his son and successor, `Abbás Effendi, `Abdu'l-Bahá'
(q.v. see below). It is not clear how the designation lawh came to be one
of the most characteristic for the scriptures of the founder of the Bahai Faith.
Generally speaking, it is not used by authors writing in Persian and Arabic previously.
(But see the Ketáb al-lawh ascribed to Muhyi al-Dín Ibn al-`Arabí (q.v.)
in Yahia, vol.2, p.344, #370.) An unpublished work by a staunch contemporary critic
of both the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh, Muhammad Karím Khán Kirmání (q.v.) entitled
Lawh-e Mahfúz "fí ma`refat ertesám-e lawh" is mentioned in Ibrahímí
(vol.2, p.178)" but according to the Fihrist, there are no alwáh
ascribed to either Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsá'í (q.v.) or to his successor, Sayyid Kázim
Rashtí (q.v.), the first two leaders of the so-called Shaykhíya (q.v.) and figures
recognized by the Bábí/Bahá'í tradition as intellectual and spiritual forebears.
One can mention here, however, a characteristic and influential hermeneutic assumed
in the explanation by Rashtí of a hadíth he ascribes to the Prophet on
the letter "b" of the basmala. Rashtí says that this "b"
is the Preserved Tablet, lawh mahfúz mentioned in the Koran. (Rashtí,
p. 82). However, the question of whether or not the Bahai usage may be ascribed
to Shaykhí influence awaits further study.

All of the writings of Bahá'u'lláh are considered
revelation and alwáh, even those works produced before the author made
an explicit claim to be in receipt of such as a function of his dignity as Divine
Manifestation (mazhar-i iláhí). There is no space here to attempt a thematic
analysis of the more than 15,000 items covered by the term extant in the archives
and library of the Bahai World Centre. Cataloguing this corpus is far from complete,
but it is generally acknowledged that the vast majority of these tablets are in
the form of written communication to individual followers and/or questioners of
Bahá'u'lláh. Many of them are very brief and personal, perhaps also functioning
as something of a talisman for the recipient. Thus, lawh/alwáh bears in
this case the connotation of "epistle" as this term is used in the New
Testament: a weighty, religiously charged solemn communication akin to "Papal
bull". As an echo of the Shí`i usage (see below), Bahá'u'lláh refers to himself
as the Preserved Tablet (Prayers, p. 286/191; Átár, vol. 5, p. 141).
In this usage, therefore, we have the continuation of a melding of identity and
authority of person and text common to Shí`í Islam — as in the characteristic
hermeneutical syzygy: the Silent Book (ketáb-i sámet), e.g. the Holy Scripture
itself and and the Speaking Book (ketáb-i náteq), the Prophet and/or the
Imam. (Ayoub).

Bahá'u'lláh's oeuvre has been classified into four
categories by the eminent Bahá'í scholar, Mírzá Abu'l-Fadl Gulpayagání (q.v.)
as follows: laws and ordinances, meditations, communes and prayers, interpretations
of sacred scriptures of the past; discourses and exordiums. The alwáh listed
below contain, to one degree or another (and in many cases within the same lawh),
all of this multifarious subject matter, and it would be impossible to discuss
this fully here. A definitive understanding of the term will have to await the
complete analysis of all the tablets preserved in the Bahai Archives and ascribed
to Bahá'u'lláh. It is obvious that the designation refers to a quality that transcends
the limitations of genre, style and content. A brief look at some more of the
Islamicate background for the term may be helpful. The word occurs once in the
singular in the Qur'án, viz lawh mahfúz (85:22) and 4 times as a
plural: three of these are the tablets written by God for Moses (7:145, 150, 153).
The remaining instance of alwáh is in the story of the Flood. Noah's ark
is called "something made of planks" (dhát-i alwáh 54:13) in
which Núh and his entourage were saved. Shí`í tradition refers to the Prophet/Imam/Walí
as the Preserved Tablet (Ámúlí, p. 383, quoting the Khutbat al-bayán ascribed
to `Alí, & Isfahání, p. 294 for a general discussion) and both the Báb (QA
passim, and Bahá'u'lláh (see below) continue this usage. In addition, the
Hadîth, especially Shí`í akhbár, tell the story of the lawh or sahífa
of Fátema bint al-Rasúl (q.v.), the wife of the the first Imam `Alí. (Amir-Moezzi,
1992, pp.185-89, esp. 188 & "Fátema") This tablet, hidden from mankind
until the day of the return of the Qá'im (Sachedina, p. 22), was given by God
to Fátema to help her endure the profound sadness of the death of her father,
Muhammad. The Tablet, written on green chrysolite or white pearl in letters "brighter
than the sun", assured Fátema that her progeny would be the bearers of the
Imamate and, in fact, named each of the remaining eleven, from Hasan to the Qá'im,
Muhammad ibn Hasan al-`Askarí. In the text of this secret Tablet as reproduced
in Kulayni (vol 1, pp.527-28) it is specified that the Qá'im will bring with him
numerous attributes of the prophets of old among which the glory of Jesus (bahá'-e
`ˆsá). Such would most certainly have had a special meaning for the followers
of Bahá'u'lláh, particularly those who might have become aware of this text through
the writings of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsá'í (e.g. Ziyara, 1, pp. 184-86).

One of the earliest compositions of Bahá'u'lláh was
in fact originally entitled "The Hidden Book of Fátema" indicating that
the Shí`í eschaton was now at hand (Eshráq-Kháveri, p. 624). This work was retitled
later Kalimát-i maknúna ("The Hidden Words"), preserving the
idea of hidden knowledge without explicit reference to a Shí`í salvation history.
But, it would seem that the association of lawh and/or sahífa with
Bahá'u'lláh's claim to be the Shí`í messiah would remain a permanent feature of
his ministry. Certainly the Báb had proffered similar textual evidence in publishing
the Qayyúm al-asmá, which for all intents and purposes functioned for his
early followers as the True Qur'án, simultaneously new and ancient, hidden until
now with the Qá'im. Thus we see Shí`í eschatological fulfillment configured as
much by the appearance or return of messianic texts as by the return of persons.
It should be added, however, that Bahá'u'lláh's Hidden Book of Fátima will
frustrate a literal reading of the Hadíth inasmuch as the original text as recorded
there in the famous riwáya from Jábir al-Ansárí is not even referred to
much less quoted in the "antitype". (Kulayní, Usúl vol 1, pp.
238-242) The text of what eventually came to be called The Hidden Words
is, in fact, remarkable as a "Shi`i" religious work in that it is completely
innocent of any of the sectarian or communalistic topics so familiar to the Sunní/Shí`i
controversy. Rather this "Tablet of Fátima" is a collection of universalistic
ethical and mystical aphorisms more akin to an Islamicate perrenialism or universalism.
One of the few features that may be thought to link its contents to the Tablet
of Fátima is the mention in it of the "chrysolite tablet" (alwáh
zabarjadí) in the 63rd "Hidden Word" of the Persian (Kalimát,
p. 83/94)

Well over fifty separate compositions having this
designation are noticed and/or discussed in Taherzadeh (see bib). The earliest
composition of Bahá'ulláh's carrying this designation is probably the Lawh-i Kullu't-Ta`m
(Arabic), revealed shortly before the author went to Kurdistan in 1854 at the
request of an Iranian Bábí. As with several of Bahá'u'lláh's compositions of this
period (1853-1863) the style is abstruse, employing the allusive terminology found
throughout the writings of the Báb and the Shaykhíya, together with standard Sufi
technical terms. It is generally held that this Tablet was seen by Mírzá Yahyá
Subh-i Azal, the Báb's nominee, as a threat to his authority. Bahá'u'lláh went
into seclusion for two years as result of this disunity within the Baghdád refugee
Bábí community. In addition to the reamrks by Taherzadeh (vol1, pp.000-000 see
Lambden and Masumian). Other important alwáh of the Baghdád Period are:
L. Húríyah, L. Áyat al-Núr (also known as the Tafsír Hurúfát Muqatta`ah), L. Fitnah,
in honour of Shamsi Jihán, Fitnah, grandaughter of Fath `Al? Sháh, a close
friend of the remarkable Bábí heroine, Táhira; ; L. Ayyúb (also known as the Súra-yi
Sabr); L. Bulbul-i Firáq, written on the even of his departure from Baghdád; L.
Ghulám-i Khuld (Arabic & Persian), in clebration of "the year sixty"
(1260) when the young merchant, Mírzá `Alí Muhammad declarde himself to
be the Báb; Lawh Malláhu'l-Quds (Arabic, Baghdad, 5th day of Naw Ruz, 1863 T228-44).
L. Madínat al-tawhíd.

The second period of the literary activity of Bahá'u'lláh
is 1863-68 Istanbul and Edirne, witnesses the revelation of the following: L.
Ahmad (Arabic, written for Ahmad Yazdí ca. 1865); L. Ahmad (Persian, for Ahmad
Káshání) L. Ashráf (for Ashráf Zanjání); L. Bahá' (after the "Most Great
Separation" - in this Tablet, Bahá'ú'lláh refers to his own followers as
the "People of Bahá'" in contradistinction to the followers of his half-brother,
Yahyá, Azal who henceforth would be recognized as either Bábí's, Bayánís or Azalís.
This historic tablet was written for Khátún Ján, a faithful and heroic follower
of Táhira and ardent supporter of Bahá'u'lláh. she was the daughter of Hájí Asadu'lláh
Qazvíní whose home had been an important centre of Shaykhí then Bábí activity.
L. Hawdaj, composed in the port of Sámsún en route from Baghdád to Istanbul and
therefore sometimes referred to as L.-i Samsun. Taherzadeh says that this was
probably the first tablet revealed by B. after his departure from Baghdád. It
is also known as the Súrah-yi Hawdaj. L. Khalíl 1; L. Layltu'l-Quds, addressed
to one Darvísh Sidq `Alí; L. Napulyun I, first Tablet addressed to Napoleon III
(unpublished); L. Nasír, to Nasír Qazwíní; L. Rúh; L. Salmán I; L. Sayyáh; L.
Sarráj, book length epistle to `Alí Muhammad Sarráj-i Isfahání, a partisan of
Yahyá; L. Sultán, Násir al-Dín Sháh, Arabic/Persian.

The third period, 1868-1877, L. Ahbáb; L. Fu'ád, on
the death of Fu'ád Pasha; L. Haft Pursish; L. Malik-i Rus, to Czar Alexander II;
L. Malikah, to Queen Victoria; L. Manickchi Sáhib; L. Napulyun II (2nd Tab to
Napoleon III (1869); L. Pap, to Pope Pious IX, 1869, Arabic; L. Pisar-i `Amm;
L. Qad ihtaraqa al-muklisún the "Fire Tablet" addressed to `Alí
Akbar Dahají; L. Ra'ís, to `Ali Pasha (see Cole 200); L Ridván; L. Ru'yá', for
the anniversary of the birth of the Báb, summary of Tablets contents in Walbridge
Sacred Acts, 161; L. Salmán II; L. Sayyid Mahdí-yi Dahají in Tablets 193-202;
L. Tibb Arabic/Persian.

The fourth period, 1877-1892 saw the revelation of
L. Asl-i Kull-i Khayr; L. Ishraqát, L. Aqdas, (not to be confused with the Kitáb-i
Aqdas written during the second period, known as "Tablet to the Christians";
see Sours); L. Ard-i Bá' (viz. Beirut) written on the occasion of `Abdu'l-Bahá's
visit there in 1879 at the invitation of Midhat Pasha; L. Bisharát; L. Burhán;
L. Dunyá'; L. Hikmat (see Cole); L. Ibn-i Dhi'b, Bahá'u'lláh last book-length
work written as an epistle to Shaykh Muhammad Taqí, Shaykh Najafí, son
of Shaykh Muhammad Báqir Isfahání whom Bahá'u'lláh had stigmatized as "the
wolf" because of the role he played in the killing of two brothers who were
staunch Bahá'ís and prominent citizens of the city.

Of these titles, the major works designated lawh
would include the Tablet to Nasír al-Dín Sháh, those to the other leaders, the
Lawh-e Hekmat, the Lawh-i Ibn-i Dhi'b, the Tablet of the World, the Tablet of
"All Food". As stated previously, the contents of these Tablets is so
variegated that it is not possible to offer an analysis.

It may, however, be useful, particularly in the context
of Bahai piety and spirituality, to bear in mind another meaning of the term lawh,
viz luminosity or light. The nominal form lawh in addition to "tablet"
or "slab" also means "shiny surface". Indeed, the masdar
is glossed in Steingass as "Rising, appearing or shining (as the sun or a
star)". The verbal form láhá and its derivatives denote "to appear,"
"to shine, shimmer" and "to allude". The plural of the etymologically
related "lá'ih" — which functions as a title of the
well-known mystical work (Jámí, q.v. and bib.) — means not only flashes,
but flashes whose appearance should serve as guides to the wayfarer. So much of
Bahai discourse is accented with references to "dawning," "appearance,"
"effulgence," "light," "clarity," "glory,"
and "guidance" that it is not unlikely that a word such as lawh
which also carried in its semantic structure resonances of the word lá'ih,
in addition to the other meanings mentioned, would be seen as congenial, if not
a perfect way to designate a religious teaching that was simultaneously old and
new. Thus, holiness of provenance, permanence or timelessness, salvation, luminescence,
divine guidance, eschatological fulfilment and epistle may all be understood by
the use of the term as used to designate Bahai scripture.

The several compositions by `Abdu'l-Bahá' classed
as "tablets" makes it difficult to say that the term is restricted to
revelation, because technically `Abdu'l-Bahá' is not seen as a revelator, rather
an interpreter (viz mobayyin). Among his most prominent alwáh are:
Tablets of the Divine Plan, a cycle of letters written to the Bahá'ís of the United
States and Canada between the years 1916-17 bearing instructions on how best to
spread the Bahá'í teachings and establish communities of followers not only in
North America, but around the world; the Tablet on Purity, enjoining cleanliness
on the believers and strongly condemning the use of alcohol, opium and tobacco
(Bahá'í World Faith, pp. 333-36); Lawh Hezár Baytî, and the Tablet
to Dr August Forel, a lengthy discussion on what might be termed mystical philosophy.
In addition, a 3-volume collection of his writings entitled Tablets of `Abdu'l-Bahá'
was published in 1911 and 1915 (see bib). A good percentage of `Abdu'l-Bahá's
— and indeed the leadership of the Bahai Faith in general — ministry
may be described as epistolary. In this context, the charming story is told of
how `Abdu'l-Bahá' in weary indulgence of his darling grandson, Showqi Effendi's
childish pleading, composed for him his very own "Tablet" when he was
5 years old. (Rabbani, p.8)

With the exception of his Lawh-i Qarn and Lawh-i
Saniy, (see bibliography), the term is not used to designate the compositions
of `Abdu'l-Bahá's grandson and successor, known officially as the Guardian of
the Cause of God (walí amr Alláh) Showqí Rabbání Shoghi Effendi (q.v.)
Although, it should be observed that a similarly-charged term is used to designate
his letters and other communiqués, viz tawqí`/tawqí`át (q.v.). This
term is also used for letters by the Báb and, interestingly, seems not to have
been used by Bahá'u'lláh. Current Bahai leadership, the Universal House of Justice
(Bayt-e `Adl-e A`zam, q.v.), does not refer to any of its messages as alwáh,
rather it communicates with the Bahai World and others through texts called dast-e
khat, namá, payám and, again, tawqí`.

Bibliography

A. Afnan, `Ahd-i a`lá: Zandighání Hadrat-i Báb, Oxford, 2000.

A. Ahsá'í, Sharh al-ziyárat al-jámi`at al-kubrá, 4 vols., Beirut, 1420/1999.

M.A. Amir-Moezzi, Le Guide divin dans le Shí`isme originel, Paris, 1992.

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M. Ayoub, "The Speaking Qur'án and the Silent Qur'án: A Study of the Principles
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The Báb, Selections from the Writings of the Báb, Haifa, 1978.

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----------. Tafsír surat al-baqara, ms.

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----------. Dalá'il- sab`a, Tehran, 1950.

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----------, Má'eda -ye ásmání, 10 vols., Tehran, 1971-73; repr. New
Delhi, 1985.

----------. Átár-e qalám-e a`lá, 8 vols. Tehran, 1963-76?.

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assistance of some English friends, Rio de Janeiro, 1995.

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bahá'í dar sarásar-e `álam, n.p., 124 B. and 134 B.

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arkánah,. n.p., n.d.

J.R.I. Cole, "Problems of Chronology in Bahá'u'lláh's Tablet of Wisdom,"
World Order 13, 1979, pp. 24-39.

`A. Effendi, `Abdu'l-Bahá', Tablets of Abdul Baha Abbas, 3 vols., ed.
A. Windust, Chicago, 1909 (vol. 1); 1915 (vol. 2); 1916 (vol. 3).

----------, Tablet to Dr. August Forel, Wilmette, Illinois, 1978.

----------, Tablets of the Divine Plan, Wilmette, Illinois, 1959.

----------, "Lawh-i hezár baytí," Majmu`ih-'i Makatib-i
Hadrat-i `Abdu'l-Bahá, Tehran?, n.d.?, pp.000-000.

----------, Lawh-i Láhay, n.p., n.d.

----------, Tablet to the Central Organization for a Durable Peace, The
Hague, New York, 1930.

----------, "Tablet on Purity," Bahá'í World Faith: Selected Writings
of Bahá'u'lláh and `Abdu'l-Bahá, Wilmette, Illinois, 1956, pp. 333-36.

Fehrest-e kutub-i Amrí matbú` bilesán fáresí wa `arabí, Tehran, 1977.

J. Hatcher, The Ocean of His Words: A Reader's Guide to the Art of Bahá'u'lláh,
Wilmette, Illinois, 1997.

`A. Jámí, Les Jaillissements de Lumière: Lavâyeh, texte persan édité
et traduit avenc introduction et notes par Y. Richard, Paris, 1982.

A.Ebráhímí, Fihrist-i kutub-i ajall awhad marhûm-i Shaykh Ahmad wa sá'ir
masháyikh-i `izam wa khulásah-yi sharh-i ahwâl-i íshán. 2 vols. in 1.
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1374[1954].

A. Eshráq-Khávarí, "The Writings of Bahá'u'lláh," translated and
adapted by H. Taherzadeh in The Bahá'í World Vol. XIV, Haifa pp.620-32,
1974.

S. Lambden, "A Tablet of Bahá'u'lláh: The Tablet of All Food," Bahá'í
Studies Bulletin 3, 1984, pp. 4-67.

T. Lawson, “Interpretation as Revelation: The Qur'án Commentary of Sayyid `Ali
Muhammad Shirazi, the Bab,” in Journal of Bahai Studies, pp. 223-253.

D. MacEoin, The Sources for Early Bábí Doctrine and History: A Survey,
Leiden, 1992.

B. Masumian, "The Realms of Divine Existence as Described in the Tablet
of All Food," Deepen 3, 1994, pp.00-00.

M. Momen, "Relativism: A Basis for Bahá'í Metaphysics," Studies
in Honor of the Late Hasan M. Balyuzi: Studies in the Babi and Bahá'í Religions
vol. 5, pp. 190-94.

R. Rabbaní, The Priceless Pearl, London, 1969.

S. Rabbání, Shoghi Effendi, Tawqí`át-i mubaraka-ye Hadrat-e Valí-ye
Amr Alláh: Lawh-e qarn-i ahebba'-i sharq, [Tehran], 1966-67.

----------, Lawh-i saniy-e 111 Badí`, n.p., n.d..

----------, Lawh-i saniy-e 109 Badí`, n.p, n.d.

K. Rashtí, Sharh al-Qasída al-Lámíya, Tabríz: n.p.,1270 [1853]
(no pagination).

A. Sachedina, Islamic Messianism, Albany, 1981.

M. Sours, A Study of Bahá'u'lláh's Tablet to the Christians, Oxford,
1990.

A. Taherzadeh, The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh 4 vols., Oxford,
1974-87.

A. Wensinck & C. Bosworth, "Lawh," EI 4, 703.

O. Yahia, Histoire et Classification de l'Oeuvre d'Ibn `Arabí, 2 vols,
Damascus, 1964.

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-- Tablet (Lawh) in Baha'i Usage (Used by permission of the curator)